Metals and Materials International最新文献

Insights into the Mechanical Properties and Correlation Between Strain Path and Crystallographic Texture of the AA2024 Alloy During Severe Plastic Deformation AA2024合金剧烈塑性变形力学性能及应变路径与晶体织构关系的研究

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01515-6

Majid Naseri, Mohsen Reihanian, Ahmad Ostovari Moghaddam, Davood Gholami, Mohammad Alvand, Ehsan Borhani, Evgeny Trofimov

This study examined mechanical properties of AA2024 alloy and its correlation between strain path and crystallographic texture. Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) and cross accumulative roll bonding (CARB) were used to severely deform AA2024 alloys. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) studies demonstrated that nano/ultrafine grains were formed by the strain routes after eight cycles. It was also found that the lamellar boundary spacing and the mean boundary spacing were ~ 360 ± 10 nm and 845 ± 10 nm after eight ARB cycles. In contrast to the ARB, the CARB specimen had equiaxed microstructures characterized by grains with a size of 150 and 100 nm. The CARB processed specimen exhibited a mean misorientation angle of 41.83° and a fraction of high angle grain boundaries of 78%, these values were 34.57° and 67% for ARB treated specimen, respectively. It was observed that the evolved texture is greatly affected by the strain paths. The ARB processed specimen revealed strong Copper {112} <111>, Dillamor {4 4 11} <11 11 8>, S {123} <634>, and Brass {011} <211> components. In contrast, the CARB processed specimen showed major texture with prominent Copper {112} <111>, Brass {011} <211>, Rotated Cube {001} <110>, S {123} <634>, and Goss {011} <100> components. In the CARB specimen, the Goss/Brass texture ratio was intensified and the mechanical properties were superior (tensile strength: 535 MPa, microhardness: 182 HV, elongation: 11.9%) compared with the ARB processed specimen (tensile strength: 455 MPa, microhardness: 145 HV, elongation: 9.2%). Further, the change in strain path did not significantly affect the intensity of Goss and Cube components, ruling out any further recrystallization tendency.

Graphical Abstract

本研究探讨了 AA2024 合金的机械性能及其应变路径与晶体纹理之间的相关性。采用累积轧制粘接（ARB）和交叉累积轧制粘接（CARB）使 AA2024 合金严重变形。电子反向散射衍射（EBSD）研究表明，应变路径在八个周期后形成了纳米/超细晶粒。研究还发现，经过八次 ARB 循环后，薄片边界间距和平均边界间距分别为 ~ 360 ± 10 nm 和 845 ± 10 nm。与 ARB 相比，CARB 试样的微观结构呈等轴状，晶粒大小分别为 150 nm 和 100 nm。经过 CARB 处理的试样平均错向角为 41.83°，高角度晶界的比例为 78%，而经过 ARB 处理的试样的错向角和高角度晶界比例分别为 34.57°和 67%。据观察，纹理的演变受应变路径的影响很大。经 ARB 处理的试样显示出较强的铜 {112} <111> 、Dillamor {4 4 11} <11 11 8>、S {123} <634> 和黄铜 {011} <211> 成分。相比之下，经过 CARB 处理的试样显示出主要纹理，其中铜{112} <111>、黄铜{011} <211>、旋转立方体{001} <110>、S{123} <634>和高斯{011} <100>成分突出。与 ARB 加工的试样（抗拉强度：455 兆帕、显微硬度：145 HV、伸长率：9.2%）相比，CARB 试样的 Goss/Brass 纹理比得到了加强，机械性能也更加优异（抗拉强度：535 兆帕、显微硬度：182 HV、伸长率：11.9%）。此外，应变路径的变化对 Goss 和 Cube 成分的强度没有明显影响，排除了进一步再结晶的趋势。

{"title":"Insights into the Mechanical Properties and Correlation Between Strain Path and Crystallographic Texture of the AA2024 Alloy During Severe Plastic Deformation","authors":"Majid Naseri, Mohsen Reihanian, Ahmad Ostovari Moghaddam, Davood Gholami, Mohammad Alvand, Ehsan Borhani, Evgeny Trofimov","doi":"10.1007/s12540-023-01515-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-023-01515-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examined mechanical properties of AA2024 alloy and its correlation between strain path and crystallographic texture. Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) and cross accumulative roll bonding (CARB) were used to severely deform AA2024 alloys. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) studies demonstrated that nano/ultrafine grains were formed by the strain routes after eight cycles. It was also found that the lamellar boundary spacing and the mean boundary spacing were ~ 360 ± 10 nm and 845 ± 10 nm after eight ARB cycles. In contrast to the ARB, the CARB specimen had equiaxed microstructures characterized by grains with a size of 150 and 100 nm. The CARB processed specimen exhibited a mean misorientation angle of 41.83° and a fraction of high angle grain boundaries of 78%, these values were 34.57° and 67% for ARB treated specimen, respectively. It was observed that the evolved texture is greatly affected by the strain paths. The ARB processed specimen revealed strong Copper {112} <111>, Dillamor {4 4 11} <11 11 8>, S {123} <634>, and Brass {011} <211> components. In contrast, the CARB processed specimen showed major texture with prominent Copper {112} <111>, Brass {011} <211>, Rotated Cube {001} <110>, S {123} <634>, and Goss {011} <100> components. In the CARB specimen, the Goss/Brass texture ratio was intensified and the mechanical properties were superior (tensile strength: 535 MPa, microhardness: 182 HV, elongation: 11.9%) compared with the ARB processed specimen (tensile strength: 455 MPa, microhardness: 145 HV, elongation: 9.2%). Further, the change in strain path did not significantly affect the intensity of Goss and Cube components, ruling out any further recrystallization tendency.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 2","pages":"412 - 424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47214975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of Foil Thickness to Grain Size (t/d) Ratio and Prestraining on Tensile Response, Microformability and Crystallographic Texture of Ultra-Low Carbon Steel Thin Foils 薄膜厚度与晶粒尺寸比及预拉伸对超低碳钢薄箔拉伸响应、微成形性能及晶体织构的影响

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01520-9

Javed S. Ibrahim, M. J. N. V. Prasad, Partha Sarkar, K. Narasimhan

Ultra-low carbon (ULC) steels, containing a carbon content ~ 0.055 wt%, have been used in several applications in the form of thin foils. However, there are limited studies on the effects of foil thickness (t) to grain size (d) ratio and foil condition on the tensile response and formability of thin ULC steel foils. In the present work, the tensile and forming behaviours of ULC steel foils of thickness about 400 µm were evaluated in both annealed and prestrained (by cold reduction to 2–7%) conditions as a function of t/d ratio and followed by detailed texture evolution analysis. Vacuum annealing was used to achieve varying t/d ratios in the specimens. Additionally, thin ULC steel foils of 100 μm thickness in annealed condition were also used for examining the thickness effect. Microstructural analysis was performed using the electron backscattered diffraction technique. Microformability was assessed by a miniaturised Nakazima test setup with specimen geometries designed to produce three different strain paths. The annealed foils displayed a typical yield-point phenomenon, but the total yield-point elongation decreased with decreasing thickness and grain size. The foils exhibited typical Hall–Petch strengthening, cold work hardening, and forming limit curves; however, there were substantial reductions in both tensile strength and ductility, and consequently, the forming strains, with decreasing the t/d ratio. The tensile response and formability of the foils were adversely affected by both thinning and prestraining. The texture studies revealed the formation of a γ-fibre i.e., < 111 >||normal direction, and its intensity varied significantly with the t/d ratio and mode of strain path.

Graphical Abstract

含碳量约为 0.055 wt% 的超低碳 (ULC) 钢已以薄金属箔的形式应用于多个领域。然而，关于薄片厚度（t）与晶粒尺寸（d）之比以及薄片条件对超低碳钢薄片的拉伸响应和成型性的影响的研究还很有限。在本研究中，我们评估了厚度约为 400 µm 的 ULC 钢箔在退火和预约束（冷减至 2-7%）条件下的拉伸和成型行为与 t/d 比的函数关系，并进行了详细的纹理演变分析。真空退火用于在试样中实现不同的 t/d 比。此外，退火条件下厚度为 100 μm 的薄 ULC 钢箔也用于研究厚度效应。使用电子反向散射衍射技术进行了微观结构分析。微成型性是通过微型中岛试验装置进行评估的，其试样几何形状设计可产生三种不同的应变路径。退火箔显示出典型的屈服点现象，但总屈服点伸长率随厚度和晶粒尺寸的减小而降低。铝箔表现出典型的霍尔-佩奇（Hall-Petch）强化、冷作硬化和成形极限曲线；然而，随着 t/d 比值的降低，拉伸强度和延展性大幅降低，成形应变也随之降低。减薄和预训练都对铝箔的拉伸响应和成形性产生了不利影响。纹理研究显示形成了γ纤维，即法线方向的γ纤维，其强度随 t/d 比和应变路径模式的变化而显著不同。

{"title":"Effects of Foil Thickness to Grain Size (t/d) Ratio and Prestraining on Tensile Response, Microformability and Crystallographic Texture of Ultra-Low Carbon Steel Thin Foils","authors":"Javed S. Ibrahim, M. J. N. V. Prasad, Partha Sarkar, K. Narasimhan","doi":"10.1007/s12540-023-01520-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-023-01520-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultra-low carbon (ULC) steels, containing a carbon content ~ 0.055 wt%, have been used in several applications in the form of thin foils. However, there are limited studies on the effects of foil thickness (<i>t</i>) to grain size (<i>d</i>) ratio and foil condition on the tensile response and formability of thin ULC steel foils. In the present work, the tensile and forming behaviours of ULC steel foils of thickness about 400 µm were evaluated in both annealed and prestrained (by cold reduction to 2–7%) conditions as a function of <i>t/d</i> ratio and followed by detailed texture evolution analysis. Vacuum annealing was used to achieve varying <i>t/d</i> ratios in the specimens. Additionally, thin ULC steel foils of 100 μm thickness in annealed condition were also used for examining the thickness effect. Microstructural analysis was performed using the electron backscattered diffraction technique. Microformability was assessed by a miniaturised Nakazima test setup with specimen geometries designed to produce three different strain paths. The annealed foils displayed a typical yield-point phenomenon, but the total yield-point elongation decreased with decreasing thickness and grain size. The foils exhibited typical Hall–Petch strengthening, cold work hardening, and forming limit curves; however, there were substantial reductions in both tensile strength and ductility, and consequently, the forming strains, with decreasing the <i>t/d</i> ratio. The tensile response and formability of the foils were adversely affected by both thinning and prestraining. The texture studies revealed the formation of a γ-fibre i.e., < 111 >||normal direction, and its intensity varied significantly with the <i>t/d</i> ratio and mode of strain path.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 2","pages":"348 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42705808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Processability and Microstructural Evolution of W360 Hot Work Tool Steel by Directed Energy Deposition W360热作工具钢定向能量沉积工艺性能及组织演变

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01508-5

Josip Vinčić, Alberta Aversa, Mariangela Lombardi, Diego Manfredi

Laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) was used to produce samples of the newly patented W360 hot work tool steel by Böhler. The process parameters were optimized to obtain nearly fully dense samples through the production and analysis of single deposited tracks and single layers. Subsequently, bulk samples underwent a hardening heat treatment, consisting of austenitizing, air quenching, and tempering. The samples were analysed in the as-built condition (AB), after quenching (Q) and following tempering cycles (HT) to observe the microstructural evolution. The microstructure was investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopes, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, the microstructural evolution was analysed with differential scanning calorimetry, while the mechanical response was evaluated through microhardness test. It was found that the AB samples exhibited a dendritic-cellular microstructure with tempered martensite laths. The thermal history of the AB samples was completely modified by the austenitizing treatment followed by quenching, resulting in a fully martensitic Q sample that did not display the typical dendritic-cellular microstructure of the L-DED process. The completion of the heat treatment with tempering cycles revealed the presence of Mo-rich carbides dispersed in a martensitic matrix. The HT samples exhibited a mean microhardness of 634 HV, remaining constant along the entire building direction from the substrate to the last deposited layer, indicating a homogeneous microstructure. This high value, similar to other hot work tool steels such as H13, makes W360 a very promising candidate for tool build and repair purposes.

Graphical Abstract

激光定向能量沉积（L-DED）被用于生产博勒最新获得专利的 W360 热作工具钢样品。通过生产和分析单个沉积轨迹和单层，对工艺参数进行了优化，以获得几乎完全致密的样品。随后，批量样品进行了硬化热处理，包括奥氏体化、空气淬火和回火。对样品的坯料状态（AB）、淬火后（Q）和回火循环（HT）进行分析，以观察微观结构的演变。使用光学和扫描电子显微镜、能量色散 X 射线分析和 X 射线衍射分析对微观结构进行了研究。此外，还使用差示扫描量热法分析了微观结构的演变，并通过显微硬度测试评估了机械响应。结果发现，AB 样品呈现出树枝状细胞微观结构，并带有回火马氏体板条。通过奥氏体化处理后的淬火，AB 样品的热历史被完全改变，形成了完全马氏体化的 Q 样品，没有显示出 L-DED 工艺中典型的树枝状细胞微观结构。完成回火循环热处理后，马氏体基体中出现了富钼碳化物。HT 样品的平均显微硬度为 634 HV，从基体到最后沉积层的整个构建方向上保持恒定，这表明微观结构是均匀的。这一高数值与其他热作工具钢（如 H13）相似，使 W360 成为一种非常有前途的工具制造和维修候选材料。

{"title":"Processability and Microstructural Evolution of W360 Hot Work Tool Steel by Directed Energy Deposition","authors":"Josip Vinčić, Alberta Aversa, Mariangela Lombardi, Diego Manfredi","doi":"10.1007/s12540-023-01508-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-023-01508-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) was used to produce samples of the newly patented W360 hot work tool steel by Böhler. The process parameters were optimized to obtain nearly fully dense samples through the production and analysis of single deposited tracks and single layers. Subsequently, bulk samples underwent a hardening heat treatment, consisting of austenitizing, air quenching, and tempering. The samples were analysed in the as-built condition (AB), after quenching (Q) and following tempering cycles (HT) to observe the microstructural evolution. The microstructure was investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopes, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, the microstructural evolution was analysed with differential scanning calorimetry, while the mechanical response was evaluated through microhardness test. It was found that the AB samples exhibited a dendritic-cellular microstructure with tempered martensite laths. The thermal history of the AB samples was completely modified by the austenitizing treatment followed by quenching, resulting in a fully martensitic Q sample that did not display the typical dendritic-cellular microstructure of the L-DED process. The completion of the heat treatment with tempering cycles revealed the presence of Mo-rich carbides dispersed in a martensitic matrix. The HT samples exhibited a mean microhardness of 634 HV, remaining constant along the entire building direction from the substrate to the last deposited layer, indicating a homogeneous microstructure. This high value, similar to other hot work tool steels such as H13, makes W360 a very promising candidate for tool build and repair purposes.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 2","pages":"501 - 516"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12540-023-01508-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46147201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Co Content on the Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Al0.3CoxCrFeNi High Entropy Alloys Co含量对Al0.3CoxCrFeNi高熵合金组织及腐蚀行为的影响

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01513-8

Zequn Zhang, Qijuan Dong, Zhibin Chen, Junsheng Wu, Jiuyang Xia, Kang Huang, Pengcheng Zuo, Wei Xue, Bowei Zhang

The influence of Co content on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Al_0.3Co_xCrFeNi (x = 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0) high entropy alloys were investigated. The results indicated that the increased content of Co improve the corrosion resistance of alloy, which can be attributed to the distinction of phase composition in alloys caused by different Co content. The Al_0.3Co_xCrFeNi alloy shows a double-phase (FCC + BCC) structure for x = 0.25 and 0.5, and BCC phase consists of (Al, Ni)-rich B2 phase and (Cr, Fe, Co)-rich A2 phase. The increase of Co content induces the transformations of crystal-structures from BCC to FCC, resulting in the decrease of BCC phase proportion. The Al_0.3CoCrFeNi alloy exhibits the single FCC structure, and all elements tend to be homogeneously distributed. The difference in the potential of FCC and BCC phases indicates the BCC phase acts as anode resulting to localized corrosion, while B2 phase preferentially dissolves compared to the A2 phase due to the lower potential. Therefore, the existence of selective corrosion is found in the alloys with double-phase, by contrast, the alloy with single FCC phase shows random pitting corrosion.

Graphical abstract

研究了 Co 含量对 Al0.3CoxCrFeNi（x = 0.25、0.5 和 1.0）高熵合金微观结构和腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明，增加 Co 的含量可提高合金的耐腐蚀性，这可能是由于不同的 Co 含量导致合金中的相组成发生了变化。Al0.3CoxCrFeNi 合金在 x = 0.25 和 0.5 时呈现双相（FCC + BCC）结构，BCC 相由富含（Al、Ni）的 B2 相和富含（Cr、Fe、Co）的 A2 相组成。Co 含量的增加引起晶体结构从 BCC 向 FCC 转变，导致 BCC 相比例下降。Al0.3CoCrFeNi 合金呈现单一的 FCC 结构，所有元素趋于均匀分布。FCC 相和 BCC 相的电位差表明，BCC 相作为阳极会导致局部腐蚀，而 B2 相由于电位较低，会比 A2 相优先溶解。因此，双相合金存在选择性腐蚀，相比之下，单 FCC 相合金则表现出随机点蚀。

{"title":"Effect of Co Content on the Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Al0.3CoxCrFeNi High Entropy Alloys","authors":"Zequn Zhang, Qijuan Dong, Zhibin Chen, Junsheng Wu, Jiuyang Xia, Kang Huang, Pengcheng Zuo, Wei Xue, Bowei Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-023-01513-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-023-01513-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The influence of Co content on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Al<sub>0.3</sub>Co<sub>x</sub>CrFeNi (x = 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0) high entropy alloys were investigated. The results indicated that the increased content of Co improve the corrosion resistance of alloy, which can be attributed to the distinction of phase composition in alloys caused by different Co content. The Al<sub>0.3</sub>Co<sub>x</sub>CrFeNi alloy shows a double-phase (FCC + BCC) structure for x = 0.25 and 0.5, and BCC phase consists of (Al, Ni)-rich B2 phase and (Cr, Fe, Co)-rich A2 phase. The increase of Co content induces the transformations of crystal-structures from BCC to FCC, resulting in the decrease of BCC phase proportion. The Al<sub>0.3</sub>CoCrFeNi alloy exhibits the single FCC structure, and all elements tend to be homogeneously distributed. The difference in the potential of FCC and BCC phases indicates the BCC phase acts as anode resulting to localized corrosion, while B2 phase preferentially dissolves compared to the A2 phase due to the lower potential. Therefore, the existence of selective corrosion is found in the alloys with double-phase, by contrast, the alloy with single FCC phase shows random pitting corrosion.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 2","pages":"360 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43814201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal Stability of GH4065A Superalloy Based on Microstructural and Performance Evolution Following Long-Term Aging GH4065A高温合金长期时效组织与性能演变的热稳定性

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2023-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01510-x

Yingbo Bai, Rui Zhang, Chuanyong Cui, Yizhou Zhou, Xiaofeng Sun

This study investigates the thermal stability of a GH4065A superalloy at intermediate temperatures by conducting long-term aging treatments for 100–6000 h at 700–800 °C. Secondary γ′-phase coarsening and intergranular M₆C carbide precipitation occurred during aging. The activation energy for secondary γ′-phase coarsening was 259.89 ± 25.45 kJ mol⁻¹, suggesting that this process was predominantly controlled by elemental diffusion. The tensile strength at a testing temperature of 700 °C was stably above 1200 MPa for the alloys aged at 700 °C but continuously declined as the aging temperature increased, with a direct correlation identified between the secondary γ′-phase coarsening and strength reduction upon aging. Increasing the aging temperature transitioned the deformation mechanism from Orowan bowing around the γ′ phase to dislocation slip through the broadened matrix channels, leading to decreased strength. Long-term aging effectively eliminated intermediate-temperature intergranular brittle fracture. The elongation to failure at a testing temperature of 700 °C increased by approximately 35% after aging at 800 °C for 6000 h, attributed to grain-boundary diffusion of W and Mo and intragranular softening, which improved the deformation coordination ability at the grain boundaries. Finally, the precipitation of intergranular M₆C particles after prolonged aging promoted plastic deformation via micropore aggregation.

Graphical Abstract

本研究通过在 700-800 °C 下进行 100-6000 小时的长期时效处理，研究了 GH4065A 超级合金在中间温度下的热稳定性。老化过程中发生了二次γ′相粗化和晶间析出 M6C 碳化物。二次γ′相粗化的活化能为 259.89 ± 25.45 kJ mol-1，表明这一过程主要由元素扩散控制。在测试温度为 700 ℃ 时，700 ℃ 时效合金的抗拉强度稳定在 1200 MPa 以上，但随着时效温度的升高，抗拉强度持续下降。随着时效温度的升高，变形机制从围绕γ′相的奥罗旺弓形转变为通过拓宽的基体通道的位错滑移，从而导致强度下降。长期老化有效地消除了中间温度晶间脆性断裂。在 800 ℃ 老化 6000 小时后，测试温度为 700 ℃ 时的失效伸长率增加了约 35%，这归因于 W 和 Mo 的晶界扩散以及晶内软化，从而提高了晶界的变形协调能力。最后，长时间老化后晶间析出的M6C颗粒通过微孔聚集促进了塑性变形。

{"title":"Thermal Stability of GH4065A Superalloy Based on Microstructural and Performance Evolution Following Long-Term Aging","authors":"Yingbo Bai, Rui Zhang, Chuanyong Cui, Yizhou Zhou, Xiaofeng Sun","doi":"10.1007/s12540-023-01510-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-023-01510-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the thermal stability of a GH4065A superalloy at intermediate temperatures by conducting long-term aging treatments for 100–6000 h at 700–800 °C. Secondary γ′-phase coarsening and intergranular M<sub>6</sub>C carbide precipitation occurred during aging. The activation energy for secondary γ′-phase coarsening was 259.89 ± 25.45 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, suggesting that this process was predominantly controlled by elemental diffusion. The tensile strength at a testing temperature of 700 °C was stably above 1200 MPa for the alloys aged at 700 °C but continuously declined as the aging temperature increased, with a direct correlation identified between the secondary γ′-phase coarsening and strength reduction upon aging. Increasing the aging temperature transitioned the deformation mechanism from Orowan bowing around the γ′ phase to dislocation slip through the broadened matrix channels, leading to decreased strength. Long-term aging effectively eliminated intermediate-temperature intergranular brittle fracture. The elongation to failure at a testing temperature of 700 °C increased by approximately 35% after aging at 800 °C for 6000 h, attributed to grain-boundary diffusion of W and Mo and intragranular softening, which improved the deformation coordination ability at the grain boundaries. Finally, the precipitation of intergranular M<sub>6</sub>C particles after prolonged aging promoted plastic deformation via micropore aggregation.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 2","pages":"333 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43886087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction: Promoting Osseointegration of New Innocuous Ti–18Zr–13Mo Implant Through Constructing Hierarchically Structured Bioactive Coating 更正:通过构建分层结构的生物活性涂层促进新型无害Ti-18Zr-13Mo种植体的骨整合

IF 3.5 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2023-08-19 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01511-w

Bianyun Cai, Delin Yuan, Guangda Li, Kun Lei, Meng Han, Yizhou Huang, Zhijun Guo

引用次数: 0

Effect of Double-Aging Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Tribological Behaviour of Cold Sprayed IN718 Coating 双时效热处理对冷喷涂IN718涂层组织和摩擦学性能的影响

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2023-08-16 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01507-6

Alwin Balasundaram, Aviral Bisht, M. Anantharaman, Srinivasa R. Bakshi, M. Kamaraj

In this work, the effect of double-aging (DA) heat treatment on the microstructure and the tribological behaviour of cold-sprayed Inconel 718 (IN718) coating was studied and compared with hot-rolled IN718. After double-aging, the dendrite structure of the as-sprayed coating was modified and secondary phases such as γʹ, γʺ, and δ phases were formed. The microhardness of the coating improved after double-aging and was higher than the double-aged IN718 due to the leftover microstrain in the coating. Sliding wear tests were carried out at room temperature (RT) and 600 °C using a ball-on-disc tribometer with alumina balls. The double-aged coating had improved wear resistance than the as-sprayed coating and the double-aged substrate at room temperature. At 600 °C, the wear rate of the hot-rolled IN718 was marginally lower than the as-sprayed coating due to the formation of a comparatively thick mechanically mixed layer (MML) reinforced with Al₂O₃ which was more protective in nature. The double-aging treatment improved the wear resistance of the coating significantly at 600 °C and its wear rate was comparable to that of the double-aged substrate. The substrate and the coating undergo a combination of abrasive and tribo-oxidative wear at RT. At 600 °C, the wear mechanism involves a combination of oxidative and abrasive modes. Raman analysis revealed that the oxide formed on the wear track consisted of NiO and Fe₃O₄ at RT, and the glaze layer formed during high-temperature wear consisted of a mixture of the NiFe_xCr_2-xO₄ spinel and Fe₃O₄.

Graphical Abstract

在这项工作中，研究了双时效（DA）热处理对冷喷涂 Inconel 718 (IN718) 涂层微观结构和摩擦学行为的影响，并与热轧 IN718 进行了比较。经过双时效处理后，喷涂涂层的枝晶结构发生了改变，形成了γʹ、γʺ和δ等次生相。由于涂层中残留的微应变，双时效后涂层的显微硬度有所提高，并高于双时效 IN718。在室温（RT）和 600 °C条件下，使用带氧化铝球的盘上球摩擦磨损测试仪进行了滑动磨损测试。在室温下，双时效涂层的耐磨性优于喷涂涂层和双时效基底。在 600 °C 时，热轧 IN718 的磨损率略低于喷涂涂层，这是因为形成了相对较厚的机械混合层（MML），该层由 Al2O3 增强，具有更强的保护性。双时效处理显著提高了涂层在 600 °C 下的耐磨性，其磨损率与双时效基底相当。在 RT 温度下，基体和涂层经历了磨料磨损和三氧化磨损。在 600 °C时，磨损机制涉及氧化和磨蚀模式的结合。拉曼分析表明，在常温下，磨损轨道上形成的氧化物由NiO和Fe3O4组成，而在高温磨损过程中形成的釉层由NiFexCr2-xO4尖晶石和Fe3O4的混合物组成。

{"title":"Effect of Double-Aging Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Tribological Behaviour of Cold Sprayed IN718 Coating","authors":"Alwin Balasundaram, Aviral Bisht, M. Anantharaman, Srinivasa R. Bakshi, M. Kamaraj","doi":"10.1007/s12540-023-01507-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-023-01507-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, the effect of double-aging (DA) heat treatment on the microstructure and the tribological behaviour of cold-sprayed Inconel 718 (IN718) coating was studied and compared with hot-rolled IN718. After double-aging, the dendrite structure of the as-sprayed coating was modified and secondary phases such as γʹ, γʺ, and δ phases were formed. The microhardness of the coating improved after double-aging and was higher than the double-aged IN718 due to the leftover microstrain in the coating. Sliding wear tests were carried out at room temperature (RT) and 600 °C using a ball-on-disc tribometer with alumina balls. The double-aged coating had improved wear resistance than the as-sprayed coating and the double-aged substrate at room temperature. At 600 °C, the wear rate of the hot-rolled IN718 was marginally lower than the as-sprayed coating due to the formation of a comparatively thick mechanically mixed layer (MML) reinforced with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> which was more protective in nature. The double-aging treatment improved the wear resistance of the coating significantly at 600 °C and its wear rate was comparable to that of the double-aged substrate. The substrate and the coating undergo a combination of abrasive and tribo-oxidative wear at RT. At 600 °C, the wear mechanism involves a combination of oxidative and abrasive modes. Raman analysis revealed that the oxide formed on the wear track consisted of NiO and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> at RT, and the glaze layer formed during high-temperature wear consisted of a mixture of the NiFe<sub>x</sub>Cr<sub>2-x</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 2","pages":"483 - 500"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46631398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Additive Manufacturing of Locally Weakened Parts to Obtain a Designed Fracture 局部弱化零件的增材制造以获得设计断裂

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01506-7

Manuela Galati, Silvio Defanti

Today, the additive manufacturing (AM) approach has led to profound changes in part and process design, enabling previously impossible material properties. With the freedom to create the material as components are built layer by layer, AM has permitted precise spatial control of the material properties in manufactured parts. In this work, an original approach is proposed to locally control component and process design and create intentionally weakened regions with designed fracture, which paves the way to tuneable mechanical properties. Tensile tests of specimens with embedded weakened area of various geometries are used to verify the feasibility of a-priori-designed fracture modes and to characterise the variation in material behaviour. The results show that an ad hoc design of the artificially weakened areas is effective for predictable breakage, with load and strain being the precursor for active control of the mechanical behaviour. The attainability of a quantitative relationship between the defect and the mechanical response is exemplified by the fact that, e.g. for a flat geometry, the maximum stress and strain are reduced by half when the thickness of the weak region is doubled.

Graphical abstract

如今，增材制造（AM）方法已使零件和工艺设计发生了深刻变化，实现了以前不可能实现的材料特性。由于可以在逐层制造部件的过程中自由创造材料，增材制造允许对制造部件的材料特性进行精确的空间控制。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种独创的方法，用于局部控制部件和工艺设计，并通过设计断裂创建有意削弱的区域，从而为实现可调整的机械性能铺平道路。通过对嵌入不同几何形状削弱区域的试样进行拉伸试验，验证了预先设计断裂模式的可行性，并描述了材料行为的变化特征。结果表明，对人工削弱区域进行特别设计可有效预测断裂情况，载荷和应变是主动控制机械行为的先决条件。缺陷与机械响应之间的定量关系可以从以下事实中体现出来：例如，对于平面几何体，当薄弱区域的厚度增加一倍时，最大应力和应变会减小一半。

{"title":"Additive Manufacturing of Locally Weakened Parts to Obtain a Designed Fracture","authors":"Manuela Galati, Silvio Defanti","doi":"10.1007/s12540-023-01506-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-023-01506-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Today, the additive manufacturing (AM) approach has led to profound changes in part and process design, enabling previously impossible material properties. With the freedom to create the material as components are built layer by layer, AM has permitted precise spatial control of the material properties in manufactured parts. In this work, an original approach is proposed to locally control component and process design and create intentionally weakened regions with designed fracture, which paves the way to tuneable mechanical properties. Tensile tests of specimens with embedded weakened area of various geometries are used to verify the feasibility of a-priori-designed fracture modes and to characterise the variation in material behaviour. The results show that an ad hoc design of the artificially weakened areas is effective for predictable breakage, with load and strain being the precursor for active control of the mechanical behaviour. The attainability of a quantitative relationship between the defect and the mechanical response is exemplified by the fact that, e.g. for a flat geometry, the maximum stress and strain are reduced by half when the thickness of the weak region is doubled.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 2","pages":"323 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12540-023-01506-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48281549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hot Deformation Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization of a Medium Carbon Cr–Mo Steel for Class 16.8 Bolts 16.8级螺栓用中碳Cr–Mo钢的热变形行为和动态再结晶

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01492-w

Huiju Lee, YongDeok Jo, ByoungLok Jang

This study investigates the hot workability of medium carbon Cr–Mo steels for manufacturing ultra-high strength bolts. The main purpose of this research is to establish a constitutive equation and a kinetic model of dynamic recrystallization of the material for industrial applications. Hot torsion tests were conducted at temperatures of 1173, 1273, and 1373 K and strain rates of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0/s. Strain rate sensitivities and work-hardening coefficients of the material were calculated at various strain rates and temperatures using the Fields–Backofen equation. Results indicated that the material’s strain rate sensitivities and work-hardening coefficients generally increased with temperature. Stress–strain curves showed a general variation depending on the strain rates and the deformation temperatures, with higher strain rates and lower temperatures resulting in increased flow stresses. However, peak stresses were not clearly observed due to the presence of Nb in the material. A constitutive equation for flow stresses was derived, with a thermal activation energy for deformation of 238.57 kJ/mol. Zener–Hollomon parameter was used to analyze the relationship between peak strains and critical strains, finding that the critical strains being about 0.17 times the peak strains. The volume fractions of dynamic recrystallization were estimated using an Avrami form of the kinetic equation, and the Avrami constants (k) and (m) were 0.84 and 6.89, respectively. The kinetic model of dynamic recrystallization that we developed can be applied to arbitrary deformation conditions, enabling the optimization of the hot rolling process for this material.

Graphic Abstract

本研究调查了用于制造超高强度螺栓的中碳铬钼钢的热加工性能。研究的主要目的是为工业应用建立材料动态再结晶的构成方程和动力学模型。热扭转试验在 1173、1273 和 1373 K 的温度和 0.1、0.5、1.0 和 2.0/s 的应变速率下进行。利用菲尔兹-巴科芬方程计算了材料在不同应变速率和温度下的应变速率敏感性和加工硬化系数。结果表明，材料的应变速率敏感性和加工硬化系数通常随温度升高而增加。应力-应变曲线显示了应变速率和变形温度的总体变化，应变速率越高、温度越低，流动应力越大。然而，由于材料中含有铌，因此无法清楚地观察到峰值应力。根据 238.57 kJ/mol 的变形热活化能推导出了流动应力的构成方程。利用齐纳-霍洛蒙参数分析了峰值应变和临界应变之间的关系，发现临界应变约为峰值应变的 0.17 倍。使用动力学方程的阿夫拉米形式估算了动态再结晶的体积分数，阿夫拉米常数（k/）和（m/）分别为0.84和6.89。我们建立的动态再结晶动力学模型可应用于任意变形条件，从而优化了该材料的热轧工艺。

{"title":"Hot Deformation Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization of a Medium Carbon Cr–Mo Steel for Class 16.8 Bolts","authors":"Huiju Lee, YongDeok Jo, ByoungLok Jang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-023-01492-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-023-01492-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the hot workability of medium carbon Cr–Mo steels for manufacturing ultra-high strength bolts. The main purpose of this research is to establish a constitutive equation and a kinetic model of dynamic recrystallization of the material for industrial applications. Hot torsion tests were conducted at temperatures of 1173, 1273, and 1373 K and strain rates of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0/s. Strain rate sensitivities and work-hardening coefficients of the material were calculated at various strain rates and temperatures using the Fields–Backofen equation. Results indicated that the material’s strain rate sensitivities and work-hardening coefficients generally increased with temperature. Stress–strain curves showed a general variation depending on the strain rates and the deformation temperatures, with higher strain rates and lower temperatures resulting in increased flow stresses. However, peak stresses were not clearly observed due to the presence of Nb in the material. A constitutive equation for flow stresses was derived, with a thermal activation energy for deformation of 238.57 kJ/mol. Zener–Hollomon parameter was used to analyze the relationship between peak strains and critical strains, finding that the critical strains being about 0.17 times the peak strains. The volume fractions of dynamic recrystallization were estimated using an Avrami form of the kinetic equation, and the Avrami constants <span>(k)</span> and <span>(m)</span> were 0.84 and 6.89, respectively. The kinetic model of dynamic recrystallization that we developed can be applied to arbitrary deformation conditions, enabling the optimization of the hot rolling process for this material.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 1","pages":"39 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48228539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal Stress Field and Microstructure Evolution of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Laser Engineered Net Shaping 激光工程净成形Ti-6Al-4V的热应力场及显微组织演变

IF 3.3 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International

Pub Date : 2023-08-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01504-9

Liukui Hu, Jiwang Zhang, Hang Li, Kaixin Su, Dongdong Ji

To investigate the thermal stress field and microstructure evolution of Ti-6Al-4V alloy component produced by laser engineered net shaping (LENS), numerical simulations are performed at both macroscale and mesoscale. At the macroscale, a finite element model is developed and validated by comparing the simulated residual stress with the measured residual stress. Meanwhile, the effect of scanning strategies on residual stress is analyzed. At the mesoscale, a three-dimensional (3D) cellular automaton model is established to analyze the growth mechanism of β-columnar grains. The results show that the maximum residual stress locates at the surrounding area at the interface between the substrate and the cladding layer. Based on the results under the unidirectional and reciprocating scanning strategies, the residual stress of the component is minimized by using the reciprocating alternating scanning strategy. Due to the higher temperature gradient at the bottom of the molten pool, β-columnar grains grow epitaxially from the pre-existing grains in the substrate. When the direction of dendritic growth is consistent with the direction of the temperature gradient, grain growth is faster and there is a clear preferred orientation, which ultimately forms β-columnar grain structures that tilt towards the scanning direction and penetrate multiple cladding layers.

Graphical Abstract

为了研究通过激光工程净成形（LENS）生产的 Ti-6Al-4V 合金部件的热应力场和微观结构演变，我们在宏观和中观尺度上进行了数值模拟。在宏观尺度上，建立了有限元模型，并通过比较模拟残余应力和测量残余应力进行了验证。同时，分析了扫描策略对残余应力的影响。在中观尺度上，建立了一个三维（3D）细胞自动机模型来分析 β 柱状晶粒的生长机制。结果表明，最大残余应力位于基底和包覆层界面的周围区域。根据单向扫描和往复扫描策略下的结果，采用往复交替扫描策略可使部件的残余应力最小。由于熔池底部的温度梯度较高，β柱状晶粒会从基底中原有的晶粒中外延生长出来。当树枝状晶粒的生长方向与温度梯度方向一致时，晶粒的生长速度更快，并且有明显的优先取向，最终形成向扫描方向倾斜并穿透多个包层的 β 柱状晶粒结构。

{"title":"Thermal Stress Field and Microstructure Evolution of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Laser Engineered Net Shaping","authors":"Liukui Hu, Jiwang Zhang, Hang Li, Kaixin Su, Dongdong Ji","doi":"10.1007/s12540-023-01504-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-023-01504-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To investigate the thermal stress field and microstructure evolution of Ti-6Al-4V alloy component produced by laser engineered net shaping (LENS), numerical simulations are performed at both macroscale and mesoscale. At the macroscale, a finite element model is developed and validated by comparing the simulated residual stress with the measured residual stress. Meanwhile, the effect of scanning strategies on residual stress is analyzed. At the mesoscale, a three-dimensional (3D) cellular automaton model is established to analyze the growth mechanism of β-columnar grains. The results show that the maximum residual stress locates at the surrounding area at the interface between the substrate and the cladding layer. Based on the results under the unidirectional and reciprocating scanning strategies, the residual stress of the component is minimized by using the reciprocating alternating scanning strategy. Due to the higher temperature gradient at the bottom of the molten pool, β-columnar grains grow epitaxially from the pre-existing grains in the substrate. When the direction of dendritic growth is consistent with the direction of the temperature gradient, grain growth is faster and there is a clear preferred orientation, which ultimately forms β-columnar grain structures that tilt towards the scanning direction and penetrate multiple cladding layers.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 2","pages":"441 - 456"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48350720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0