Metals and Materials International最新文献_第7页

Unraveling the Effects of Erbium Addition and Heat Treatment on Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of In-Situ Al–15%Mg2Si Composite 掺铒和热处理对原位Al-15%Mg2Si复合材料显微组织和力学性能的影响

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-06-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01981-0

Behzad Nazarizade, Yaser Najafi

The current research investigates the effects of erbium addition and heat treatment on the microstructural characteristics, hardness response, tensile properties, and fatigue behavior of the Al–15%Mg₂Si composite. The results revealed that erbium acts as a modifier, facilitating the achievement of optimum microstructural characteristics, thereby enhancing the overall mechanical performance of the composite. Quantitative analysis has indicated that adding 0.5% erbium results in an average size, density, and aspect ratio of 29.7 μm, 594 mm⁻², and 0.83 for primary Mg₂Si particles, respectively. These numbers represented the best findings compared to outcomes obtained for different erbium contents. Also, both unmodified and erbium-modified composites exhibited further favorable microstructural modifications, after T6 heat treatment. A noticeable increase in hardness (16%), from 96.3 HV to 111.8 HV, was observed for the composite containing 0.5% erbium after the combined erbium addition and heat treatment. Moreover, for this composite the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and toughness increased by 66.3%, 70.3%, 160.4%, and 313.4%, respectively, compared to the original composite. Microstructural modifications achieved through the optimized erbium addition and subsequent heat treatment significantly enhanced the fatigue life from 679 cycles to 40,002 cycles due to the effective mitigation of stress concentration and its detrimental effects.

Graphical Abstract

研究了掺铒和热处理对Al-15%Mg2Si复合材料显微组织特征、硬度响应、拉伸性能和疲劳性能的影响。结果表明，铒作为改性剂，有利于实现最佳的微观组织特征，从而提高复合材料的整体力学性能。定量分析表明，添加0.5%铒后，初生Mg2Si颗粒的平均尺寸为29.7 μm，密度为594 mm−2，长径比为0.83。与不同含铒量的结果相比，这些数字代表了最好的结果。此外，经过T6热处理后，未改性和掺铒改性的复合材料均表现出良好的显微组织变化。经加铒和热处理后，含0.5%铒的复合材料的硬度从96.3 HV显著提高到111.8 HV，提高了16%。与原复合材料相比，该复合材料的屈服强度、极限抗拉强度、伸长率和韧性分别提高了66.3%、70.3%、160.4%和313.4%。通过优化的掺铒和随后的热处理实现的显微组织改变，由于有效地缓解了应力集中及其有害影响，使疲劳寿命从679次循环显著提高到40,002次循环。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of Mechanism of Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility in Resistance Spot-Welded Advanced High-Strength Steels 高级高强钢电阻点焊氢脆敏感性机理研究

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01977-w

Dan-Woong Choi, Jisung Yoo, Jin-Jong Lee, Chi-Won Kim, Chang-Hoon Lee, Seung-Pill Jung, Hyun-Yeong Jung, Wan Yook, Hyungkwon Park, Yoon-Suk Choi

Spot welding, a widely used process in advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) for automotive assembly, is known to induce microstructural changes that accelerate hydrogen embrittlement (HE) in AHSS, where the HE characteristics are critically important. This study investigates the HE sensitivity and H-trapping behavior of 1.5 GPa AHSS before and after spot welding under various H-charging times, focusing on the relationship between microstructural changes and HE behavior. Spot welding significantly degrades the HE resistance of AHSS, transferring cracking region from subcritical heat-affected zone to fusion zone (FZ). This degradation is primarily attributed to microstructural factors of FZ induced by the high-temperature and rapid cooling cycles, including weld porosities, voids, grain coarsening, and residual stresses. Collectively, these factors play a critical role in accelerating HE susceptibility. Following H-charging, the pronounced crack formation was consistently observed in the FZ regardless of the charging time, particularly originating from coarse weld porosities. At low H content, transgranular cracking along {110} plane was promoted by the interaction between the high density of dislocations and H desorbed from the weld porosities and voids in the FZ. As the H content increased, intergranular fracture also occurred because of the presence of sufficient reversible H per unit grain boundary area, facilitated by the significantly coarsened PAGBs.

Graphical Abstract

点焊是一种广泛应用于汽车装配用高级高强度钢（AHSS）的工艺，众所周知，点焊会引起微结构变化，从而加速AHSS中的氢脆（HE），而氢脆特性是至关重要的。本研究考察了不同充氢次数下1.5 GPa AHSS点焊前后的HE敏感性和h俘获行为，重点研究了微观组织变化与HE行为的关系。点焊显著降低了AHSS的HE抗力，使裂纹区域从亚临界热影响区转移到熔合区（FZ）。这种退化主要归因于高温和快速冷却循环引起的FZ微结构因素，包括焊缝孔隙率、空洞、晶粒粗化和残余应力。总的来说，这些因素在加速HE易感性方面起着关键作用。在充氢后，无论充氢时间如何，FZ均观察到明显的裂纹形成，特别是由粗焊缝孔隙引起的裂纹。低H含量时，沿{110}平面的穿晶开裂主要是由高密度位错与焊缝孔洞解吸的H相互作用引起的。随着H含量的增加，由于每单位晶界面积有足够的可逆H，导致沿晶断裂发生，这是由明显变粗的pagb促进的。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Evolution of Microstructure and Texture During Hot Deformation of the Ti-6Al-4Mo-1 V-0.1Si Alloy Ti-6Al-4Mo-1 V-0.1Si合金热变形过程中组织与织构的演变

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-06-11 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01974-z

Diksha Mahadule, Prashil S. Joshi, Rajesh K. Khatirkar

This study examines the effect of temperature and strain rate on microstructure and texture evolution during hot deformation of a Ti-6Al-4Mo-1 V-0.1Si alloy. Deformation was conducted in the α, α + β, and β phase fields at strain rates of 0.01 s⁻¹, 1 s⁻¹, and 10 s⁻¹, with samples compressed to 50% height reduction. Peak flow stress decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. Significant microstructural and textural changes were observed. At 800 °C, α lamellae exhibited kinking and bending with the formation of texture components such as (011̅0)[21̅12̅] and (112̅0)[22̅03]. At 950 °C, the microstructure consisted of globular and elongated α, with texture components like (011̅0)[844̅3] and [022̅3] along the compression direction. At 1050 °C, martensitic structures formed, accompanied by recrystallized β grains and fibre textures like < 202̅3 > and < 112̅0 > along the compression direction.

Graphic Abstract

研究了温度和应变速率对Ti-6Al-4Mo-1 V-0.1Si合金热变形过程中组织和织构演变的影响。在α， α + β和β相场中进行变形，应变速率为0.01秒毒血症，1秒毒血症和10秒毒血症，样品被压缩到高度降低50%。峰值流变应力随温度的升高和应变速率的减小而减小。观察到明显的显微组织和织构变化。在800℃时，α片层发生扭结和弯曲，形成（011′0）[21′12′0]和（112′0）[22′03]织构成分。在950℃时，组织由球状α和细长α组成，沿压缩方向织构成分为（011′0）[844′3]和[022′3]。在1050℃时，形成马氏体组织，沿压缩方向有再结晶的β晶粒和纤维织构，如<； 202′3 >；和<； 112′0 >；图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Hydrogen Diffusion and Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Cu-Containing Maraging Stainless Steel 含cu马氏体时效不锈钢氢扩散及氢脆敏感性研究

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01978-9

Shaojin Zou, Hao Chen, Yu Zhou, Wei Wang, Tijie Song, Siqiu Wang, Xiaoyu Zhu, Baoguang Sang

This paper prepares a Cu-containing maraging stainless steel with high resistance to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and investigates the influence of microstructure on hydrogen diffusion and HE sensitivity. The results show that the hydrogen diffusion coefficient of the Cu-containing steel gradually decreases from 6.92 × 10^–9 to 0.84 × 10^–9 cm² s⁻¹ with the increase of the aging treatment temperature. This change corresponds to a gradual increase in the content of reverted austenite and a weakening of the HE susceptibility, which is reduced from 74.4 to 30.0%. To ensure the accuracy of the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility calculation, a repeatability test was performed following the initial experiment. The average values of the two tests were 74.4% and 30.0%, respectively (Table 5). However, due to an oversight, the abstract incorrectly reports the results of the first experiment (75.3% and 29.8%) instead of the averaged values (74.4% and 30.0%). Therefore, the values in the abstract should be corrected accordingly. Thermal desorption spectroscopy calculations and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry detection indicate a higher activation energy of hydrogen diffusion in austenite compared to Cu-rich and Mo-rich nano-precipitates, acts as irreversible hydrogen trap. In addition, by comparing the austenite content and HE susceptibility before and after the tensile test, the transformation-induced plasticity effect does not aggravate the HE susceptibility of the material due to the addition of Cu and Mo elements which increase the material's stacking fault energy and inhibit the transformation of austenite to martensite.

Graphical Abstract

制备了一种高抗氢脆的含cu马氏体时效不锈钢，并研究了微观组织对氢扩散和氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明：随着时效处理温度的升高，含cu钢的氢扩散系数从6.92 × 10-9逐渐降低到0.84 × 10-9 cm2 s−1；这一变化对应于还原奥氏体含量的逐渐增加和HE磁化率的减弱，从74.4降低到30.0%。为了保证氢脆敏感性计算的准确性，在初始实验之后进行了重复性测试。两次试验的平均值分别为74.4%和30.0%（表5）。然而，由于疏忽，摘要错误地报告了第一次实验的结果（75.3%和29.8%），而不是平均值（74.4%和30.0%）。因此，摘要中的数值应作相应的修正。热解吸光谱计算和飞行时间二次离子质谱检测表明，与富cu和富mo纳米沉淀相比，奥氏体中氢扩散的活化能更高，起到不可逆氢阱的作用。此外，通过对比拉伸试验前后的奥氏体含量和HE敏感性，相变诱发塑性效应并未加剧材料的HE敏感性，因为Cu和Mo元素的加入增加了材料的层错能，抑制了奥氏体向马氏体的转变。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Hot Compression Deformation, Constitutive Model, and Microstructure Evolution of Austenitic-TWIP/Martensitic-HFS Composite Steel 奥氏体- twip /马氏体- hfs复合钢的热压缩变形、本构模型及组织演变

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01934-7

Mingrong Fan, Hongyu Zhou, Wu Peng, Lingyi Kong, Yingying Feng, Zongan Luo

To address the challenges of low predictive accuracy, data sensitivity, and model complexity inherent in the Arrhenius phenomenological model for predicting the flow stress of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and hot-formed steel (HFS) composites, a Bayesian-optimized XGBoost (BO-XGBoost) model was developed and rigorously validated through comparative analysis. The results demonstrate that the predictive performance of the BO-XGBoost model was significantly improved compared to the Arrhenius model. Specifically, the root mean square error decreased from 16.3160 to 1.0554, corresponding to an accuracy improvement of approximately 93.5%. Using the predicted flow stress values from the BO-XGBoost model, hot processing maps for the tested steel were constructed, and the microstructures under various deformation conditions were characterized in detail. The results indicate that, at high temperatures or low strain rates, the flow curves primarily exhibit recrystallization behavior. In contrast, at higher strain rates or lower temperatures, the flow curves display characteristics of work hardening. Specifically, multiple peak flow curves were observed at a strain rate of 0.1 s⁻¹ and deformation temperatures ≤ 1050 °C. The changes in the flow curves are attributed to the competition between work hardening, controlled by dislocation accumulation and interaction, and softening, governed by dynamic recovery and recrystallization. Furthermore, the hot processing maps reveal that the tested steel demonstrates optimal machinability within the deformation temperature range of 1075–1150 °C and strain rate range of 0.05–0.5 s⁻¹. This finding provides valuable insights for optimizing processing conditions and enhancing the material performance of TWIP and HFS composites in manufacturing and industrial applications.

Graphical Abstract

为了解决Arrhenius现象学模型在预测孪生诱导塑性（TWIP）和热成形钢（HFS）复合材料流变应力时存在的预测精度低、数据敏感性低和模型复杂性等问题，提出了一种贝叶斯优化XGBoost （BO-XGBoost）模型，并通过对比分析进行了严格验证。结果表明，与Arrhenius模型相比，BO-XGBoost模型的预测性能得到了显著提高。具体来说，均方根误差从16.3160下降到1.0554，准确度提高了约93.5%。利用BO-XGBoost模型预测的流变应力值，构建了试验钢的热加工图，并对不同变形条件下的组织进行了详细表征。结果表明，在高温或低应变速率下，流动曲线主要表现为再结晶行为。相反，在较高应变速率或较低温度下，流动曲线表现出加工硬化的特征。其中，在应变速率为0.1 s−1、变形温度≤1050℃时，出现了多峰流动曲线。流动曲线的变化是由位错积累和相互作用控制的加工硬化与动态恢复和再结晶控制的软化相互竞争的结果。在1075 ~ 1150℃的变形温度范围和0.05 ~ 0.5 s−1的应变速率范围内，试验钢具有最佳的切削性能。这一发现为优化加工条件和提高TWIP和HFS复合材料在制造和工业应用中的材料性能提供了有价值的见解。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Rate-Dependent and Temperature-Sensitive Behavior of Selective Laser Melting 316L Stainless Steel: Dynamic Impact Modeling of a Hat-Shaped Specimen 选择性激光熔化316L不锈钢的速率依赖和温度敏感行为：帽形试样的动态冲击建模

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01972-1

Hao Xue, Ziqi Luo, Xinyu Cui, Guangyan Huang, Tao Wang

This study systematically investigates the mechanical properties and failure behavior of selective laser melted (SLM) 316L stainless steel (SS316L), with particular emphasis on the effects of strain rate, temperature, and stress state. Vertically oriented SS316L specimens were fabricated using SLM technology and subjected to comprehensive mechanical characterization. The experimental program included evaluating static tensile properties at elevated temperatures and analyzing notch sensitivity under varying stress states. The results demonstrate that SLM SS316L displays ductile failure characteristics at 24 °C, along with notable strain-hardening and temperature-softening behaviors. However, it manifests a mixed mode of failure at 600 °C, exhibiting both ductile and brittle characteristics, which can be attributed to the effects of dynamic strain aging. A significant notch-strengthening effect was observed, with notched specimens showing superior tensile strength compared to smooth specimens. Moreover, an inverse relationship was identified between notch size and tensile strength (R_m), accompanied by enhanced fracture toughness (K_c). Dynamic mechanical testing revealed pronounced strain rate, temperature sensitivity, and notable tension–compression asymmetry in SLM SS316L. The Johnson–Cook (JC) parameters for yield and failure were established based on the experimental data. The study further investigated adiabatic shear band (ASB) formation through numerical analysis of hat-shaped specimens under dynamic compression. The numerical simulations correlated with previous experimental observations across multiple scales, accurately capturing shear stress–strain responses, macroscopic deformation patterns, and ASB characteristics. These results provide fundamental insights into the mechanical behavior of SLM SS316L, establishing a foundation for its reliable implementation in engineering applications requiring dynamic loading performance.

Graphical Abstract

本研究系统地研究了选择性激光熔化（SLM） 316L不锈钢（SS316L）的力学性能和失效行为，重点研究了应变速率、温度和应力状态的影响。采用SLM技术制备了垂直取向的SS316L试样，并对其进行了综合力学表征。实验程序包括评估高温下的静态拉伸性能和分析不同应力状态下的缺口灵敏度。结果表明：SS316L合金在24℃时表现出延性破坏特征，并表现出明显的应变硬化和温度软化行为；然而，在600°C时，它表现出混合破坏模式，表现出韧性和脆性特征，这可归因于动态应变时效的影响。观察到一个显著的缺口强化效应，与光滑样品相比，缺口样品显示出更高的抗拉强度。此外，缺口尺寸与抗拉强度（Rm）呈反比关系，并伴有断裂韧性（Kc）的增强。动态力学测试显示SLM SS316L具有显著的应变速率、温度敏感性和显著的拉压不对称性。根据试验数据建立了屈服和破坏的Johnson-Cook （JC）参数。通过对帽形试样在动态压缩作用下的数值分析，进一步研究了绝热剪切带的形成。数值模拟与先前的多尺度实验观测结果相关联，准确捕获了剪切应力-应变响应、宏观变形模式和ASB特征。这些结果为SLM SS316L的力学行为提供了基本的见解，为其在需要动态加载性能的工程应用中的可靠实施奠定了基础。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Tailoring Crystallographic Textures to Improve Hemming Performance of Al–Mg–Si Alloy Via Intermediate Annealing 通过中间退火调整晶体织构以改善Al-Mg-Si合金的封边性能

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01973-0

Xiyan Hu, Xin Zhan, Jianguo Tang, Mingan Chen, Lingying Ye, Shengdan Liu, Lehang Ma, Qianyu Zhao, Feiqing Li, Xiaoguang Zhao

The influence of crystallographic textures, which was correlated to intermediate annealing (IA) after hot-rolling, on the hemming performance of Al–Mg–Si alloy sheets was investigated in the present paper. Cube ({001} < 100 >) texture is developed after IA and is partially retained after cold-rolling, becoming increasingly pronounced as the IA temperature rises, with the particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN) texture predominating in T4P sheets. In contrast, the T4P sheet without prior IA develops a strong Cube texture, but the clustering of Cube-oriented grains leads to deformation incompatibility with surrounding grains. Consequently, the hemming performance of T4P sheet without prior IA is inferior to that of IA-treated sheets. The hemming performance is improved by IA treatment due to the development of the Cube_ND (~ 22° ND-rotated Cube, {001} < 310 >) orientation induced by the PSN effect. And the hemming performance can be further improved by increasing IA temperature, due to coarsening of Mg₂Si particles and the increase of effective PSN particles which lead to the increase of volume fraction of Cube_ND orientation in T4P sheets.

本文研究了与热轧后中间退火相关的晶体织构对Al-Mg-Si合金板封边性能的影响。立方体（{001}< 100 >）织构在IA后形成，冷轧后部分保留，随着IA温度的升高变得越来越明显，在T4P板材中以粒子激发形核（PSN）织构为主。相比之下，未经IA处理的T4P片材具有较强的立方体织构，但立方体取向晶粒的聚集导致其与周围晶粒的变形不相容。因此，未经IA处理的T4P片材的封边性能不如IA处理的片材。由于PSN效应引起的cuend（~ 22°nd旋转立方体，{001}< 310 >）取向的发展，IA处理提高了封边性能。随着IA温度的升高，Mg2Si颗粒的粗化和有效PSN颗粒的增加导致T4P片中cuend取向的体积分数增加，从而进一步提高了封边性能。

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引用次数: 0

Processing-Structure–Property Relationships in Wire Arc-Directed Energy Deposition Fabricated 410 Stainless Steel: Mechanistic Insights into Delta Ferrite Reduction Through Cyclic Heat Treatment 电弧定向能沉积410不锈钢的加工-组织-性能关系：循环热处理对δ铁素体还原的机理研究

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01971-2

Amritbir Singh, Himanshu Kumar, Raman Bedi, Satya Gowtam Dommeti, S. Shiva

Delta ferrite adversely affects the mechanical properties of SS410, reducing component performance and reliability. This study presents a pioneering investigation into the effect of cyclic heat treatment (CHT) on delta ferrite dissolution and its subsequent impact on the mechanical properties of SS410 hollow tubes fabricated via the wire arc-directed energy deposition (DED) process. In this work, CHT was conducted at 1050 °C with a 5-min soaking time, applied for one, three, and five cycles. The results were compared to the as-built (AB) specimen to assess the effects of CHT. After three CHT cycles, delta ferrite was reduced by 68%, improving mechanical properties by 14.2% via grain boundary migration phenomena. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased by 6% after one cycle and by 16.3% after five cycles. CHT also transformed the pronounced texture of AB samples into random grain orientation, reducing high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) by up to 16, 3.7 and 6.4% in 1, 3, and 5C, respectively, highlighting the role of thermal cycling in optimizing microstructure. Besides, this study provides new insights into the dissolution mechanism at 1050 °C that drives the transformation of HAGBs into low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) at the grain boundaries. Further, CHT promotes delta ferrite dissolution, increasing residual strain and dislocation density in martensitic regions, as evidenced by elevated kernel average misorientation (KAM) values. In conclusion, the successful implementation of CHT for three cycles effectively reduced delta ferrite in wire arc-DED fabricated SS410 hollow tubes, improving their mechanical properties.

Graphical Abstract

δ铁素体对SS410的力学性能有不利影响，降低了部件的性能和可靠性。本研究开创性地探讨了循环热处理（CHT）对δ铁氧体溶解的影响及其对丝弧定向能沉积（DED）工艺制备的SS410空心管力学性能的影响。在这项工作中，CHT在1050°C下进行，浸泡时间为5分钟，分别进行1、3和5个循环。将结果与建成（AB）标本进行比较，以评估CHT的影响。经过3次CHT循环后，δ铁素体减少68%，通过晶界迁移现象使力学性能提高14.2%。极限拉伸强度（UTS）在一个循环后提高了6%，在五个循环后提高了16.3%。CHT还将AB样品的明显织构转变为随机晶粒取向，在1、3和5C时，高角晶界（HAGBs）分别降低了16%、3.7%和6.4%，凸显了热循环在优化微观结构中的作用。此外，本研究还对1050℃下驱动HAGBs晶界向低角晶界（LAGBs）转变的溶解机制提供了新的认识。此外，CHT促进了δ铁素体的溶解，增加了马氏体区域的残余应变和位错密度，这可以从核平均错取向（KAM）值的升高中得到证明。综上所述，三次循环的CHT成功实施有效地减少了丝弧ded制造的SS410空心管中的δ铁氧体，提高了其力学性能。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Development of Heterostructured 2195 Alloy for Superior Strength–Ductility Synergy Through Hot Extrusion 热挤压异质组织2195合金强塑性协同性能的研究

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01962-3

Jin Zhang, Jiajun Ding, Zhen Jiang, Dongfeng Shi

Heterostructured materials have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the strength–ductility trade-off dilemma by synergistically enhancing both strength and ductility. Here, we design a novel heterogeneous 2195 alloy composed of alternating fibrous deformed grain layers and fine recrystallized equiaxed grain layers obtained by hot extrusion. After the T6 treatment, the yield strength of this specimen is 574.8 MPa. The ultimate tensile strength reaches 633.4 MPa, which is 38 MPa higher than that of the sample with a fibrous structure. The elongation is 8.3%, which is 34% higher than that of the sample with a recrystallized equiaxed structure. The excellent mechanical properties arise from the combined effects of texture-induced Schmid factor variations, hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening, and effective dislocation pinning by nanoscale precipitates. HDI strain hardening contributes to the prevention of premature fracture. This research is likely to provide novel perspectives on the fabrication of Al–Li alloys that possess remarkable strength–ductility synergy.

Graphical Abstract

异质结构材料通过协同提高强度和延性，已经成为克服强度-延性权衡困境的一种有希望的策略。本文设计了一种新型非均相2195合金，该合金由交替的纤维变形晶粒层和通过热挤压获得的精细再结晶等轴晶粒层组成。经T6处理后，试样的屈服强度为574.8 MPa。拉伸强度达到633.4 MPa，比纤维结构试样的拉伸强度高38 MPa。伸长率为8.3%，比具有等轴组织的再结晶样品提高了34%。优异的力学性能是织构诱导的施密德因子变化、异质变形诱导（HDI）强化和纳米级析出相有效位错钉住的综合作用。HDI应变硬化有助于防止过早断裂。这项研究可能为制造具有显著强度-延性协同作用的铝锂合金提供新的视角。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Influence of Deposition Orientation on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of H12 Tool Steel/316L Stainless Steel Functionally Graded Materials Fabricated by Wire Directed Energy Deposition 沉积取向对线材定向能沉积制备H12工具钢/316L不锈钢功能梯度材料组织和力学性能的影响

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-025-01968-x

Jacques Strauss, Natasha Sacks, Devon Hagedorn-Hansen

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) offer significant potential for the tool and die industry, but limited research explores their use combining stainless steel and tool steel via additive manufacturing. This study focussed on immediate FGMs by using wire laser-based directed energy deposition to join H12 tool steel to 316 L stainless steel. Different sample orientations were produced and analysed to determine the joining effect on the microstructural and mechanical properties. Microstructural analysis revealed a dendritic structure, with martensitic needles observed in H12 regions near the build plate due to rapid cooling, while the 316 L regions displayed finer structures and more distinct melt pool boundaries. Higher amounts of dilution were observed in samples where tool steel was vertically deposited onto stainless steel, which occurred due to the higher temperature resulting from the lower thermal conductivity of stainless steel compared to tool steel. The horizontal samples had a distinctive zig-zag interface caused by the deposition strategy hierarchy. The tensile properties of vertical FGMs (yield strength of 203 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 516 MPa and 536 MPa) closely matched those of as printed 316 L (yield strength of 238 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 569 MPa), with all failures occurring in the ductile stainless steel region. Hardness measurements confirmed distinct regions, with the H12 regions averaging 704–807 HV0.3 while for the 316 L regions the hardness range is 196–208 HV0.3. These findings offer valuable insights to the tool and die industry on how deposition orientation and strategy can be designed to achieve desired outcomes.

Graphical Abstract

功能梯度材料（fgm）为工具和模具行业提供了巨大的潜力，但通过增材制造将其与不锈钢和工具钢结合使用的研究有限。本研究的重点是使用基于线激光的定向能沉积将H12工具钢与316l不锈钢连接在一起，从而实现直接的fgm。制作并分析了不同取向的试样，以确定连接对微观组织和力学性能的影响。显微组织分析显示，在靠近铸板的H12区域，由于快速冷却，出现了马氏体针状组织，而316l区域则表现出更精细的组织和更明显的熔池边界。在工具钢垂直沉积到不锈钢上的样品中观察到更高的稀释量，这是由于与工具钢相比，不锈钢的导热系数较低，温度较高。由于沉积策略的分层，水平样品具有明显的锯齿状界面。垂直fgm的抗拉性能（屈服强度为203 MPa，极限抗拉强度分别为516 MPa和536 MPa）与印刷的316 L（屈服强度为238 MPa，极限抗拉强度为569 MPa）非常接近，失效均发生在韧性不锈钢区。硬度测量证实了不同的区域，H12区域的平均硬度为704-807 HV0.3，而316l区域的硬度范围为196-208 HV0.3。这些发现为工具和模具行业提供了宝贵的见解，说明如何设计沉积方向和策略以实现预期的结果。图形抽象

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