Metals and Materials International最新文献_第10页

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analysis of Non-Metallic Inclusions Evolution in Si-Killed 316L Stainless Steel with Various Refining Slags 使用各种精炼渣的硅杀 316L 不锈钢中非金属夹杂物演化的热力学和动力学分析

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01715-8

Shengchao Duan, Taesung Kim, Jinhyung Cho, Joo Hyun Park

Reactions between Si-killed 316L stainless steel (STS316L) and CaO–SiO₂–CaF₂–5%MgO–5%Al₂O₃ slag were conducted in a magnisa crucible at 1873 K to study the influences of slag binary basicity (CaO/SiO₂) ratio and CaF₂ content on the formation of inclusions in molten steel. Increasing the binary basicity from C/S = 1.0 to 2.3 while keeping CaF₂ content constant at 10 wt% led to a significant decrease in the total oxygen content in the molten steel. However, changing the CaF₂ content from 10 to 30 wt% had minimal impact on reducing the total oxygen content (at C/S = 1.7). The transformation of inclusions from initial SiO₂ and MnO–Cr₂O₃ inclusions to MgO·Al₂O₃ spinel phases and pure MgO particles occurred in the molten Si-killed STS316L when the slag had basicity values of C/S = 1.7 and 2.3, respectively. In this scenario, Al₂O₃ inclusion could serve as an intermediary product during the mentioned transformation process. However, the utilization of slags with lower basicity (C/S = 1.0–1.3) led to the occurrence of liquid inclusions instead. The presence of Al₂O₃ inclusions in the molten steel can be linked to the higher Al₂O₃ activity in extremely basic slag compositions. Furthermore, the activity of MgO in high basicity and low viscosity slags (C/S = 1.7–2.3) is nearly equal to unity, causing the transfer of Mg from the slag and subsequently resulting in the transformation of inclusions from Al₂O₃ to MgO·Al₂O₃ and MgO inclusions under slag basicity values of 1.7 and 2.3, correspondingly, at a temperature of 1873 K.

Graphical Abstract

短句来源在1873 K的坩埚中，对316L不锈钢（STS316L）与CaO - SiO2 - CaF2 - 5% mgo - 5% al2o3熔渣进行了反应，研究了炉渣二元碱度（CaO/SiO2）比和CaF2含量对钢液中夹杂物形成的影响。将二元碱度从C/S = 1.0提高到2.3，同时保持CaF2含量在10 wt%不变，导致钢液中总氧含量显著降低。然而，将CaF2含量从10 wt%改变为30 wt%对降低总氧含量的影响最小（C/S = 1.7）。当熔渣碱度为C/S = 1.7和2.3时，si - si - s316l熔渣中夹杂物由最初的SiO2和MnO-Cr2O3夹杂物转变为MgO·Al2O3尖晶石相和纯MgO颗粒。在这种情况下，Al2O3包体可以作为上述转化过程中的中间产物。而使用碱度较低（C/S = 1.0 ~ 1.3）的炉渣，反而会产生液态夹杂物。钢液中Al2O3夹杂物的存在与极碱性矿渣成分中较高的Al2O3活性有关。此外，高碱度、低粘度炉渣（C/S = 1.7 ~ 2.3）中MgO的活度几乎等于1，在1873 K温度下，当炉渣碱度为1.7和2.3时，Mg从炉渣中转移，导致包裹体由Al2O3转变为MgO·Al2O3和MgO包裹体。图形抽象

{"title":"Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analysis of Non-Metallic Inclusions Evolution in Si-Killed 316L Stainless Steel with Various Refining Slags","authors":"Shengchao Duan, Taesung Kim, Jinhyung Cho, Joo Hyun Park","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01715-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01715-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reactions between Si-killed 316L stainless steel (STS316L) and CaO–SiO<sub>2</sub>–CaF<sub>2</sub>–5%MgO–5%Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> slag were conducted in a magnisa crucible at 1873 K to study the influences of slag binary basicity (CaO/SiO<sub>2</sub>) ratio and CaF<sub>2</sub> content on the formation of inclusions in molten steel. Increasing the binary basicity from C/S = 1.0 to 2.3 while keeping CaF<sub>2</sub> content constant at 10 wt% led to a significant decrease in the total oxygen content in the molten steel. However, changing the CaF<sub>2</sub> content from 10 to 30 wt% had minimal impact on reducing the total oxygen content (at C/S = 1.7). The transformation of inclusions from initial SiO<sub>2</sub> and MnO–Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> inclusions to MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> spinel phases and pure MgO particles occurred in the molten Si-killed STS316L when the slag had basicity values of C/S = 1.7 and 2.3, respectively. In this scenario, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> inclusion could serve as an intermediary product during the mentioned transformation process. However, the utilization of slags with lower basicity (C/S = 1.0–1.3) led to the occurrence of liquid inclusions instead. The presence of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> inclusions in the molten steel can be linked to the higher Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> activity in extremely basic slag compositions. Furthermore, the activity of MgO in high basicity and low viscosity slags (C/S = 1.7–2.3) is nearly equal to unity, causing the transfer of Mg from the slag and subsequently resulting in the transformation of inclusions from Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MgO inclusions under slag basicity values of 1.7 and 2.3, correspondingly, at a temperature of 1873 K.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 12","pages":"3483 - 3496"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141378448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Phenomenological Model for the Dynamic Superplastic Deformation Mechanism in a Zn-Al Eutectoid Alloy Modified with 2 wt% Cu 含 2 wt% 铜的 Zn-Al 共晶合金动态超塑性变形机制的现象学模型

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01696-8

Mitsuo Ramos Azpeitia, E. Elizabeth Martínez Flores, Antonio Alberto Torres Castillo, Jose Luis Hernandez Rivera, Gabriel Torres Villaseñor

In this work, superplastic behavior in tension for the Zn-21Al-2Cu alloy was reviewed as a function of: grain size, temperature and strain rate. The deformation mechanism was studied under conditions where the greatest elongation was reached, characterizing microstructural changes and analyzing the associated mechanical response such as the study of plastic stability. This analysis allowed us to propose a phenomenological model consisting of five steps for the mechanism of superplastic deformation under which dynamic conditions are involved for this alloy. In the first stage, an accommodation of the microstructure was observed, in the second stage sliding by individual grain boundaries (GBS) was activated, which provided the conditions for stationary plastic flow. In the third stage, GBS was hampered by the tendency of grain boundaries remaining from high temperature phase (FβBs) to align at 45°. This fact caused the onset of plastic instability. The fourth stage consisted of a transition in which there was competition between individual and cooperative GBS mechanisms, which increased plastic instability. In the last stage, the FβBs were aligned parallel to tensile direction, which favored the GBS, and an additional diffusion flow mechanism allowed partial recovery of stable plastic flow.

Graphical Abstract

在这项研究中，我们对 Zn-21Al-2Cu 合金在拉伸过程中的超塑性行为进行了审查，并将其视为晶粒大小、温度和应变率的函数。在达到最大伸长率的条件下研究了变形机制，确定了微观结构变化的特征，并分析了相关的机械响应，如塑性稳定性研究。通过分析，我们提出了一个由五个步骤组成的超塑性变形机理现象学模型，在此模型中，这种合金涉及到动态条件。在第一阶段，观察到微观结构的适应性；在第二阶段，单个晶界的滑动（GBS）被激活，为静态塑性流动提供了条件。在第三阶段，高温相（FβBs）残留的晶界倾向于呈 45° 排列，阻碍了 GBS。这一事实导致了塑性不稳定性的出现。第四阶段是一个过渡阶段，在这一阶段中，单独和合作的 GBS 机制之间存在竞争，这增加了塑性不稳定性。在最后一个阶段，FβBs 平行于拉伸方向排列，这有利于 GBS，另外的扩散流动机制允许部分恢复稳定的塑性流动。

{"title":"Phenomenological Model for the Dynamic Superplastic Deformation Mechanism in a Zn-Al Eutectoid Alloy Modified with 2 wt% Cu","authors":"Mitsuo Ramos Azpeitia, E. Elizabeth Martínez Flores, Antonio Alberto Torres Castillo, Jose Luis Hernandez Rivera, Gabriel Torres Villaseñor","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01696-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01696-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, superplastic behavior in tension for the Zn-21Al-2Cu alloy was reviewed as a function of: grain size, temperature and strain rate. The deformation mechanism was studied under conditions where the greatest elongation was reached, characterizing microstructural changes and analyzing the associated mechanical response such as the study of plastic stability. This analysis allowed us to propose a phenomenological model consisting of five steps for the mechanism of superplastic deformation under which dynamic conditions are involved for this alloy. In the first stage, an accommodation of the microstructure was observed, in the second stage sliding by individual grain boundaries (GBS) was activated, which provided the conditions for stationary plastic flow. In the third stage, GBS was hampered by the tendency of grain boundaries remaining from high temperature phase (FβBs) to align at 45°. This fact caused the onset of plastic instability. The fourth stage consisted of a transition in which there was competition between individual and cooperative GBS mechanisms, which increased plastic instability. In the last stage, the FβBs were aligned parallel to tensile direction, which favored the GBS, and an additional diffusion flow mechanism allowed partial recovery of stable plastic flow.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"3014 - 3029"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the Damping Performance and Mechanical Response of Additive-Manufactured and Thermo-Mechanical Processed AlSiMg Alloy 关于添加剂制造和热机械加工铝硅镁合金的阻尼性能和机械响应

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01707-8

Canay Isil, Amin Radi, Guney Guven Yapici

Recent advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) fuel efforts for expanding the design envelopes for components obtained via this technology through continuous improvement in mechanical behavior. Damping properties can also be altered depending on the microstructure evolved during AM. Therefore, achieving enhanced monotonic mechanical response with better damping properties is highly sought-after. In this respect, thermo-mechanical processing via severe plastic deformation (SPD) and artificial aging is imparted on the additive-manufactured samples with the target of grain refinement and densification to further improve mechanical and damping properties. Employing microstructural characterizations and mechanical experiments, a multi-scale exploration is carried out to develop a relation between the evolved microstructure and the resulting behavior. It is concluded that introducing a refined microstructure decorated with well-distributed (Mg,Si)-rich phase and favorable dislocation substructure in AlSi10Mg positively affects the resulting mechanical behavior. Moreover, it is shown that artificial aging can be employed to improve the damping characteristics of severely deformed additive-manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy.

Graphical Abstract

增材制造（AM）技术的最新进展有助于通过不断改进机械性能来扩大通过该技术获得的部件的设计范围。阻尼特性也可根据 AM 过程中形成的微观结构而改变。因此，实现具有更好阻尼特性的增强单调机械响应是人们孜孜以求的目标。在这方面，通过严重塑性变形（SPD）和人工老化对添加剂制造的样品进行热机械加工，目的是细化晶粒和致密化，以进一步改善机械和阻尼特性。通过微观结构表征和机械实验，进行了多尺度探索，以发展演变的微观结构和由此产生的行为之间的关系。研究得出的结论是，在 AlSi10Mg 中引入富含分布良好的（Mg、Si）相和有利的位错亚结构的精细微观结构会对最终的机械性能产生积极影响。此外，研究还表明，人工老化可用于改善严重变形的添加剂制造 AlSi10Mg 合金的阻尼特性。

{"title":"On the Damping Performance and Mechanical Response of Additive-Manufactured and Thermo-Mechanical Processed AlSiMg Alloy","authors":"Canay Isil, Amin Radi, Guney Guven Yapici","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01707-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01707-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) fuel efforts for expanding the design envelopes for components obtained via this technology through continuous improvement in mechanical behavior. Damping properties can also be altered depending on the microstructure evolved during AM. Therefore, achieving enhanced monotonic mechanical response with better damping properties is highly sought-after. In this respect, thermo-mechanical processing via severe plastic deformation (SPD) and artificial aging is imparted on the additive-manufactured samples with the target of grain refinement and densification to further improve mechanical and damping properties. Employing microstructural characterizations and mechanical experiments, a multi-scale exploration is carried out to develop a relation between the evolved microstructure and the resulting behavior. It is concluded that introducing a refined microstructure decorated with well-distributed (Mg,Si)-rich phase and favorable dislocation substructure in AlSi10Mg positively affects the resulting mechanical behavior. Moreover, it is shown that artificial aging can be employed to improve the damping characteristics of severely deformed additive-manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"2972 - 2981"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12540-024-01707-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correlation of Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of squeeze-cast Mg-4.0Y-4.0Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Ca (wt%) Alloys Constituting W and LPSO Secondary Phases 构成 W 和 LPSO 次生相的挤压铸造 Mg-4.0Y-4.0Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Ca (wt%) 合金的微观结构与腐蚀行为的相关性

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01712-x

Meeta Ashok Kamde, Yogendra Mahton, Yogesh Singh, Santosh Kumar Sahoo, Sourav Ganguly, N Surya Prakash, Mangal Roy, Vidhyadhar Mishra, Suman Sarkar, Partha Saha

The present study aims to explore the effect of microstructural evolution via forging on corrosion behavior of squeeze-cast Mg-4.0Y-4.0Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Ca (wt%) WZ44 alloys comprising W-type (Mg₃Y₂Zn₃), long-period stacking order (LPSO, Mg₁₂YZn) as secondary phases and α-Mg matrix. In particular, the as-cast ingot was solutionized at 400^οC for 20 h, followed by forging at 450^οC by applying a compressive pressure of 280 kg/cm² for 45 min, which has a pronounced effect on the grains orientation, texture, and distribution of the second phases. The forging inflicted a spreading of (0002) grains along the longitudinal direction and strong basal texture, causing improved tensile yield strength and ductility by strain hardening phenomena. The corrosion behavior of alloy specimens assessed in 0.1 M NaCl solution and benchmarked against pure Mg using pH, open circuit potential (OCP) variation with immersion duration, mass loss, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveal inferior corrosion resistance of alloy specimens owing to the presence of highly cathodic LPSO and W-phase causing severe pitting of α-Mg with corrosion products comprising Mg, Y-rich complex phases. Nevertheless, forged alloy exhibited excellent corrosion protection ability (∼4–5 h) during 48 h long EIS analysis owing to a reduction in Volta potential difference between W-type and LPSO phase (98 ± 2.3 mV) with α-Mg matrix confirmed by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) diminishing severe pitting of grains concomitant with a dense protective barrier of oxide/hydroxide layers preventing ingression of Cl⁻-ions. Overall, the work emphasizes that W-phase and LPSO-rich WZ44 alloy, which is prone to corrosion, can exhibit excellent mechanical properties and slightly improved saltwater corrosion resistance provided by texture effect, and second-phase distribution via forging at elevated temperature.

Graphical Abstract

本研究旨在探讨通过锻造产生的微结构演变对挤压铸造的 Mg-4.0Y-4.0Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Ca (wt%) WZ44 合金腐蚀行为的影响，该合金由 W 型（Mg3Y2Zn3）、长周期堆积阶（LPSO，Mg12YZn）作为次生相和α-Mg 基体组成。其中，铸锭在 400οC 下固溶 20 小时，然后在 450οC 下以 280 kg/cm2 的压缩压力锻造 45 分钟，这对晶粒取向、质地和第二相的分布有明显影响。锻造过程中，(0002) 晶粒沿纵向扩展，基底纹理强烈，通过应变硬化现象提高了拉伸屈服强度和延展性。利用 pH 值、开路电位（OCP）随浸泡时间的变化、质量损失、电位极化（PDP）和电化学阻抗光谱（EIS）对合金试样在 0.1 M NaCl 溶液中的腐蚀行为进行了评估，并将其与纯镁进行对比，结果表明合金试样的耐腐蚀性能较差，原因是高阴极 LPSO 和 W 相的存在导致α-镁出现严重点蚀，腐蚀产物包括镁、富 Y 复相。然而，锻造合金在长达 48 小时的 EIS 分析中表现出卓越的腐蚀保护能力（∼4-5 小时），原因是 W 型和 LPSO 相之间的伏特电位差缩小（98 ± 2.3 mV），α-Mg 基体经扫描开尔文探针力显微镜（SKPFM）确认，晶粒的严重点蚀减少，同时氧化物/氢氧化物层的致密保护屏障阻止了 Cl 离子的侵入。总之，这项研究强调了容易腐蚀的 W 相和富含 LPSO 的 WZ44 合金可以表现出优异的机械性能，并通过纹理效应和高温锻造的第二相分布，略微提高了耐盐水腐蚀性能。

{"title":"Correlation of Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of squeeze-cast Mg-4.0Y-4.0Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Ca (wt%) Alloys Constituting W and LPSO Secondary Phases","authors":"Meeta Ashok Kamde, Yogendra Mahton, Yogesh Singh, Santosh Kumar Sahoo, Sourav Ganguly, N Surya Prakash, Mangal Roy, Vidhyadhar Mishra, Suman Sarkar, Partha Saha","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01712-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01712-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study aims to explore the effect of microstructural evolution via forging on corrosion behavior of squeeze-cast Mg-4.0Y-4.0Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Ca (wt%) WZ44 alloys comprising W-type (Mg<sub>3</sub>Y<sub>2</sub>Zn<sub>3</sub>), long-period stacking order (LPSO, Mg<sub>12</sub>YZn) as secondary phases and α-Mg matrix. In particular, the as-cast ingot was solutionized at 400<sup>ο</sup>C for 20 h, followed by forging at 450<sup>ο</sup>C by applying a compressive pressure of 280 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> for 45 min, which has a pronounced effect on the grains orientation, texture, and distribution of the second phases. The forging inflicted a spreading of (0002) grains along the longitudinal direction and strong basal texture, causing improved tensile yield strength and ductility by strain hardening phenomena. The corrosion behavior of alloy specimens assessed in 0.1 M NaCl solution and benchmarked against pure Mg using pH, open circuit potential (OCP) variation with immersion duration, mass loss, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveal inferior corrosion resistance of alloy specimens owing to the presence of highly cathodic LPSO and W-phase causing severe pitting of α-Mg with corrosion products comprising Mg, Y-rich complex phases. Nevertheless, forged alloy exhibited excellent corrosion protection ability (∼4–5 h) during 48 h long EIS analysis owing to a reduction in Volta potential difference between W-type and LPSO phase (98 ± 2.3 mV) with α-Mg matrix confirmed by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) diminishing severe pitting of grains concomitant with a dense protective barrier of oxide/hydroxide layers preventing ingression of Cl<sup>−</sup>-ions. Overall, the work emphasizes that W-phase and LPSO-rich WZ44 alloy, which is prone to corrosion, can exhibit excellent mechanical properties and slightly improved saltwater corrosion resistance provided by texture effect, and second-phase distribution via forging at elevated temperature.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 12","pages":"3379 - 3401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structural, Electronic, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of AlxCoCrFeNi (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) High Entropy Alloy Using Density Functional Theory 利用密度泛函理论研究 AlxCoCrFeNi（0 ≤ x ≤ 2）高熵合金的结构、电子、机械和热性能

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01709-6

Nabila Tabassum, Yamini Sudha Sistla, Ramesh Gupta Burela, Ankit Gupta

High Entropy Alloys (HEA) are new class of materials exhibiting remarkable properties owing to multiple alloying elements to form solid solution phase and high configurational entropy. The properties of HEA are greatly influenced by the composition of each metallic element. Therefore, the focus of present study is to evaluate the effect of aluminum (Al) molar ratio ‘x’ on the structural, electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties of Al_xCoCrFeNi (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) HEA using Density Functional Theory (DFT). Based on the reported literature, Face Centered Cubic (FCC) crystal form of Al_xCoCrFeNi was chosen for x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5,1.0 and Body Centered Cubic (BCC) form was chosen for x = 0.9, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0. The Special Quasi Random Structure (SQS) models of Al_xCoCrFeNi were used for the property evaluation. The phase stability of Al_xCoCrFeNi HEA for all molar ratios of Al was confirmed based on thermodynamic stability criteria and atomic size difference parameter. The thermodynamic stability of Al_xCoCrFeNi increased with Al molar ratio. Mechanical properties were computed for a microscopic level strain rate of ± 0.7% and were evaluated based on elastic moduli, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, Debye temperature and acoustic wave velocity. The properties computed based on phase change from FCC to BCC at x > 1.3 of Al_xCoCrFeNi match well with available experimental and theoretical literature values. Positive Cauchy pressure, B/G > 1.75 and ν > 0.26 indicate that as Al concentration increases, ductility of the alloy increases. Further, the elastic moduli, hardness, and fracture toughness decrease with increase in Al concentration. The lattice thermal conductivity of the HEAs studied using DFT match well with molecular simulation-based literature values and suggest that Al_1.5CoCrFeNi has lowest thermal conductivity.

Graphical Abstract

高熵合金（HEA）是一类新型材料，由于多种合金元素形成固溶相和高构型熵，因而具有非凡的性能。高熵合金的特性在很大程度上受各金属元素组成的影响。因此，本研究的重点是利用密度泛函理论（DFT）评估铝（Al）摩尔比 "x "对 AlxCoCrFeNi（x = 0.0、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.9、1.0、1.5 和 2.0）HEA 的结构、电子、机械和热性能的影响。根据文献报道，在 x = 0.0、0.1、0.3、0.5、1.0 时选择了面心立方（FCC）晶体形式的 AlxCoCrFeNi，在 x = 0.9、1.0、1.5、2.0 时选择了体心立方（BCC）晶体形式的 AlxCoCrFeNi。AlxCoCrFeNi 的特殊准随机结构（SQS）模型用于性能评估。根据热力学稳定性标准和原子尺寸差参数，确认了所有铝摩尔比的 AlxCoCrFeNi HEA 的相稳定性。AlxCoCrFeNi 的热力学稳定性随铝摩尔比的增加而增加。对 ± 0.7% 的微观应变率进行了机械性能计算，并根据弹性模量、维氏硬度、断裂韧性、德拜温度和声波速度进行了评估。根据 AlxCoCrFeNi 在 x > 1.3 时从 FCC 到 BCC 的相变计算出的特性与现有的实验和理论文献值非常吻合。正的考奇压力、B/G > 1.75 和 ν > 0.26 表明，随着铝浓度的增加，合金的延展性也在增加。此外，弹性模量、硬度和断裂韧性随着铝浓度的增加而降低。利用 DFT 研究的 HEA 的晶格热导率与基于分子模拟的文献值非常吻合，表明 Al1.5CoCrFeNi 的热导率最低。

{"title":"Structural, Electronic, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of AlxCoCrFeNi (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) High Entropy Alloy Using Density Functional Theory","authors":"Nabila Tabassum, Yamini Sudha Sistla, Ramesh Gupta Burela, Ankit Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01709-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01709-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High Entropy Alloys (HEA) are new class of materials exhibiting remarkable properties owing to multiple alloying elements to form solid solution phase and high configurational entropy. The properties of HEA are greatly influenced by the composition of each metallic element. Therefore, the focus of present study is to evaluate the effect of aluminum (Al) molar ratio ‘<i>x</i>’ on the structural, electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties of Al<sub><i>x</i></sub>CoCrFeNi (<i>x</i> = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) HEA using Density Functional Theory (DFT). Based on the reported literature, Face Centered Cubic (FCC) crystal form of Al<sub><i>x</i></sub>CoCrFeNi was chosen for <i>x</i> = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5,1.0 and Body Centered Cubic (BCC) form was chosen for <i>x</i> = 0.9, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0. The Special Quasi Random Structure (SQS) models of Al<sub><i>x</i></sub>CoCrFeNi were used for the property evaluation. The phase stability of Al<sub><i>x</i></sub>CoCrFeNi HEA for all molar ratios of Al was confirmed based on thermodynamic stability criteria and atomic size difference parameter. The thermodynamic stability of Al<sub><i>x</i></sub>CoCrFeNi increased with Al molar ratio. Mechanical properties were computed for a microscopic level strain rate of ± 0.7% and were evaluated based on elastic moduli, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, Debye temperature and acoustic wave velocity. The properties computed based on phase change from FCC to BCC at <i>x</i> > 1.3 of Al<sub><i>x</i></sub>CoCrFeNi match well with available experimental and theoretical literature values. Positive Cauchy pressure, B/G > 1.75 and ν > 0.26 indicate that as Al concentration increases, ductility of the alloy increases. Further, the elastic moduli, hardness, and fracture toughness decrease with increase in Al concentration. The lattice thermal conductivity of the HEAs studied using DFT match well with molecular simulation-based literature values and suggest that Al<sub>1.5</sub>CoCrFeNi has lowest thermal conductivity.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 12","pages":"3349 - 3369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structure and Mechanical Properties of Al–Ce–Fe Alloy Synthesized by LPBF Method LPBF 法合成的 Al-Ce-Fe 合金的结构和力学性能

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01698-6

S. V. Chernyshikhin, E. L. Dzidziguri, L. V. Fedorenko, A. A. Gromov, K. B. Larionov, M. V. Lyange, N. A. Kharitonova, E. A. Naumova, D. Yu. Ozherelkov, I. A. Pelevin, S. O. Rogachev

A new low-alloyed Al–Ce–Fe alloy was consolidated by laser power bed fusion (LPBF) method. The process conditions that ensure the production of samples with minimal porosity (0.2%–0.6%) and with a balance of high tensile strength (250 MPa) and elongation (15%) were determined. This combination of properties is ensured by the formation of an ultrafine structure of the degenerate eutectic and a low dislocation density. The strength of the printed alloy is 2 times higher compared with conventional alloy. The strength of the as-built alloy has superior thermal stability – up to 300 °C. In addition, heat treatment at 300 °C makes it possible to increase the plasticity of the material by 1.5 times. In combination with the high cooling rates of the LPBF process, good mechanical properties of Al–Ce–Fe were obtained due to the unique microstructure making this alloy promising as new adopted alloy for LPBF and also as matrix for new metal matrix composites expanding the range of materials suitable for metal additive manufacturing.

Graphical Abstract

采用激光功率床熔融（LPBF）方法固结了一种新型低合金化铝-铈-铁合金。确定了确保生产出孔隙率最小（0.2%-0.6%）且兼顾高抗拉强度（250 兆帕）和伸长率（15%）的样品的工艺条件。变质共晶超细结构的形成和低位错密度确保了这一特性组合。印刷合金的强度比传统合金高 2 倍。成型合金的强度具有卓越的热稳定性--最高可达 300 °C。此外，300 °C的热处理可使材料的塑性提高1.5倍。结合 LPBF 工艺的高冷却率，Al-Ce-Fe 因其独特的微观结构而获得了良好的机械性能，使这种合金有望成为 LPBF 采用的新合金，也有望成为新型金属基复合材料的基体，从而扩大适用于金属增材制造的材料范围。

{"title":"Structure and Mechanical Properties of Al–Ce–Fe Alloy Synthesized by LPBF Method","authors":"S. V. Chernyshikhin, E. L. Dzidziguri, L. V. Fedorenko, A. A. Gromov, K. B. Larionov, M. V. Lyange, N. A. Kharitonova, E. A. Naumova, D. Yu. Ozherelkov, I. A. Pelevin, S. O. Rogachev","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01698-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01698-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A new low-alloyed Al–Ce–Fe alloy was consolidated by laser power bed fusion (LPBF) method. The process conditions that ensure the production of samples with minimal porosity (0.2%–0.6%) and with a balance of high tensile strength (250 MPa) and elongation (15%) were determined. This combination of properties is ensured by the formation of an ultrafine structure of the degenerate eutectic and a low dislocation density. The strength of the printed alloy is 2 times higher compared with conventional alloy. The strength of the as-built alloy has superior thermal stability – up to 300 °C. In addition, heat treatment at 300 °C makes it possible to increase the plasticity of the material by 1.5 times. In combination with the high cooling rates of the LPBF process, good mechanical properties of Al–Ce–Fe were obtained due to the unique microstructure making this alloy promising as new adopted alloy for LPBF and also as matrix for new metal matrix composites expanding the range of materials suitable for metal additive manufacturing.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"3184 - 3201"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Yb Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Mg–4Sm–3Gd–0.5Zr Alloy 添加镱对 Mg-4Sm-3Gd-0.5Zr 合金微观结构和力学性能的影响

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01706-9

Nana Zhang, Quanan Li, Xiaoya Chen, Wanwan Mei, Zeyu Zheng, Zheng Wu

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-4Sm-3Gd-xYb-0.5Zr (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 wt%) alloys under different heat treatment states were systematically investigated, as well as the influence mechanism of the Yb on the mechanical properties. The results show that the addition of Yb can obviously refine the grain size, homogenize the microstructure and improve the strength and plasticity. The addition of Yb changed the lattice constant, reduced the value of c/a, shortened the peak aging time, and accelerated the precipitation of β′ phase. With the increase of the Yb content, the number of β′ phases increases. The spacing between adjacent β′ phases decreases, and the critical shear stress (Delta {tau }_{p}) demanded for the basal dislocation to bypass the β′ phase increases. The β′ phase improves the strength of the aged alloy through the Orowan mechanism. And the β′ phase forms a nearly closed triangular prism space along the three directions of [1(bar{1})00] _Mg, [01(bar{1})0] _Mg and [(overline{1 })010] _Mg. During the process of tensile deformation, the basal dislocations are trapped in a closed triangular prism space and it was difficult to escape. The aged Mg–4Sm–3Gd–2Yb–0.5Zr alloy showed the optimal mechanical properties, and its yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation were 198 MPa, 275 MPa and 6.6%.

Graphical Abstract

系统研究了不同热处理状态下 Mg-4Sm-3Gd-xYb-0.5Zr（x = 0、1、2、3 wt%）合金的微观结构和力学性能，以及 Yb 对力学性能的影响机理。结果表明，添加镱能明显细化晶粒尺寸，均匀化微观结构，提高强度和塑性。Yb 的加入改变了晶格常数，降低了 c/a 值，缩短了峰值时效时间，加速了 β′ 相的析出。随着镱含量的增加，β′相的数量也随之增加。相邻β′相之间的间距减小，基底位错绕过β′相所需的临界剪切应力增加。β′相通过奥罗恩机制提高了老化合金的强度。β′相沿着[1（bar{1}/00] Mg、[01（bar{1}/0] Mg和[01（overline{1 }）010] Mg这三个方向形成了一个近乎封闭的三角形棱柱空间。在拉伸变形过程中，基底位错被困在一个封闭的三角棱柱空间中，很难逃脱。老化后的 Mg-4Sm-3Gd-2Yb-0.5Zr 合金显示出最佳的力学性能，其屈服强度、极限抗拉强度和伸长率分别为 198 MPa、275 MPa 和 6.6%。

{"title":"Effect of Yb Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Mg–4Sm–3Gd–0.5Zr Alloy","authors":"Nana Zhang, Quanan Li, Xiaoya Chen, Wanwan Mei, Zeyu Zheng, Zheng Wu","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01706-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01706-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-4Sm-3Gd-<i>x</i>Yb-0.5Zr (<i>x</i> = 0, 1, 2, 3 wt%) alloys under different heat treatment states were systematically investigated, as well as the influence mechanism of the Yb on the mechanical properties. The results show that the addition of Yb can obviously refine the grain size, homogenize the microstructure and improve the strength and plasticity. The addition of Yb changed the lattice constant, reduced the value of <i>c/a</i>, shortened the peak aging time, and accelerated the precipitation of β′ phase. With the increase of the Yb content, the number of β′ phases increases. The spacing between adjacent β′ phases decreases, and the critical shear stress <span>(Delta {tau }_{p})</span> demanded for the basal dislocation to bypass the β′ phase increases. The β′ phase improves the strength of the aged alloy through the Orowan mechanism. And the β′ phase forms a nearly closed triangular prism space along the three directions of [1<span>(bar{1})</span>00] <sub>Mg</sub>, [01<span>(bar{1})</span>0] <sub>Mg</sub> and [<span>(overline{1 })</span>010] <sub>Mg</sub>. During the process of tensile deformation, the basal dislocations are trapped in a closed triangular prism space and it was difficult to escape. The aged Mg–4Sm–3Gd–2Yb–0.5Zr alloy showed the optimal mechanical properties, and its yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation were 198 MPa, 275 MPa and 6.6%.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"3094 - 3106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating Impurities Removal Behavior from Terbium by the Combined Plasma Melting and Directional Solidification 研究等离子熔化和定向凝固相结合的铽杂质去除行为

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01708-7

Ning Mao, Hongbo Yang, Wenli Lu, Xiaowei Zhang, Wensheng Yang, Chuang Yu, Xinyu Guo, Yibo Zhang, Zengdong Pang, Jiamin Zhong, Zhiqiang Wang

The combined argon plasma melting and directional solidification method (denoted as APDS) was innovatively proposed to enhance the purification efficiency of Tb metal in this work. Theoretical computation and experimental analysis were used to explore the removal behavior of the three impurity groups during APDS, which included high volatility impurities of Ca, Mg, Mn and Cr, medium volatility impurity of Ti, and low volatility impurities of Al and Ni. The evaporation removal ratio of Ca and Mg after APDS process exceeds 99.9%, indicating that Ca and Mg are mainly removed by vacuum volatilization. Mn, Cr, Ti, Ni, and Al had evaporative removal ratios of 49%, 37%, 1.3%, 7%, and 14%, respectively. And the contents of these impurities increases with the increase of solidification fraction. It was shown that Mn and Cr were removed by the combined action of volatilization and directional solidification, and Ti, Ni and Al were primarily removed by the directional solidification. By using the innovative combination approach, the impurities in Tb were removed simultaneously and effectively.

Graphical Abstract

本研究创新性地提出了氩等离子体熔化和定向凝固相结合的方法（简称 APDS），以提高钽金属的纯化效率。通过理论计算和实验分析，探讨了三组杂质在 APDS 过程中的去除行为，包括高挥发性杂质 Ca、Mg、Mn 和 Cr，中等挥发性杂质 Ti，以及低挥发性杂质 Al 和 Ni。经过 APDS 工艺后，Ca 和 Mg 的蒸发去除率超过 99.9%，表明 Ca 和 Mg 主要通过真空挥发去除。Mn、Cr、Ti、Ni 和 Al 的蒸发去除率分别为 49%、37%、1.3%、7% 和 14%。这些杂质的含量随着凝固分数的增加而增加。研究表明，锰和铬在挥发和定向凝固的共同作用下被去除，而钛、镍和铝则主要通过定向凝固去除。通过使用创新的组合方法，钽中的杂质被同时有效地去除。

{"title":"Investigating Impurities Removal Behavior from Terbium by the Combined Plasma Melting and Directional Solidification","authors":"Ning Mao, Hongbo Yang, Wenli Lu, Xiaowei Zhang, Wensheng Yang, Chuang Yu, Xinyu Guo, Yibo Zhang, Zengdong Pang, Jiamin Zhong, Zhiqiang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01708-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01708-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The combined argon plasma melting and directional solidification method (denoted as APDS) was innovatively proposed to enhance the purification efficiency of Tb metal in this work. Theoretical computation and experimental analysis were used to explore the removal behavior of the three impurity groups during APDS, which included high volatility impurities of Ca, Mg, Mn and Cr, medium volatility impurity of Ti, and low volatility impurities of Al and Ni. The evaporation removal ratio of Ca and Mg after APDS process exceeds 99.9%, indicating that Ca and Mg are mainly removed by vacuum volatilization. Mn, Cr, Ti, Ni, and Al had evaporative removal ratios of 49%, 37%, 1.3%, 7%, and 14%, respectively. And the contents of these impurities increases with the increase of solidification fraction. It was shown that Mn and Cr were removed by the combined action of volatilization and directional solidification, and Ti, Ni and Al were primarily removed by the directional solidification. By using the innovative combination approach, the impurities in Tb were removed simultaneously and effectively.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"3222 - 3229"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Crystal Plasticity Analysis of the Orientation-Dependent Grain Rotation and Fragmentation Behaviors in Ferritic Stainless Steel During Cold Rolling 铁素体不锈钢冷轧过程中取向相关晶粒旋转和破碎行为的晶体塑性分析

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01702-z

Kangjie Song, Luyang Miao, Yalong Luo, Chi Zhang, Liwen Zhang, Guanyu Deng

The cold rolling behavior of ferritic stainless steel was investigated via crystal plasticity analysis to clarify the effects of initial orientation and neighboring grain interaction on grain rotation and fragmentation behaviors. The analysis revealed that the {112} < 110 > orientation grain tends to maintain its initial orientation after cold rolling. However, the {110} < 001 > orientation grain completely disappeared at 80% cold rolling thickness reduction. The {110} < 001 > orientation grain had high deformation sensitivity. The four initial orientation grains tend to rotated toward the line connecting < 001 > and < 111 > , eventually stabilizing at < 111 > //normal direction (ND). Grains rotate in the following path: < 117 > → < 113 > → < 112 > → < 223 > → < 111 > . The dislocation density is different between grains near the grain boundary region and those farther away. The near < 111 > //ND deformation microstructure region has a lower dislocation density compared to the region near < 110 > //ND. Furthermore, the {111} < 110 > orientation grain exhibited significant grain fragmentation, while the {001} < 110 > orientation grain eventually forms the < 110 > //rolling direction (RD) deformation microstructure without significant fragmentation. The initial orientation {110} < 001 > grain resulted in a double fiber deformation texture with < 111 > //ND and < 110 > //RD orientations. This grain has grain fragmentation features corresponding to the initial {111} < 110 > and {001} < 110 > orientations. These findings are important for understanding the deformation behavior of grains in polycrystalline materials, as well as for designing high-performance metals by controlling the initial microstructure during cold rolling.

Graphical abstract

通过晶体塑性分析研究了铁素体不锈钢的冷轧行为，以阐明初始取向和相邻晶粒相互作用对晶粒旋转和破碎行为的影响。分析结果表明，{112} < 110 >取向晶粒在冷轧后倾向于保持其初始取向。然而，当冷轧厚度减少 80% 时，{110} < 001 >取向晶粒完全消失。{110}<001>取向晶粒具有很高的变形敏感性。四个初始取向晶粒倾向于向 < 001 > 和 < 111 > 连接线旋转，最终稳定在 < 111 > //正常方向（ND）。晶粒的旋转路径如下：< 117 > → < 113 > → < 112 > → < 223 > → < 111 > 。靠近晶界区域和远离晶界区域的晶粒之间的位错密度不同。靠近 < 111 > //ND形变微结构区域的位错密度低于靠近 < 110 > //ND的区域。此外，{111} < 110 >取向晶粒表现出明显的晶粒破碎，而{001} < 110 >取向晶粒最终形成了 < 110 >//轧制方向（RD）变形微结构，没有明显的破碎。初始取向{110} <001>晶粒形成了具有<111>//ND和<110>//RD取向的双纤维变形纹理。该晶粒具有与初始{111} < 110 >和{001} < 110 >取向相对应的晶粒破碎特征。这些发现对于理解多晶材料中晶粒的变形行为以及通过控制冷轧过程中的初始微观结构设计高性能金属非常重要。

{"title":"Crystal Plasticity Analysis of the Orientation-Dependent Grain Rotation and Fragmentation Behaviors in Ferritic Stainless Steel During Cold Rolling","authors":"Kangjie Song, Luyang Miao, Yalong Luo, Chi Zhang, Liwen Zhang, Guanyu Deng","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01702-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01702-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The cold rolling behavior of ferritic stainless steel was investigated via crystal plasticity analysis to clarify the effects of initial orientation and neighboring grain interaction on grain rotation and fragmentation behaviors. The analysis revealed that the {112} < 110 > orientation grain tends to maintain its initial orientation after cold rolling. However, the {110} < 001 > orientation grain completely disappeared at 80% cold rolling thickness reduction. The {110} < 001 > orientation grain had high deformation sensitivity. The four initial orientation grains tend to rotated toward the line connecting < 001 > and < 111 > , eventually stabilizing at < 111 > //normal direction (ND). Grains rotate in the following path: < 117 > → < 113 > → < 112 > → < 223 > → < 111 > . The dislocation density is different between grains near the grain boundary region and those farther away. The near < 111 > //ND deformation microstructure region has a lower dislocation density compared to the region near < 110 > //ND. Furthermore, the {111} < 110 > orientation grain exhibited significant grain fragmentation, while the {001} < 110 > orientation grain eventually forms the < 110 > //rolling direction (RD) deformation microstructure without significant fragmentation. The initial orientation {110} < 001 > grain resulted in a double fiber deformation texture with < 111 > //ND and < 110 > //RD orientations. This grain has grain fragmentation features corresponding to the initial {111} < 110 > and {001} < 110 > orientations. These findings are important for understanding the deformation behavior of grains in polycrystalline materials, as well as for designing high-performance metals by controlling the initial microstructure during cold rolling.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"3202 - 3221"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141172000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hot-Cracking Mitigation and Microcrack Formation Mechanisms in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processed Hastelloy X and Cantor High Entropy Alloys 激光粉末床熔融加工哈氏合金 X 和 Cantor 高熵合金的热裂纹缓解和微裂纹形成机理

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01711-y

Alireza Jalali, Arash Nikniazi, Hooman Gholamzadeh, Shengze Yin, Mehdi Malekan, Soung Yeoul Ahn, Hyoung Seop Kim, Levente Balogh, Lucas Ravkov, Suraj Y. Persaud, Vahid Fallah

The microcrack formation mechanisms and mitigation strategies were thoroughly investigated and explained in Hastelloy X samples fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) with varying printing parameters and geometries. The microstructure evolution regarding microcrack formation is comprehensively examined in conjunction with thermal residual stresses affected by process parameters (e.g., laser power, scan velocity determining volumetric energy density, VED), proximity to build/substrate interface, and print section aspect ratio. Results indicated for microcracks to form in Hastelloy X, the VED must exceed the critical value of ~ 114 J/mm3, below which the lack-of-fusion porosity persists, thereby highlighting a trade-off with densification. Similar trends were also observed for a Cantor high-entropy alloy. Higher residual stresses near the print/substrate interface increase susceptibility to hot-cracking, leading to a higher density of microcracks at lower build heights along the Z-axis. A higher aspect ratio of the print section can further intensify the residual stresses, thus contributing to a higher density of microcracks as well as warpage in the bar sample. Finally, SEM observations and quantitative EBSD analysis establish a strong correlation between microcrack susceptibility, grain coarsening, and a Z-aligned grain/crystallographic texture, especially at higher VEDs or closer to the substrate. These findings provide insights for mitigating microcrack evolution and refining LPBF processes.

Graphical Abstract

在通过激光粉末床融合（LPBF）制造的哈氏合金 X 样品中，采用不同的印刷参数和几何形状，对微裂纹的形成机制和缓解策略进行了深入研究和解释。结合热残余应力受工艺参数（如激光功率、决定体积能量密度的扫描速度、VED）、与构建/基底界面的接近程度以及打印截面长宽比的影响，对有关微裂纹形成的微观结构演变进行了全面研究。结果表明，要在哈氏合金 X 中形成微裂纹，VED 必须超过 ~ 114 J/mm3 的临界值，低于该值，熔融缺失孔隙率将持续存在，从而突出了与致密化之间的权衡。在 Cantor 高熵合金中也观察到类似的趋势。打印/基底界面附近较高的残余应力增加了热裂纹的易感性，从而导致沿 Z 轴较低构建高度处的微裂纹密度较高。打印部分的高宽比会进一步加剧残余应力，从而导致更高密度的微裂纹以及棒状样品的翘曲。最后，扫描电子显微镜观察和定量 EBSD 分析确定了微裂纹敏感性、晶粒粗化和 Z 向排列的晶粒/晶体学纹理之间的密切联系，尤其是在较高的 VED 或更靠近基体的情况下。这些发现为减轻微裂纹演变和完善 LPBF 工艺提供了启示。图文摘要

{"title":"Hot-Cracking Mitigation and Microcrack Formation Mechanisms in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processed Hastelloy X and Cantor High Entropy Alloys","authors":"Alireza Jalali, Arash Nikniazi, Hooman Gholamzadeh, Shengze Yin, Mehdi Malekan, Soung Yeoul Ahn, Hyoung Seop Kim, Levente Balogh, Lucas Ravkov, Suraj Y. Persaud, Vahid Fallah","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01711-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01711-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The microcrack formation mechanisms and mitigation strategies were thoroughly investigated and explained in Hastelloy X samples fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) with varying printing parameters and geometries. The microstructure evolution regarding microcrack formation is comprehensively examined in conjunction with thermal residual stresses affected by process parameters (e.g., laser power, scan velocity determining volumetric energy density, <i>VED</i>), proximity to build/substrate interface, and print section aspect ratio. Results indicated for microcracks to form in Hastelloy X, the <i>VED</i> must exceed the critical value of ~ 114 J/mm3, below which the lack-of-fusion porosity persists, thereby highlighting a trade-off with densification. Similar trends were also observed for a Cantor high-entropy alloy. Higher residual stresses near the print/substrate interface increase susceptibility to hot-cracking, leading to a higher density of microcracks at lower build heights along the Z-axis. A higher aspect ratio of the print section can further intensify the residual stresses, thus contributing to a higher density of microcracks as well as warpage in the bar sample. Finally, SEM observations and quantitative EBSD analysis establish a strong correlation between microcrack susceptibility, grain coarsening, and a Z-aligned grain/crystallographic texture, especially at higher <i>VED</i>s or closer to the substrate. These findings provide insights for mitigating microcrack evolution and refining LPBF processes.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 12","pages":"3370 - 3378"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141171933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0