Metals and Materials International最新文献_第5页

Influence of Deposition Sequence and Thermal Cycles on the Microstructure and Wear Behavior of WAAM-Fabricated SS309L and Inconel 625 Bimetallic Structures 沉积顺序和热循环对waam制备SS309L和Inconel 625双金属组织和磨损行为的影响

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01939-2

Ozan Can Ozaner, Şener Karabulut, Halil Karakoç, Abhay Sharma, Reza Talemi, Tegoeh Tjahjowidodo

This study investigates the influence of deposition sequence and cooling rate on the microstructure and wear performance of bimetallic SS309L–Inconel 625 structures fabricated via wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Higher cooling rates (~ 11.6 °C/s) refined dendritic structures in Inconel 625, increasing hardness by ~ 15% (from 280 Vicker Hardness (HV) to 322 HV) and improving wear resistance by ~ 18%. Conversely, slower cooling (~ 5.14 °C/s) in SS309L led to coarser skeletal ferrite, reducing wear resistance by ~ 12%. Deposition sequence also played a critical role: Depositing Inconel 625 over SS309L resulted in a 22% increase in wear resistance compared to the reverse order due to reduced thermal exposure and refined interfacial microstructure. The interface region exhibited mixed adhesive and abrasive wear mechanisms, with microhardness varying from 285 HV in SS309L to 340 HV in Inconel 625, influenced by residual stress and interfacial diffusion. These findings provide a framework for optimizing WAAM deposition strategies to enhance the mechanical performance and durability of bimetallic components in high-performance applications.

研究了沉积顺序和冷却速度对线弧增材制造（WAAM）双金属SS309L-Inconel 625组织和磨损性能的影响。较高的冷却速率（~ 11.6°C/s）细化了Inconel 625的枝晶组织，使硬度提高了~ 15%（从280维氏硬度（HV）提高到322 HV），耐磨性提高了~ 18%。相反，在SS309L中较慢的冷却（~ 5.14°C/s）导致了较粗的骨架铁素体，使耐磨性降低了~ 12%。沉积顺序也发挥了关键作用：与相反顺序相比，在SS309L上沉积Inconel 625的耐磨性提高了22%，这是因为热暴露减少了，界面微观结构更精细。受残余应力和界面扩散的影响，SS309L的显微硬度为285 HV ~ Inconel 625的显微硬度为340 HV。这些发现为优化WAAM沉积策略提供了一个框架，以提高双金属部件在高性能应用中的机械性能和耐久性。

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引用次数: 0

Characterization and Growth Kinetics Modelling of Nickel Silicides Formed on Inconel 738 Alloy Inconel 738合金硅化镍的表征及生长动力学模拟

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01942-7

Tuba Yener, Gözde Celebi Efe, Mourad Keddam, Azmi Erdoğan

In this study, the growth kinetics of the silicide layer on Inconel 738 alloy were reported. The powder mixture containing NH₄Cl as an activator and Al₂O₃ as an inert filler, and metallic silicon was used for the siliconizing process on the Inconel 738 alloy for 2, 4, and 6 h at 800, 900 and 950 °C. The morphologies and types of silicides that developed on the surface of Inconel 738 alloy were examined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The thickness of the siliicide layer varied between 20 ± 7 and 280 ± 20 μm. The temperature and duration time of treatment had an impact on the hardness of the silicides formed on the samples, ranging from 400 to 1500 HV. With the siliconizing process, a layer with high mechanical properties is created on the alloy surface. In nanoindentation tests, there was an increase in reduced elastic modulus from 212 to 241 GPa and in hardness from 6.7 to 16 GPa. A decrease of up to 84% was observed in the wear losses of siliconized Inconel 738 alloy at 950 °C–6 h due to the presence of silicide layer. Furthermore, the Taylor expansion model was utilized to assess silicon diffusivities within Ni silicide layers, incorporating the silicon diffusion coefficient within the Ni matrix. The activation energy for silicon was determined and compared with data available in the literature. Finally; a comparison was done between the predicted layers’ thicknesses and the experimental measurements.

Graphical Abstract

本文研究了硅化物层在Inconel 738合金表面的生长动力学。将以NH4Cl为活化剂，Al2O3为惰性填料的粉末混合物和金属硅分别在800、900和950℃下对Inconel 738合金进行了2、4和6 h的硅化处理。采用能量色散x射线能谱（EDS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和x射线衍射分析（XRD）对Inconel 738合金表面硅化物的形态和类型进行了研究。硅化物层厚度在20±7 ~ 280±20 μm之间变化。处理温度和处理时间对硅化物的硬度有影响，其范围在400 ~ 1500hv之间。通过硅化工艺，在合金表面形成具有高机械性能的层。在纳米压痕试验中，降低弹性模量从212增加到241 GPa，硬度从6.7增加到16 GPa。由于硅化层的存在，在950°C-6 h时，硅化Inconel 738合金的磨损损失降低了84%。此外，利用Taylor展开模型，结合Ni基体内的硅扩散系数，评估硅在硅化镍层内的扩散系数。测定了硅的活化能，并与文献资料进行了比较。最后;将预测的层厚与实验测量值进行了比较。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

A Study on the Effect of Bulk Porosity and Surface Roughness on the Biocompatibility of TPMS Gyroid Structures Fabricated via the SLM Process 体积孔隙率和表面粗糙度对SLM法制备TPMS陀螺结构生物相容性影响的研究

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01936-5

Ki-Seong Park, HoLim Jin, Yoon-A Shin, Aman Gupta, Jae-Kwan Kim, Hui-Nam Rhee, Young-Jin Son, Shi-Hoon Choi

This study quantitatively evaluated the effects of bulk porosity and the average surface roughness on curved surfaces. In this study, we investigate the effects of bulk porosity and surface roughness of TPMS-based Gyroid structures fabricated via selective laser melting on various biocompatibility factors through quantitative linear regression analysis. The results demonstrate that bulk porosity and surface roughness influence biocompatibility parameters in distinct and complementary ways. Bulk porosity exhibited a strong correlation (R² > 0.9) with osteogenesis-related factors, including osteoblastic cell activity, BMM, ALP-p, and OPG, indicating its critical role in promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and early-stage osteogenesis. The high correlation with OPG suggests that bulk porosity contributes significantly to bone tissue stability and regeneration by fostering a conducive microenvironment. Conversely, resorption-related markers (RANKL) and late-stage osteogenesis markers (OCL) showed relatively low correlations with bulk porosity, indicating its primary influence on early osteogenesis processes. In contrast, surface roughness demonstrated strong correlations (R² > 0.9) with resorption-related markers (RANKL) and late-stage osteogenesis markers (OCL). This highlights the importance of curved surface characteristics in modulating bone remodeling processes. The strong correlation with OCL (R² > 0.98) underscores the role of surface roughness in regulating late-stage osteogenesis, while moderate correlations with ALP-p and OPG (0.38 < R² < 0.53) suggest a limited impact on early-stage osteogenesis. These findings reveal that bulk porosity and surface roughness play complementary roles in biocompatibility. Bulk porosity enhances osteogenesis and tissue stability by providing expanded surface area and optimized pore structures, whereas surface roughness directly influences bone resorption and late-stage cellular activity, particularly on curved surfaces. The integration of bulk porosity and surface roughness as design parameters is crucial for optimizing the balance between bone formation and resorption.

本研究定量评价了体积孔隙率和平均表面粗糙度对曲面的影响。在本研究中，我们通过定量线性回归分析研究了选择性激光熔化制备的tpms基陀螺结构的体积孔隙率和表面粗糙度对各种生物相容性因子的影响。结果表明，体积孔隙度和表面粗糙度以不同的互补方式影响生物相容性参数。体积孔隙度与成骨相关因子，包括成骨细胞活性、BMM、ALP-p和OPG表现出很强的相关性（R2 > 0.9），表明其在促进细胞粘附、增殖和早期成骨中起关键作用。与OPG的高相关性表明，体积孔隙度通过培养有利的微环境对骨组织的稳定性和再生有重要贡献。相反，骨吸收相关标志物（RANKL）和晚期成骨标志物（OCL）与体积孔隙度的相关性相对较低，表明其主要影响早期成骨过程。相反，表面粗糙度与骨吸收相关标志物（RANKL）和晚期成骨标志物（OCL）表现出很强的相关性（R2 > 0.9）。这突出了曲面特征在调节骨重塑过程中的重要性。与OCL的强相关性（R2 > 0.98）强调了表面粗糙度在调节晚期成骨中的作用，而与ALP-p和OPG的中度相关性（0.38 < R2 < 0.53）表明对早期成骨的影响有限。这些发现表明，体积孔隙度和表面粗糙度在生物相容性中起着互补的作用。体积孔隙度通过提供扩大的表面积和优化的孔隙结构来增强成骨和组织的稳定性，而表面粗糙度直接影响骨吸收和后期细胞活动，特别是在弯曲的表面。整体孔隙率和表面粗糙度作为设计参数的集成对于优化骨形成和骨吸收之间的平衡至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Integrating Machine Learning and Thermodynamic Descriptors for Enhanced Ni-Based Single Crystal Superalloys Creep Life Prediction and Alloy Design 集成机器学习和热力学描述符增强镍基单晶高温合金蠕变寿命预测和合金设计

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01906-x

Jian Yao, Wanchan Yu, Juncheng Wang, Longfei Zhang, Feng Liu, Weifu Li, Liming Tan, Lan Huang, Yong Liu

Ni-based single crystal superalloys play a vital role in critical areas such as aerospace and gas turbines due to their superior high-temperature strength. However, accurately predicting the creep rupture life of these alloys has been a challenge. In this study, an artificial neural network-based prediction model was developed to effectively improve the accuracy of creep life prediction for Ni-based single crystal superalloys by incorporating 15 new descriptors. The R² for the test set was 0.8595. Further, the SHAP value results guided the design of new low-cost, high-performance alloys, among which the new designed alloy (5.91 Cr, 6.21 Co, 1.62 Mo, 6.37 W, 5.64 Al, 7.22 Ta, 1.45 Re, 0.52 Ti and Ni balance, wt%) showed a higher creep life than the existing alloy CMSX-4, while having a Re content < 1.5 wt%. The results not only provide new tools for superalloy design, but also confirm the practical value of machine learning in materials science.

Graphical Abstract

镍基单晶高温合金由于其优越的高温强度，在航空航天和燃气轮机等关键领域发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，准确预测这些合金的蠕变断裂寿命一直是一个挑战。为了有效提高镍基单晶高温合金蠕变寿命预测的精度，本研究建立了一种基于人工神经网络的预测模型，引入了15个新的描述符。检验集的R2为0.8595。此外，SHAP值结果指导了新型低成本高性能合金的设计，其中新设计的合金（5.91 Cr, 6.21 Co, 1.62 Mo, 6.37 W, 5.64 Al, 7.22 Ta, 1.45 Re， 0.52 Ti和Ni平衡，wt%）比现有合金CMSX-4具有更高的蠕变寿命，而Re含量为<； 1.5 wt%。这一结果不仅为高温合金设计提供了新的工具，也证实了机器学习在材料科学中的实用价值。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Strategic Method to Enhancing the Formability of Nitinol Foils via Micro-incremental Sheet Forming Processes and Evaluation of Structure–Property 微增量成形工艺提高镍钛诺箔材成形性的策略方法及结构性能评价

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01938-3

Gunda Yoganjaneyulu, Vigneshwaran Soundararaja Perumal, Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Bhaskar Annamalai, Thiruchinapalli Niranjan

The Nitinol alloy foils were deformed incrementally using Single Point Micro Incremental Forming (SPMIF), in which the foils are deformed with the help of a hemispherical end tool. No specific die is required, and the forming limits are primarily influenced by local deformation. The present study investigates the formability, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of Nitinol alloy foils under the SPMIF process. Formability studies were conducted with varying spindle speeds. At higher forming speeds, the formability is greater compared to lower spindle speeds due to the presence of shear strains during incremental forming. The electron backscattered diffraction studies showed nearly 73% of reduction in grain size when the Nitinol foil was formed at highest spindle speed due to frictional heat and promotion of dynamic recrystallization. The Mechanical properties of Nitinol foil deformed with higher forming speeds (200 rpm) showed higher values of 995 MPa and 337 Hv when compared to its counter parts. Fracture behavior was investigated using the void coalescence method. The parameters for void coalescence, such as the void length-to-width (L/W) ratio, void size (µm), d-factor, and ligament thickness, were measured. The relationship between spindle speed and void coalescence parameters were correlated to understand the forming behavior of Nitinol foils.

Graphical abstract

采用单点微增量成形（SPMIF）技术，在半球形端刀的辅助下对镍钛诺合金箔进行了增量成形。不需要特定的模具，成形极限主要受局部变形的影响。研究了镍钛诺合金箔在SPMIF工艺下的成形性能、力学性能和断裂行为。在不同的主轴转速下进行了成形性研究。在较高的成形速度下，由于在增量成形过程中存在剪切应变，与较低的主轴速度相比，成形性更高。电子背散射衍射研究表明，在最高主轴转速下，由于摩擦热和动态再结晶的促进，镍钛诺箔的晶粒尺寸减小了近73%。在较高的成形速度下（200 rpm），镍钛诺箔的力学性能达到了995 MPa和337 Hv。采用孔洞聚结法对其断裂行为进行了研究。测量空隙长宽比（L/W）、空隙大小（µm）、d因子、韧带厚度等参数。为了解镍钛诺箔的成形行为，分析了主轴转速与空洞聚结参数之间的关系。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Mechanism Study on Microstructure and Properties of Ti6321 Alloy Welding by Transverse Magnetic Field Ti6321合金横向磁场焊接组织与性能机理研究

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01937-4

Laifa Ding, Zheng Zhang, Zhibin Zeng, Binhao Qin, Khaskin Vladyslav, Lijia Chen, Yupeng Zhang, Haiyan Wang

The influence of transverse magnetic field (MF) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6321 alloy welding joints is studied. The influence of MF on welding arc and molten pool flow is explored by combining simulation and experiment. Adding transverse MF increases the width of fusion and depth of fusion of the joint, and the size of α’ in the joint is significantly reduced. Applying MF during welding can enhance the microhardness of the WZ, which increases from 293.6 HV to 310.7 HV. Applying MF during welding can increase the tensile strength of the WZ, which increases from 845.1 MPa to 883.3 MPa, and the plasticity increases from 12.9 to 13.5%. The addition of alternating MF produces Lorentz force, which causes the arc to oscillate periodically, promoting side wall fusion. The Lorentz force causes the molten pool to flow, increasing convection and reducing temperature gradient. This refines the grains and reduces the residual stress of the WZ, improving the tensile strength and elongation of the WZ.

Graphical Abstract

研究了横向磁场对Ti6321合金焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响。采用仿真与实验相结合的方法，探讨了弱磁场对焊接电弧和熔池流动的影响。横向MF的加入增加了接头的融合宽度和融合深度，显著减小了接头中α′的大小。在焊接过程中施加弱磁场可以提高焊接接头的显微硬度，硬度由293.6 HV提高到310.7 HV。焊接过程中加入MF可使WZ的抗拉强度由845.1 MPa提高到883.3 MPa，塑性由12.9%提高到13.5%。交变磁场的加入产生洛伦兹力，导致电弧周期性振荡，促进侧壁融合。洛伦兹力使熔池流动，增加对流，降低温度梯度。这细化了WZ的晶粒，降低了WZ的残余应力，提高了WZ的抗拉强度和延伸率。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Machine Learning-Assisted Efficient Design of Mg–Gd–Y Based System Alloys 机器学习辅助Mg-Gd-Y系合金的高效设计

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01933-8

Minglei Zhang, Xiaoya Chen, Quanan Li, Zheng Wu, Jiaqi Xie

With the rapid development of machine learning technology, its application in materials science is gradually becoming an important tool for mechanical property prediction and alloy design. In this paper, a machine learning based multi-objective optimization method is proposed to predict and optimize the yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (EL) of Mg–Gd–Y system alloys. Various advanced algorithms were used to construct efficient prediction models for YS, UTS, and EL, and the hyperparameters were tuned by a Bayesian optimization algorithm to improve the prediction accuracy. Subsequently, an innovative use of genetic algorithm (NAGA-III) was implemented for the multi-objective co-optimization of YS, UTS and EL to obtain the optimal solution for the alloy properties. On this basis, Shapley Additive Explanations interpretable analysis method was applied to dig deeper into the non-linear relationship between alloy composition and properties as well as the interactions of various factors, revealing the key influencing factors in alloy design. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of alloy property prediction and provide theoretical guidance and practical basis for the multi-objective design of Mg–Gd–Y system alloys.

Graphical Abstract

随着机器学习技术的快速发展，其在材料科学中的应用逐渐成为力学性能预测和合金设计的重要工具。本文提出了一种基于机器学习的多目标优化方法，用于预测和优化Mg-Gd-Y系合金的屈服强度（YS）、极限抗拉强度（UTS）和延伸率（EL）。利用各种先进算法构建了YS、UTS和EL的高效预测模型，并通过贝叶斯优化算法对超参数进行了调优，提高了预测精度。随后，创新性地利用遗传算法（NAGA-III）对YS、UTS和EL进行多目标协同优化，得到合金性能的最优解。在此基础上，运用Shapley Additive explained可解释分析方法，深入挖掘合金成分与性能之间的非线性关系以及各因素之间的相互作用，揭示合金设计中的关键影响因素。实验结果表明，该方法可有效提高合金性能预测的精度，为Mg-Gd-Y系合金的多目标设计提供理论指导和实践依据。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Effect of T6 Treatment on AA6061 Composite Reinforced with AlCoFeNiMn HEA Particles via Friction Stir Processing T6处理对搅拌摩擦增强铝fenimn HEA颗粒AA6061复合材料的影响

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01935-6

Lokeswaran Ravi, Prince Wesley Vanaraj, S. Shashi Kumar, Ravikirana

This study investigates the fabrication of an AA6061 metal matrix composite reinforced with dual-phase AlCoFeNiMn high-entropy alloy (HEA) particles using friction stir processing (FSP). HEA particles, prepared via high-energy ball milling to an average size of 10 μm, served as effective strengthening agents within the aluminum matrix. Post-fabrication, the FSP-Al6061 composite (FSP-AMC) underwent T6 heat treatment to re-precipitate the β′′ phase dissolved during FSP. The heat-treated FSP-AMC exhibited refined, equiaxed grains in the stir zone (SZ) with an average grain size of 4 μm and a surface hardness of 115 HV, higher than the as-received AA6061. Tensile testing showed that the FSP-AMC with T6 treatment reached a tensile strength of 315 MPa with an elongation of 12%, retaining the strength of the as received AA6061 while slightly reducing ductility. Additionally, wear testing demonstrated enhanced resistance compared to the as-received AA6061, achieving a wear rate of 1.04 × 10⁻³ mm³/Nm. The enhanced interfacial bonding between the HEA particles and the matrix after heat treatment contributed to the composite’s increased mechanical and wear performance. These findings underscore the potential of HEA particles as reinforcement in AA6061 alloys for automotive and aerospace applications, where improved strength and wear resistance are crucial.

Graphical Abstract

研究了用搅拌摩擦法（FSP）制备双相高熵合金（HEA）增强AA6061金属基复合材料。高能球磨法制备的HEA颗粒平均尺寸为10 μm，是铝基体内的有效强化剂。制备后，对FSP- al6061复合材料（FSP- amc）进行T6热处理，使FSP过程中溶解的β”相重新析出。热处理后的FSP-AMC在搅拌区（SZ）表现出细化的等轴晶粒，平均晶粒尺寸为4 μm，表面硬度为115 HV，高于接收态AA6061。拉伸试验表明，经T6处理的FSP-AMC抗拉强度达到315 MPa，伸长率为12%，保持了与AA6061的强度，但塑性略有降低。此外，磨损测试表明，与收到的AA6061相比，耐磨性增强，达到1.04 × 10⁻³mm³/Nm的磨损率。热处理后HEA颗粒与基体之间的界面结合增强，提高了复合材料的机械性能和磨损性能。这些发现强调了HEA颗粒作为汽车和航空航天应用中AA6061合金增强材料的潜力，在这些领域，提高强度和耐磨性至关重要。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

A Study of Strengthening and Hardening Micro-mechanisms in Additively Built AlSi10Mg Using Crystal Plasticity Simulations 基于晶体塑性模拟的增材AlSi10Mg强化硬化微观机制研究

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01931-w

Manoj Singh Bisht, Vidit Gaur, I. V. Singh

The Al-Si cellular microstructure in additively manufactured AlSi10Mg plays a pivotal role in dictating its mechanical properties, such as strength and work-hardening. However, the micro-mechanism leading to the inter-relationship between the mechanical properties and microstructure is not yet well understood. Therefore, this investigation explores the processing-structure-property correlation in AlSi10Mg using a realistic 3D microstructure-based crystal plasticity (CP) approach. The work hardening in AlSi10Mg has been explored based on two mechanisms: (i) load bearing by the Si-phase and (ii) dislocation-driven hardening. The strain incompatibility introduced by the harder Si-phase generates geometrically necessary dislocations, which influence the hardening behavior. The role of the slip system interaction based on the slip activity on all active slip planes was also explored in understanding the work hardening behavior. The transformation in silicon morphology after the heat-treatment changes the interaction of dominant slip systems, thus leading to higher work hardening in the as-built condition during tensile deformation. The result of this study predicts that the tailoring of the Al-Si cellular structure can help to achieve the desired mechanical properties in the additively manufactured AlSi10Mg.

Graphic Abstract

在增材制造的AlSi10Mg中，Al-Si细胞微观结构对其力学性能（如强度和加工硬化）起着关键作用。然而，导致力学性能与微观组织之间相互关系的微观机制尚不清楚。因此，本研究采用一种真实的基于三维微结构的晶体塑性（CP）方法探讨了AlSi10Mg的加工-结构-性能相关性。AlSi10Mg合金的加工硬化主要基于两种机制：(i) si相的载荷作用和（ii）位错驱动硬化。由较硬的si相引入的应变不相容会产生几何上必需的位错，从而影响硬化行为。基于所有活动滑移面的滑移活度，探讨了滑移系统相互作用在理解加工硬化行为中的作用。热处理后硅形态的转变改变了主要滑移体系的相互作用，从而导致拉伸变形时在原有条件下的高加工硬化。本研究的结果预测，铝硅细胞结构的定制可以帮助实现增材制造的AlSi10Mg所需的力学性能。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Semi-Solid SnSbCu11-6 Alloy 超声振动处理对半固态SnSbCu11-6合金组织和性能的影响

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-03-16 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01930-x

Xiaobin Luo, Lei Wang, Hongbo Lu, Jinzhi Peng, Yuanwei Jia, Yongkun Li, Rongfeng Zhou

SnSbCu11-6 alloy is a commercial material for plain bearings, and the size and distribution of phases in the microstructure determine the properties and application of the material. In this paper, SnSbCu11-6 alloy semi-solid slurry was prepared by ultrasonic vibration treatment (UVT) process. The effects of UVT termination temperature on microstructure size, distribution and properties were studied. The results show that UVT can significantly refine the SnSb phase and Cu₆Sn₅ phase and improve the distribution uniformity. The SnSb phase are tightly bound to the matrix α-Sn phase and exist semi-coherent interface matching in (111)_SnSb//(200)_α−Sn. On the contrary, the Cu₆Sn₅/α-Sn interface is clear and well-bonded but no orientation relationship exists. The average grain size of SnSb phase and the average length of Cu₆Sn₅ phase decreased first and then increased with the decrease of the termination temperature of UVT. The optimal termination temperature of the UVT is 260 ℃ near the precipitation temperature of SnSb phase, at which the average grain size of SnSb phase is 48.8 ± 8.8 μm and the average length of Cu₆Sn₅ phase is 10 ± 4.2 μm. The tensile strength and elongation are 70.3 MPa and 3.6%, respectively, which are 6.0% and 140% higher than that of liquid casting. It is likely attributed to the fine grain strengthening with the semi-coherent interface SnSb phase and microstructure homogenization. Moreover, the fracture mechanism indicates that the fine SnSb phase can effectively prevent crack propagation and significantly improve the plasticity of the alloy. This work can make a significant contribution to the preparation of high performance tin-based babbitt alloy.

Graphic Abstract

SnSbCu11-6合金是一种用于滑动轴承的商用材料，微观组织中相的大小和分布决定了材料的性能和应用。采用超声振动处理（UVT）工艺制备了SnSbCu11-6合金半固态浆料。研究了UVT终止温度对材料微观结构尺寸、分布和性能的影响。结果表明：UVT能显著细化SnSb相和Cu6Sn5相，改善其分布均匀性；SnSb相与基体α-Sn相紧密结合，在（111）SnSb//(200)α−Sn中存在半相干界面匹配。相反，Cu6Sn5/α-Sn界面清晰且键合良好，但不存在取向关系。随着UVT终止温度的降低，SnSb相的平均晶粒尺寸和Cu6Sn5相的平均长度先减小后增大。UVT的最佳终止温度为260℃，接近SnSb相析出温度，此时SnSb相的平均晶粒尺寸为48.8±8.8 μm， Cu6Sn5相的平均长度为10±4.2 μm。抗拉强度和伸长率分别为70.3 MPa和3.6%，分别比液态铸造提高6.0%和140%。这可能是由半共格界面SnSb相的细晶粒强化和组织均匀化所致。断裂机理表明，细小的SnSb相可以有效地阻止裂纹扩展，显著提高合金的塑性。该工作对制备高性能锡基巴氏合金具有重要意义。图形抽象

{"title":"Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Semi-Solid SnSbCu11-6 Alloy","authors":"Xiaobin Luo, Lei Wang, Hongbo Lu, Jinzhi Peng, Yuanwei Jia, Yongkun Li, Rongfeng Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01930-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-01930-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>SnSbCu11-6 alloy is a commercial material for plain bearings, and the size and distribution of phases in the microstructure determine the properties and application of the material. In this paper, SnSbCu11-6 alloy semi-solid slurry was prepared by ultrasonic vibration treatment (UVT) process. The effects of UVT termination temperature on microstructure size, distribution and properties were studied. The results show that UVT can significantly refine the SnSb phase and Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub> phase and improve the distribution uniformity. The SnSb phase are tightly bound to the matrix α-Sn phase and exist semi-coherent interface matching in (111)<sub>SnSb</sub>//(200)<sub>α−Sn</sub>. On the contrary, the Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub>/α-Sn interface is clear and well-bonded but no orientation relationship exists. The average grain size of SnSb phase and the average length of Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub> phase decreased first and then increased with the decrease of the termination temperature of UVT. The optimal termination temperature of the UVT is 260 ℃ near the precipitation temperature of SnSb phase, at which the average grain size of SnSb phase is 48.8 ± 8.8 μm and the average length of Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub> phase is 10 ± 4.2 μm. The tensile strength and elongation are 70.3 MPa and 3.6%, respectively, which are 6.0% and 140% higher than that of liquid casting. It is likely attributed to the fine grain strengthening with the semi-coherent interface SnSb phase and microstructure homogenization. Moreover, the fracture mechanism indicates that the fine SnSb phase can effectively prevent crack propagation and significantly improve the plasticity of the alloy. This work can make a significant contribution to the preparation of high performance tin-based babbitt alloy.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 10","pages":"3062 - 3074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145128571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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