The development of magnesium (Mg) alloys characterized by exceptional mechanical properties and degradation performance for fracturing materials remains a challenge. Here, the overall properties of a Mg–Y–Zn alloy are greatly improved through replacing Zn with Cu and performing hot extrusion. The extruded Mg95Y3Zn2, Mg95Y3Zn1Cu1 and Mg95Y3Cu2 alloys (at%) consist of broken elongated LPSO phase, Mg matrix, and a small amount of particles. In comparison to the extruded Mg95Y3Zn2 alloy, the extruded Mg95Y3Cu2 alloy demonstrates comparable mechanical properties while demonstrating significantly enhanced degradation performance. Additionally, the degradation rate of the Mg95Y3Zn1Cu1 and Mg95Y3Cu2 alloys immersed along longitudinal section is usually higher than that immersed along the transverse section. The synergistic effects of many factors (LPSO phase, grain size, dislocation density and corrosion product layer) result in elevated corrosion rates of the extruded Mg95Y3Cu2 alloy. The composition and spatial distribution of the LPSO structure cause anisotropic corrosion occurring in Cu containing Mg alloys. The current findings offer significant theoretical insights for optimizing the composition of high-strength and rapidly degradable Mg alloy.
{"title":"Enhancing the Degradation Rate of Mg–Y–Zn Alloy by Combining Substitution Zn with Cu and Hot Extrusion","authors":"Guoqiang Xi, Jiaju Lin, Yanlong Ma, Songtao Wang, Xiaohui Li, Jingfeng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01903-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01903-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of magnesium (Mg) alloys characterized by exceptional mechanical properties and degradation performance for fracturing materials remains a challenge. Here, the overall properties of a Mg–Y–Zn alloy are greatly improved through replacing Zn with Cu and performing hot extrusion. The extruded Mg<sub>95</sub>Y<sub>3</sub>Zn<sub>2</sub>, Mg<sub>95</sub>Y<sub>3</sub>Zn<sub>1</sub>Cu<sub>1</sub> and Mg<sub>95</sub>Y<sub>3</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub> alloys (at%) consist of broken elongated LPSO phase, Mg matrix, and a small amount of particles. In comparison to the extruded Mg<sub>95</sub>Y<sub>3</sub>Zn<sub>2</sub> alloy, the extruded Mg<sub>95</sub>Y<sub>3</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub> alloy demonstrates comparable mechanical properties while demonstrating significantly enhanced degradation performance. Additionally, the degradation rate of the Mg<sub>95</sub>Y<sub>3</sub>Zn<sub>1</sub>Cu<sub>1</sub> and Mg<sub>95</sub>Y<sub>3</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub> alloys immersed along longitudinal section is usually higher than that immersed along the transverse section. The synergistic effects of many factors (LPSO phase, grain size, dislocation density and corrosion product layer) result in elevated corrosion rates of the extruded Mg<sub>95</sub>Y<sub>3</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub> alloy. The composition and spatial distribution of the LPSO structure cause anisotropic corrosion occurring in Cu containing Mg alloys. The current findings offer significant theoretical insights for optimizing the composition of high-strength and rapidly degradable Mg alloy.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 9","pages":"2609 - 2628"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144909697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-14DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01902-1
Xingyu Chen, Jiwang Zhang, Liukui Hu, Dongdong Ji
To investigate the anisotropic behavior of Ti–6Al–4V alloys generated by Laser Engineering Net Shaping (LENS), a simulation process based on cellular automaton and crystal plasticity finite elements was established. The accuracy of the microstructural simulation based on Cellular Automaton was validated by Electron Backscatter Diffraction technology. Crystal orientation parameters were extracted from cellular automaton model simulations and a representative volume element (RVE) was constructed. Based on the experimentally observed α + β dual-phase microstructure, the α + β morphology was generated in the RVE (Representative Volume Element) using the Burgers Orientation Relationship. The mechanical behavior and properties of RVE were predicted using the crystal plasticity finite element model, and the accuracy of the simulation process was verified through experiments. RVE with different α phase volume fractions and equiaxed grains were established for crystal plasticity finite element simulations. The results indicate that the Ti–6Al–4V alloy produced by LENS exhibits anisotropic behavior and properties. Higher tensile strength and elastic modulus are demonstrated by the alloy at a 45°direction. The tensile strength of the sample along the build direction is the lowest, yet exhibits the highest ductility. The alloy's plasticity is reduced when subjected to loading perpendicular to the direction of the columnar grains. Additionally, stress concentration along the grain boundaries is increased, leading to easier nucleation and propagation of cracks near these boundaries. A linear increase in tensile strength with α phase volume fraction is demonstrated.
{"title":"Investigation on Anisotropic Behavior of Additively Manufactured Ti–6Al–4V Based on Cellular Automaton and CPFEM","authors":"Xingyu Chen, Jiwang Zhang, Liukui Hu, Dongdong Ji","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01902-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01902-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To investigate the anisotropic behavior of Ti–6Al–4V alloys generated by Laser Engineering Net Shaping (LENS), a simulation process based on cellular automaton and crystal plasticity finite elements was established. The accuracy of the microstructural simulation based on Cellular Automaton was validated by Electron Backscatter Diffraction technology. Crystal orientation parameters were extracted from cellular automaton model simulations and a representative volume element (RVE) was constructed. Based on the experimentally observed α + β dual-phase microstructure, the α + β morphology was generated in the RVE (Representative Volume Element) using the Burgers Orientation Relationship. The mechanical behavior and properties of RVE were predicted using the crystal plasticity finite element model, and the accuracy of the simulation process was verified through experiments. RVE with different α phase volume fractions and equiaxed grains were established for crystal plasticity finite element simulations. The results indicate that the Ti–6Al–4V alloy produced by LENS exhibits anisotropic behavior and properties. Higher tensile strength and elastic modulus are demonstrated by the alloy at a 45°direction. The tensile strength of the sample along the build direction is the lowest, yet exhibits the highest ductility. The alloy's plasticity is reduced when subjected to loading perpendicular to the direction of the columnar grains. Additionally, stress concentration along the grain boundaries is increased, leading to easier nucleation and propagation of cracks near these boundaries. A linear increase in tensile strength with α phase volume fraction is demonstrated.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 9","pages":"2578 - 2597"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144909694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-14DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01912-z
M. I. Lashari, W. Li, Z. F. Hu, C. Li, X. B. Cao, Y. Z. Jin
To analyze the temperature effect-related failure behavior and estimate the fatigue life of forged superalloy, high- and very-high-cycle fatigue experiments were performed. The microstructural characteristics, failure modes, and crack growth behavior are characterized by two- & three-dimensional microscopy techniques, along with electron-backscatter-diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The fractographic analysis demonstrated that surface failure at both 25 °C and 650 °C is attributed to surface flaws, whereas subsurface and internal failures are primarily driven by faceted cracking, often facilitated by inclusions or pores at 25 °C, and solely assisted by large grains at 650 °C. EBSD analysis revealed that crack propagation occurs in a transgranular manner, leading to the formation of facets; however, it is impeded by a complex structure comprised of high-angle grain boundaries and twin boundaries. In addition, under the influence of both temperatures, the threshold values for small as well as long cracks are elucidated. Finally, a fatigue life assessment approach that accounts for primary defects and different temperatures is established, and the prediction results demonstrate a closer alignment with the experimental data.
{"title":"Temperature Effect-Related High and Very High Cycle Fatigue Failure Analysis and Life Estimation of Forged Superalloy","authors":"M. I. Lashari, W. Li, Z. F. Hu, C. Li, X. B. Cao, Y. Z. Jin","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01912-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01912-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To analyze the temperature effect-related failure behavior and estimate the fatigue life of forged superalloy, high- and very-high-cycle fatigue experiments were performed. The microstructural characteristics, failure modes, and crack growth behavior are characterized by two- & three-dimensional microscopy techniques, along with electron-backscatter-diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The fractographic analysis demonstrated that surface failure at both 25 °C and 650 °C is attributed to surface flaws, whereas subsurface and internal failures are primarily driven by faceted cracking, often facilitated by inclusions or pores at 25 °C, and solely assisted by large grains at 650 °C. EBSD analysis revealed that crack propagation occurs in a transgranular manner, leading to the formation of facets; however, it is impeded by a complex structure comprised of high-angle grain boundaries and twin boundaries. In addition, under the influence of both temperatures, the threshold values for small as well as long cracks are elucidated. Finally, a fatigue life assessment approach that accounts for primary defects and different temperatures is established, and the prediction results demonstrate a closer alignment with the experimental data.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 9","pages":"2655 - 2672"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144909698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-14DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01904-z
Jinyun Wang, Zixin Wei, Pingda Xu, Zhenyu Hong, Duyang Zang, Na Yan, Weili Wang, Fuping Dai
The copper-beryllium alloys were usually processed by thermal treatments. Herein, inspired by promising ultrasonic effects, we investigate the microstructures and properties of the cast Cu-0.2Be-1.0Co alloy under different ultrasonic solidification conditions. It is found that, with intense ultrasonic treatments, the microhardness, micro-compressive performance and wear resistance exhibit significant improvements. The coarse α(Cu) dendrites in the cast alloy are greatly refined, fragmented and even converted into equiaxed grain structures without preferred crystal orientations. Moreover, the grain size greatly decreases from 1673.6 μm to 103.8 μm and dense dislocations occur. These microstructural transitions and resultant property enhancements can be attributed to acoustic cavitation, acoustic streaming and high-frequency vibration induced by ultrasonic field. The results in this work indicate that the ultrasonic effects can modulate the microstructures and improve the properties of the cast low-beryllium copper alloys effectively.
{"title":"Ultrasonic Effects on the Microstructures and Properties of the Cast Cu-0.2Be-1.0Co Alloy","authors":"Jinyun Wang, Zixin Wei, Pingda Xu, Zhenyu Hong, Duyang Zang, Na Yan, Weili Wang, Fuping Dai","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01904-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01904-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The copper-beryllium alloys were usually processed by thermal treatments. Herein, inspired by promising ultrasonic effects, we investigate the microstructures and properties of the cast Cu-0.2Be-1.0Co alloy under different ultrasonic solidification conditions. It is found that, with intense ultrasonic treatments, the microhardness, micro-compressive performance and wear resistance exhibit significant improvements. The coarse α(Cu) dendrites in the cast alloy are greatly refined, fragmented and even converted into equiaxed grain structures without preferred crystal orientations. Moreover, the grain size greatly decreases from 1673.6 μm to 103.8 μm and dense dislocations occur. These microstructural transitions and resultant property enhancements can be attributed to acoustic cavitation, acoustic streaming and high-frequency vibration induced by ultrasonic field. The results in this work indicate that the ultrasonic effects can modulate the microstructures and improve the properties of the cast low-beryllium copper alloys effectively.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 9","pages":"2763 - 2775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144909699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study combined finite element simulation and machine learning methods to optimize the heat treatment process parameters for 8Cr4Mo4V steel bearings. First, the stress evolution of quenching and tempering processes was numerically simulated. The stress during quenching is mainly influenced by thermal stress and phase transformation stress, which play dominant roles on the bearing surface before and after the martensitic phase transition, respectively. After quenching, the simulated retained austenite content was 18.7%, closing to the experimental value of 17.8%, verifying the accuracy of the simulation results. As the number of tempering cycles increased, the residual stresses generated by quenching were released. Based on the high-quality data obtained from finite element simulations, backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) were further applied to establish a heat treatment process-residual stress relationship model. By integrating the trained machine learning model with a particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) optimization algorithm, optimal heat treatment process parameters were successfully obtained. Validation simulations using the optimized parameters showed that the maximum radial residual tensile and compressive stresses in the bearing ring after heat treatment were reduced to 174 MPa and 201 MPa, respectively. This approach applicable to optimize heat treatment processes for other workpieces, offering broad prospects for engineering applications.
{"title":"Optimization of Heat Treatment Process Parameters for 8Cr4Mo4V Bearing Ring Using FEA-NN- PSO Method","authors":"Tao Xia, Yixin Chen, Tianpeng Song, Puchang Cui, Yong Liu, Jingchuan Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01909-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01909-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study combined finite element simulation and machine learning methods to optimize the heat treatment process parameters for 8Cr4Mo4V steel bearings. First, the stress evolution of quenching and tempering processes was numerically simulated. The stress during quenching is mainly influenced by thermal stress and phase transformation stress, which play dominant roles on the bearing surface before and after the martensitic phase transition, respectively. After quenching, the simulated retained austenite content was 18.7%, closing to the experimental value of 17.8%, verifying the accuracy of the simulation results. As the number of tempering cycles increased, the residual stresses generated by quenching were released. Based on the high-quality data obtained from finite element simulations, backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) were further applied to establish a heat treatment process-residual stress relationship model. By integrating the trained machine learning model with a particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) optimization algorithm, optimal heat treatment process parameters were successfully obtained. Validation simulations using the optimized parameters showed that the maximum radial residual tensile and compressive stresses in the bearing ring after heat treatment were reduced to 174 MPa and 201 MPa, respectively. This approach applicable to optimize heat treatment processes for other workpieces, offering broad prospects for engineering applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 9","pages":"2776 - 2796"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144909867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-12DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01899-7
Jian Yao, Yiwei Luo, Juncheng Wang, Longfei Zhang, Liming Tan, Lan Huang, Feng Liu
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of modulating the Nb/Ta and Ti/Ta ratios on the microstructure and creep rupture life of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys by integrating a machine learning model with experimental validation. The findings indicate that optimizing the Ti/Ta ratio significantly enhances the creep life of the alloy, while increasing the Nb/Ta ratio negatively impacts creep performance. The predictive accuracy of the model is substantiated by a comparative analysis of the machine learning predictions and the experimental results, clarifying the mechanisms by which alloying elements affect creep behavior. These findings advance the understanding of performance regulation in nickel-based single-crystal superalloys and establish a robust theoretical and experimental foundation for future research and applications in high-temperature materials.
{"title":"Machine Learning Guided Insights into the Effects of Nb/Ta and Ti/Ta Ratios on Microstructure and Creep Rupture Life in Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloys","authors":"Jian Yao, Yiwei Luo, Juncheng Wang, Longfei Zhang, Liming Tan, Lan Huang, Feng Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01899-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01899-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of modulating the Nb/Ta and Ti/Ta ratios on the microstructure and creep rupture life of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys by integrating a machine learning model with experimental validation. The findings indicate that optimizing the Ti/Ta ratio significantly enhances the creep life of the alloy, while increasing the Nb/Ta ratio negatively impacts creep performance. The predictive accuracy of the model is substantiated by a comparative analysis of the machine learning predictions and the experimental results, clarifying the mechanisms by which alloying elements affect creep behavior. These findings advance the understanding of performance regulation in nickel-based single-crystal superalloys and establish a robust theoretical and experimental foundation for future research and applications in high-temperature materials.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 9","pages":"2710 - 2729"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144909865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-09DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01890-2
Sivakumar Munusamy, Jerald J
This study investigated the microstructure and mechanical behavior of bimetallic components made from Grade 91 steel and Monel 400, fabricated using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). The analysis revealed a tempered lath martensite structure in Grade 91 steel, enhanced by fine M23C6 carbides and MX-type precipitates, contributing to its high strength. Monel 400 exhibited uniform equiaxed grains, indicating good mechanical stability. At the bimetallic interface, a distinct boundary without defects was observed, suggesting a robust metallurgical bond. Residual stress analysis showed tensile stresses in Grade 91 steel and compressive stresses in Monel 400 due to their differing thermal properties. Tensile tests combined with Digital Image Correlation indicated that both materials retained their intrinsic ductility and strength, with localized strain leading to necking and ductile fracture. The bimetallic interface demonstrated improved mechanical properties and good bonding strength, validating WAAM’s efficacy in producing bimetallic structures. The study confirms that WAAM effectively produces bimetallic structures with enhanced mechanical properties, suitable for high-performance industrial applications such as heat exchangers and petrochemical, marine, and automotive industries.
{"title":"Microstructural Characterization, Residual Stress Evaluation and Deformation Behaviour of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Grade 91 Steel and Monel 400 Bimetallic Components","authors":"Sivakumar Munusamy, Jerald J","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01890-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01890-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the microstructure and mechanical behavior of bimetallic components made from Grade 91 steel and Monel 400, fabricated using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). The analysis revealed a tempered lath martensite structure in Grade 91 steel, enhanced by fine M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> carbides and MX-type precipitates, contributing to its high strength. Monel 400 exhibited uniform equiaxed grains, indicating good mechanical stability. At the bimetallic interface, a distinct boundary without defects was observed, suggesting a robust metallurgical bond. Residual stress analysis showed tensile stresses in Grade 91 steel and compressive stresses in Monel 400 due to their differing thermal properties. Tensile tests combined with Digital Image Correlation indicated that both materials retained their intrinsic ductility and strength, with localized strain leading to necking and ductile fracture. The bimetallic interface demonstrated improved mechanical properties and good bonding strength, validating WAAM’s efficacy in producing bimetallic structures. The study confirms that WAAM effectively produces bimetallic structures with enhanced mechanical properties, suitable for high-performance industrial applications such as heat exchangers and petrochemical, marine, and automotive industries.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 8","pages":"2396 - 2416"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In contrast to conventional alloys, multicomponent high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as promising candidates in the field of advanced materials because of their unique composition, microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties, rendering these materials well-suited for a diverse range of applications. For high temperature applications, understanding the hot workability of HEAs is essential for optimizing their processing conditions, tailoring their microstructures and mechanical properties. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the hot workability of HEAs, including the compression phenomenon observed during hot deformation, the application and use of processing maps, modeling approaches for predicting flow stress, and the deformation mechanisms involved. Different design strategies applicable to HEAs for high-temperature applications have been discussed in this review. The prediction of hot deformation behaviors and processing maps of different HEAs can benefit the research community in designing and developing HEAs for high-temperature applications. Furthermore, we highlight the future scope and challenges in this field.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Hot Deformation Behavior of High-Entropy Alloys for High Temperature Applications","authors":"Reliance Jain, Sandeep Jain, Cheenepalli Nagarjuna, Sumanta Samal, Anuja P. Rananavare, Sheetal Kumar Dewangan, Byungmin Ahn","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01888-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01888-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In contrast to conventional alloys, multicomponent high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as promising candidates in the field of advanced materials because of their unique composition, microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties, rendering these materials well-suited for a diverse range of applications. For high temperature applications, understanding the hot workability of HEAs is essential for optimizing their processing conditions, tailoring their microstructures and mechanical properties. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the hot workability of HEAs, including the compression phenomenon observed during hot deformation, the application and use of processing maps, modeling approaches for predicting flow stress, and the deformation mechanisms involved. Different design strategies applicable to HEAs for high-temperature applications have been discussed in this review. The prediction of hot deformation behaviors and processing maps of different HEAs can benefit the research community in designing and developing HEAs for high-temperature applications. Furthermore, we highlight the future scope and challenges in this field.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 8","pages":"2181 - 2213"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a profiled thin-walled forging with high ribs were fabricated by isothermal precision forming process, which dramatically reduced the die forging force and improved the forming efficiency. The results show that compared with conventional hot forming, the continuous high temperature environment of the isothermal forming process enhanced the diffusion ability of the crystal phase particles and eliminated the uneven distribution. The uniform temperature field facilitated the uniform nucleation of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) process and promoted the dispersive precipitation of spherical precipitated phases. Nucleation by second phases stimulated recrystallization results in a higher dynamic recrystallization (DRX) nucleation rate. The strong dynamic recovery (DRV) and DRX in isothermal forming process annihilated abundant dislocations and reduced the driving force of static recrystallization (SRX) in solution process. The dispersion distribution of crystal phases provided a favorable position for the homogeneous nucleation of SRX process. Meanwhile, the spherical precipitating phases pinned the grain boundaries and hindered the grain boundary migration, which inhibited continuous static recrystallization (CSRX) and obtained a uniform ultrafine grain structure with an average grain diameter of 14 μm. Compared with the conventional hot-formed forgings, the yield strength of the top frame, skin, stiffening rib and bottom frame of the isothermal formed forgings was increased from 385 MPa, 387 MPa, 389 MPa and 388 MPa to 410 MPa, 442 MPa, 451 MPa and 448 MPa, respectively, increased by 6.5%, 14.2%, 16.0% and 15.5%, respectively.
{"title":"Influence of Isothermal Precision Forming on Crystal Phases, Recrystallization Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Profiled Thin-Walled Forgings with High Ribs","authors":"Dengliang Tong, Fei Peng, Youping Yi, Hailin He, Zhuo Jiang, Shiquan Huang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01884-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01884-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, a profiled thin-walled forging with high ribs were fabricated by isothermal precision forming process, which dramatically reduced the die forging force and improved the forming efficiency. The results show that compared with conventional hot forming, the continuous high temperature environment of the isothermal forming process enhanced the diffusion ability of the crystal phase particles and eliminated the uneven distribution. The uniform temperature field facilitated the uniform nucleation of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) process and promoted the dispersive precipitation of spherical precipitated phases. Nucleation by second phases stimulated recrystallization results in a higher dynamic recrystallization (DRX) nucleation rate. The strong dynamic recovery (DRV) and DRX in isothermal forming process annihilated abundant dislocations and reduced the driving force of static recrystallization (SRX) in solution process. The dispersion distribution of crystal phases provided a favorable position for the homogeneous nucleation of SRX process. Meanwhile, the spherical precipitating phases pinned the grain boundaries and hindered the grain boundary migration, which inhibited continuous static recrystallization (CSRX) and obtained a uniform ultrafine grain structure with an average grain diameter of 14 μm. Compared with the conventional hot-formed forgings, the yield strength of the top frame, skin, stiffening rib and bottom frame of the isothermal formed forgings was increased from 385 MPa, 387 MPa, 389 MPa and 388 MPa to 410 MPa, 442 MPa, 451 MPa and 448 MPa, respectively, increased by 6.5%, 14.2%, 16.0% and 15.5%, respectively.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 8","pages":"2380 - 2395"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01889-1
Sheng Zhiyong, Zhao Wenjie, Zhao Yongxing, Wang Xu, Fan Xi, Liu Yu, Yuanchun Huang
In this work, the hot deformation behavior of highly alloyed Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy prepared by electromagnetic stirring casting and conventional direct chill casting with temperature range of 300–450℃ and strain rate of 10− 4-10 s− 1 is investigated by isothermal compression experiments. The processing maps of the two alloys were established based on dynamic material model, and the microstructure of the samples in the typical regions of the processing maps was characterized. The results indicate that the dynamic softening mechanism during deformation at 300℃/10− 4 s− 1 is dynamic recovery and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization, which changes to dynamic recovery and continuous dynamic recrystallization when deformed at 450 °C/10− 4 s− 1. A comparison showed that the electromagnetic stirring casting alloys show lower flow stress than the direct chill casting alloys at 300℃, and the difference in flow stress decreases with the increase in temperature. Electromagnetic stirring casting can reduce the instability zone of hot deformation and expand the processing window. The activation energy of hot deformation was reduced from 171.6 kJ/mol to 144.7 kJ/mol after electromagnetic field treatment. These phenomena were explained based on grain and second phase refinement according to microstructure examination.
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