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Understanding the Mechanisms of Texture Evolution of a Fe-24Cr-22Ni-7Mo Super Austenitic Stainless Steel During cold Rolling and Annealing 了解铁-24Cr-22Ni-7Mo 超级奥氏体不锈钢在冷轧和退火过程中纹理演变的机理
IF 3.3 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01672-2
Luhai Liao, Shang Dai, Rui Guo, Xuwen Yuan, Fengguang Li

In present study, the texture evolution during cold rolling and subsequent annealing of a Fe-24Cr-22Ni-7Mo super austenitic stainless steel was investigated, and new insights into the mechanisms of texture evolution were obtained. The results show that macrotexture evolution during cold rolling can be categorized into two stages. Below 33.3% cold reduction, the material form strong Goss, Copper, and S texture component due to dislocation plane slipping. Above 33.3% reduction, strong Brass, Goss, and Copper-Twin texture components are formed, accompanied by a decrease in Copper and S component content. Moreover, when the cold reduction reaches 66.6%, the strength of the γ-fibre texture suddenly increases. This increase is attributed to the rotation of the Copper-oriented grains and the Copper-Twin-oriented grains in the lamellar twin region to {111}(< overline 1 2overline 1 >) and {111}(< 2overline 1 overline 1 >) along < 011>//TD direction, respectively. It is significant to note that twinning plays a dominant role in the formation of the Brass-type texture in the super austenitic stainless steel at large deformation. Additionally, the annealing of cold deformed materials results in the formation of random and scattered recrystallization texture. This may be due to the small difference in deformation energy storage of grains with different orientations after austenite deformation.

Graphical Abstract

本研究对一种 Fe-24Cr-22Ni-7Mo 超级奥氏体不锈钢在冷轧和随后退火过程中的组织演变进行了研究,并对组织演变的机理有了新的认识。结果表明,冷轧过程中的宏观纹理演变可分为两个阶段。冷轧减薄率低于 33.3%时,由于位错平面滑动,材料会形成较强的 Goss、Copper 和 S 纹理成分。冷减率超过 33.3%时,会形成较强的黄铜、高斯和铜-孪晶纹理成分,同时铜和 S 成分含量下降。此外,当冷减率达到 66.6% 时,γ-纤维纹理的强度突然增加。这种增加归因于片状孪晶区域的铜导向晶粒和铜-孪晶导向晶粒分别沿< 011>//TD方向旋转为{111}(< overline 1 2overline 1 >)和{111}(< 2overline 1 overline 1 >)。值得注意的是,孪晶在大变形时超级奥氏体不锈钢中黄铜型纹理的形成中起着主导作用。此外,冷变形材料的退火会形成随机和分散的再结晶纹理。这可能是由于奥氏体变形后不同取向的晶粒在变形储能方面存在微小差异。
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引用次数: 0
Development of Particle and Grain Uniformity in High-Ductility Al–Zn–Mg Alloys with the Addition of Mg and Cu 添加镁和铜后高延展性铝锌镁合金中颗粒和晶粒均匀性的发展
IF 3.3 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01684-y
K. M. Choi, S. J. Lee, D. H. Bae

The ductility of Al–Zn–Mg–(Cu) alloys was investigated by the microstructure uniformity following the addition of Cu and Mg elements. In the case of Cu-added alloy, additional particles, containing Cu elements, were formed with coarse and irregular sizes. These particles were tens of micrometers long existed along the grain boundaries and were retained even after homogenization. Such a nonuniform particle size distribution could lead to inhomogeneous grain structures because of irregular particle-stimulated nucleation. However, Mg-added alloy has fine and spherical particles with uniform size distribution. While on the deformation, strain energy, such as dislocation, had been stored along the grain boundaries, hence the nonuniform grain-size distribution inhibited uniform deformation during tensile deformation. Furthermore, lower plasticity has occurred from the microvoid including Cu-containing particles, which can induce the unexpected crack initiation. To achieve the high ductility of Al alloy, homogeneously distributed grains and grain boundaries should have existed to improve uniform deformation by the addition of an Mg solute and low Cu content.

Graphical Abstract

通过添加铜和镁元素后的微观结构均匀性研究了铝-锌-镁-(铜)合金的延展性。在添加了铜的合金中,含有铜元素的额外颗粒形成了粗大且不规则的尺寸。这些颗粒长达数十微米,沿晶界存在,甚至在均质化后仍被保留下来。这种不均匀的粒度分布可能会导致不均匀的晶粒结构,因为不规则的颗粒刺激了晶核的形成。然而,添加镁的合金具有细小的球形颗粒,且粒度分布均匀。在变形过程中,应变能(如位错)沿晶界储存,因此不均匀的晶粒尺寸分布抑制了拉伸变形过程中的均匀变形。此外,包括含铜微粒在内的微空洞会降低塑性,从而诱发意外的裂纹萌生。为了实现铝合金的高延展性,应通过添加镁溶质和低铜含量,使晶粒和晶界均匀分布,以改善均匀变形。
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引用次数: 0
Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures of in-situ TiB2/2219Al Matrix Composites During Cold Rolling 冷轧过程中原位 TiB2/2219Al 基复合材料在常温和高温下的显微结构演变和力学性能
IF 3.3 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01680-2
Linwei Li, Donghu Zhou, Chengbin Wei, Zhenhao Han, Jiehua Li, Huijun Kang, Enyu Guo, Yubo Zhang, Zongning Chen, Tongmin Wang

Cold rolling is one of the feasible and effective methods for regulating the microstructure and enhancing the mechanical properties of metallic materials. However, the cold rolling of particulate-reinforced aluminum matrix composites has been rarely studied comprehensively and systematically due to their limited plasticity. In this study, in-situ TiB2/2219Al matrix composites with a comparable ductility to 2219Al matrix were prepared and subjected to T3 treatment, which includes solution treatment, cold rolling, and natural ageing, with varying degrees of rolling reduction. The effects of cold rolling on the dislocation multiplication, grain and texture evolution, precipitation behavior, and mechanical properties were comprehensively investigated and discussed. The results reveal that both total dislocation density and geometrically necessary dislocation density increase with increasing rolling reduction. The average grain size progressively decreases under the joint influence of gradual growth of large grains and increase of small grains. Besides, rolling deformation changes the ageing behavior of composites, resulting in a decrease in precipitation temperature for both θ″ and θ′ phases. Under a large deformation, these phases precipitate at room temperature. Moreover, the types and proportions of textures undergoes a distinct evolution during deformation, with S, Copper and Brass textures being predominantly observed in the composite subjected to a 60% rolling reduction. Additionally, the increase in deformation results in an enhanced hardness and strength at both room temperature and 373 K. However, the strength initially increases but subsequently decreases at 573 K, and the composite with a 20% rolling reduction exhibits the highest strength at 573 K.

Graphical Abstract

冷轧是调节金属材料微观结构和提高其机械性能的可行而有效的方法之一。然而,由于微粒增强铝基复合材料的塑性有限,很少对其冷轧进行全面系统的研究。本研究制备了与 2219Al 基体延展性相当的原位 TiB2/2219Al 基体复合材料,并对其进行了 T3 处理,包括溶液处理、冷轧和自然时效,并对其进行了不同程度的轧制减薄。全面研究和讨论了冷轧对位错倍增、晶粒和纹理演变、析出行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着轧制减薄程度的增加,总位错密度和几何必要位错密度都会增加。在大晶粒逐渐长大和小晶粒逐渐长大的共同作用下,平均晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。此外,轧制变形改变了复合材料的老化行为,导致θ″和θ′相的析出温度降低。在大变形条件下,这些相在室温下析出。此外,变形过程中纹理的类型和比例也发生了明显的变化,在轧制减薄 60% 的复合材料中主要观察到 S、铜和黄铜纹理。此外,变形的增加导致室温和 373 K 下的硬度和强度都有所提高。然而,在 573 K 下,强度最初会提高,但随后会降低,轧制减少 20% 的复合材料在 573 K 下的强度最高。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Welding Conditions on Weld Zone Temperature and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AZ61 Magnesium Alloy Sheet 焊接条件对摩擦搅拌焊接 AZ61 镁合金板焊接区温度和机械性能的影响
IF 3.3 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01681-1
Woo Geun Lee, Yohan Go, Jae-Yeon Kim, Seung-Ju Sun, Jae-Yong Lim, Bong Sun You, Jung-Seok Kim, Young Min Kim

The peak temperature range of the weld zones of the AZ61 alloy sheet during FSW varied from 450.1 to 569.4 °C depending on the welding conditions. The evaluation of FSW integrity suggests that both void defects and tunneling cavities observed at the conditions of 400 rpm-100 mm/min and 400 rpm-300 mm/min are caused by insufficient material fluidity because of the low temperature inside the welds. However, tunnel- and surface defects at the condition of 1600 rpm-100 mm/min are caused by a high peak temperature of 569.4 °C, which leads to mass loss at the outer boundary of the stir zone because of excessive flash and local melting during the rotation of the tool. To enhance the integrity and mechanical properties of the weld, the welding parameters should be controlled such that the peak temperature in the weld zones is in the range of 493.2–508.9 °C. The microstructure of the FSWed AZ61 joints was analyzed in terms of grain size and micro-texture by optical microscopy and Electron back-scattered diffraction. The fracture behaviors and mechanical properties of the FSWed AZ61 joints were closely related to the microstructure of the thermomechanical affected zone (TMAZ), and it was discussed based on the grain size and average Schmid factor in the TMAZ.

Graphical Abstract

根据不同的焊接条件,AZ61 合金板材在 FSW 焊接过程中焊接区的峰值温度范围在 450.1 ℃ 至 569.4 ℃ 之间。对 FSW 完整性的评估表明,在 400 rpm-100 mm/min 和 400 rpm-300 mm/min 条件下观察到的空隙缺陷和隧道空洞都是由于焊缝内部温度较低,材料流动性不足造成的。而在 1600 rpm-100 mm/min 条件下出现的隧道和表面缺陷则是由于峰值温度高达 569.4 °C,在工具旋转过程中由于过度闪光和局部熔化而导致搅拌区外部边界的质量损失。为提高焊缝的完整性和机械性能,应控制焊接参数,使焊接区的峰值温度在 493.2-508.9 ℃ 之间。通过光学显微镜和电子背散射衍射分析了 FSW 焊接 AZ61 接头的晶粒尺寸和微观纹理。根据热机械影响区(TMAZ)中的晶粒尺寸和平均施密德因子讨论了 FSWed AZ61 接头的断裂行为和机械性能与热机械影响区(TMAZ)的微观结构密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Multidirectional Forging on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of the Al–Mg–Si Alloy 多向锻造对铝镁硅合金微观结构和机械性能的影响
IF 3.3 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01675-z
Juncheng Mao, Youping Yi, Shiquan Huang, Hailin He, Yunfan Fu, Jiaguo Tang

Due to its exceptional machinability, welding prowess, and resistance to corrosion, the lightweight 6061 Al–Mg–Si alloy finds extensive utilization within the realms of aerospace and transportation. Multi-directional forging process is a sever plastic deformation (SPD) process. In this investigation, a pristine 6061 industrial ingot was forged in multiple directions at 530 ℃ via four-upsetting and three-cross-stretching (4U3CS), seven-upsetting and six-cross-stretching (7U6CS), two different forging processes. T6 aging treatment is applied to the forged components after the pre-forging preparation. The investigation delved into the microstructural evolution during the process, alongside the mechanical performance across three orthogonal directions. The research findings underscore that, in comparison to 4U3CS, the cumulative deformation in 7U6CS fosters lattice distortion and defect formation, thereby promoting the dissolution of metastable phases and augmenting the driving force for precipitation during aging. Consequently, the tensile and yield strengths of the specimens increased by approximately 10 MPa across all three directions. Furthermore, 7U6CS retains a greater reservoir of deformation energy, acting as a catalyst for dynamic recrystallization, consequently, this process facilitates the enlargement of recrystallization nucleation regions and improves the degree of recrystallization uniformity. Following hot forging and subsequent T6 aging treatment, the disparity in grain size became more pronounced, diminishing from 418 to 208 μm. Coarse intergranular precipitates emerged as the primary origin of transgranular cracking. Post-T6 aging, the elongation rate of the specimens decreased across all three directions, accompanied by a substantial elevation in tensile and yield strengths. Notably, the mechanical performance of the 7U6CS-T6 specimen reached its zenith in the optimal direction, attaining values of 340 and 315 MPa for tensile strength and yield strength, respectively.

Graphical Abstract

轻质 6061 Al-Mg-Si 合金具有优异的可加工性、焊接性能和耐腐蚀性,因此在航空航天和交通运输领域得到广泛应用。多向锻造工艺是一种严重塑性变形(SPD)工艺。在这项研究中,一个原始的 6061 工业铸锭在 530 ℃ 的温度下,通过四次定位和三次横向拉伸(4U3CS)、七次定位和六次横向拉伸(7U6CS)两种不同的锻造工艺进行了多方向锻造。在锻造前准备之后,对锻造部件进行 T6 时效处理。调查深入研究了锻造过程中的微观结构演变以及三个正交方向的机械性能。研究结果表明,与 4U3CS 相比,7U6CS 中的累积变形促进了晶格畸变和缺陷的形成,从而促进了可迁移相的溶解,并增强了时效过程中析出的驱动力。因此,试样的拉伸强度和屈服强度在所有三个方向上都提高了约 10 兆帕。此外,7U6CS 保留了更多的变形能量,可作为动态再结晶的催化剂,因此,这一过程有利于扩大再结晶成核区域并提高再结晶的均匀性。经过热锻和随后的 T6 时效处理后,晶粒大小的差异变得更加明显,从 418 μm 减小到 208 μm。粗晶粒间析出物成为跨晶粒开裂的主要原因。T6 时效后,试样在三个方向上的伸长率都有所下降,同时拉伸强度和屈服强度也大幅提高。值得注意的是,7U6CS-T6 试样的机械性能在最佳方向达到了顶峰,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达到了 340 和 315 兆帕。
{"title":"Effect of Multidirectional Forging on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of the Al–Mg–Si Alloy","authors":"Juncheng Mao,&nbsp;Youping Yi,&nbsp;Shiquan Huang,&nbsp;Hailin He,&nbsp;Yunfan Fu,&nbsp;Jiaguo Tang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01675-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01675-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to its exceptional machinability, welding prowess, and resistance to corrosion, the lightweight 6061 Al–Mg–Si alloy finds extensive utilization within the realms of aerospace and transportation. Multi-directional forging process is a sever plastic deformation (SPD) process. In this investigation, a pristine 6061 industrial ingot was forged in multiple directions at 530 ℃ via four-upsetting and three-cross-stretching (4U3CS), seven-upsetting and six-cross-stretching (7U6CS), two different forging processes. T6 aging treatment is applied to the forged components after the pre-forging preparation. The investigation delved into the microstructural evolution during the process, alongside the mechanical performance across three orthogonal directions. The research findings underscore that, in comparison to 4U3CS, the cumulative deformation in 7U6CS fosters lattice distortion and defect formation, thereby promoting the dissolution of metastable phases and augmenting the driving force for precipitation during aging. Consequently, the tensile and yield strengths of the specimens increased by approximately 10 MPa across all three directions. Furthermore, 7U6CS retains a greater reservoir of deformation energy, acting as a catalyst for dynamic recrystallization, consequently, this process facilitates the enlargement of recrystallization nucleation regions and improves the degree of recrystallization uniformity. Following hot forging and subsequent T6 aging treatment, the disparity in grain size became more pronounced, diminishing from 418 to 208 μm. Coarse intergranular precipitates emerged as the primary origin of transgranular cracking. Post-T6 aging, the elongation rate of the specimens decreased across all three directions, accompanied by a substantial elevation in tensile and yield strengths. Notably, the mechanical performance of the 7U6CS-T6 specimen reached its zenith in the optimal direction, attaining values of 340 and 315 MPa for tensile strength and yield strength, respectively.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 10","pages":"2898 - 2915"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140887962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Study on the Microstructural Evolution, Interfacial Diffusion and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-thin Stainless Steel–Copper Composites Fabricated by Roll Bonding 轧制粘接法制造的超薄不锈钢-铜复合材料的微观结构演变、界面扩散和力学性能研究
IF 3.3 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01682-0
Yanyang Qi, Xiaoguang Ma, Linan Ma, Cunlong Zhou, Zhengyi Jiang, Jingwei Zhao

Systematic study on the microstructural evolution, interfacial diffusion and mechanical properties of ultra-thin stainless steel–copper composites (50 µm) after annealing treatment was conducted in the present study. The results show that the as-received specimen exhibits low elongation (0.031) as well as high strength (891.346 MPa) by work hardening, thus requires heat treatment to improve the plasticity. With the increase of annealing temperature from 700 to 1000 °C, the dislocation/grain boundary strengthening is weakened while the surface grains which exhibit fewer constraints is increasing, resulting in lower strength. Moreover, a uniform and refined microstructure with high recrystallization rate is formed inside stainless steel and copper matrixes for the specimens annealed at 900 °C, thereby improving the plasticity of ultra-thin stainless steel–copper composites. Additionally, an obvious strain gradient exists at the interface of ultra-thin stainless steel–copper composites, and the interdiffusion process between stainless steel and copper matrixes is primarily governed by the diffusion of Cu atoms. The influence of diffusion layer thickness on the strength of ultra-thin stainless steel–copper composites is negligible. Overall, an optimal annealing temperature of 900 °C is obtained with the improved plasticity of ultra-thin stainless steel–copper composites.

Graphical Abstract

本研究对超薄不锈钢-铜复合材料(50 微米)退火处理后的微观结构演变、界面扩散和力学性能进行了系统研究。结果表明,加工硬化后的试样具有较低的伸长率(0.031)和较高的强度(891.346 兆帕),因此需要通过热处理来改善塑性。随着退火温度从 700 ℃ 升至 1000 ℃,位错/晶界的强化作用减弱,而表面晶粒的约束减少,导致强度降低。此外,在 900 ℃ 退火的试样中,不锈钢和铜基体内部形成了具有高再结晶率的均匀而精细的微观结构,从而改善了超薄不锈钢-铜复合材料的塑性。此外,超薄不锈钢-铜复合材料的界面存在明显的应变梯度,不锈钢和铜基体之间的相互扩散过程主要受铜原子扩散的影响。扩散层厚度对超薄不锈钢-铜复合材料强度的影响可以忽略不计。总体而言,900 °C的最佳退火温度可改善超薄不锈钢-铜复合材料的塑性。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Advances in Joining of Zirconium and Zirconium Alloy for Nuclear Industry 用于核工业的锆和锆合金接合技术的最新进展
IF 3.3 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01677-x
Nan Jiang, Hong Bian, Xiaoguo Song, Yuzhen Lei, Yanyu Song, Danyang Lin, Xiukai Chen, Weimin Long

Due to its moderate mechanical properties, low neutron absorption, excellent processability, superior irradiation, and corrosion resistance, as well as good compatibility with nuclear fuel, zirconium (Zr) and its alloys have been extensively employed as fuel cladding tubes and structural materials in the nuclear industry. This review examines research progress on the joining of Zr alloy with dissimilar materials over the past 20 years, encompassing friction welding, fusion welding, diffusion bonding, brazing and resistance welding. It also compares and analyzes the impact of these welding methods and processes on the mechanical properties and microstructure of Zr alloy joints. Finally, the paper addresses the future direction of Zr alloy joining. Aimed at discussing and analyzing recent progress in the joining of Zr and dissimilar materials, this review lays the groundwork for subsequent research related to Zr joining in the nuclear industry.

Graphical Abstract

锆(Zr)及其合金具有适中的机械性能、较低的中子吸收率、出色的加工性能、优异的抗辐照和耐腐蚀性能以及与核燃料的良好兼容性,因此已被广泛用作核工业中的燃料包壳管和结构材料。本综述探讨了过去 20 年中有关锆合金与异种材料连接的研究进展,包括摩擦焊、熔焊、扩散接合、钎焊和电阻焊。论文还比较和分析了这些焊接方法和工艺对 Zr 合金接头机械性能和微观结构的影响。最后,论文探讨了锆合金连接的未来发展方向。本综述旨在讨论和分析锆合金和异种材料连接方面的最新进展,为核工业中与锆合金连接相关的后续研究奠定基础。
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引用次数: 0
Morphological Characteristics of Precipitated Phases in Laser Cladding (Nano WC + Micron TiC)/Ti6Al4V Coatings with Different Composite Ceramic Contents 不同复合陶瓷含量的激光熔覆(纳米 WC + 微米 TiC)/Ti6Al4V 涂层中沉淀相的形态特征
IF 3.3 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01658-0
Huizi Shi, Zhuanni Gao, Yifan Li, Xiang Li, Leilei Wang, Xiaohong Zhan

It is recognized that the introduction of ceramic particles has been used to produce composite coating in laser cladding to enhance the hardness of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. In this study, (nano WC + micron TiC)/Ti6Al4V coatings with different composite ceramic contents were manufactured on Ti6Al4V substrate by laser cladding. The effects of the multi-scale composite ceramics on the macroscopic morphology, microstructure, and microhardness of coatings were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the coatings were mainly composed of α-Ti and (Ti, W)C1 − x. The partial melting of TiC and WC ceramics resulted in the dissolution of C atoms in the matrix of the coatings, thereby strengthening the coatings through solid solution formation. Meanwhile, the growth of (Ti, W)C1 − x was inhibited, owing to the pinning force exerted by nano WC at the grain boundaries. When the content of nano WC was 1.5 wt%, (Ti, W)C1 − x in the coating exhibited micron-scale dendritic and submicron granular structures. The average size of the (Ti, W)C1 − x was approximately 0.31 µm. Moreover, the optimal microhardness of the coating reached 459.99 HV, representing a 35.99% increase compared to the microhardness of the Ti6Al4V substrate. The enhancement in microhardness was primarily attributed to three key strengthening mechanisms: fine-grain strengthening, Orowan strengthening, and solid-solution strengthening, which were effects induced by the ceramic particles.

Graphical Abstract

人们已经认识到,在激光熔覆中引入陶瓷颗粒来生产复合涂层,可以提高 Ti6Al4V 钛合金的硬度。本研究采用激光熔覆技术在 Ti6Al4V 基体上制造了不同复合陶瓷含量的(纳米 WC + 微米 TiC)/Ti6Al4V 涂层。全面分析了多尺度复合陶瓷对涂层宏观形貌、微观结构和显微硬度的影响。结果表明,涂层主要由 α-Ti 和 (Ti, W)C1 - x 组成。TiC 和 WC 陶瓷的部分熔化导致涂层基体中 C 原子的溶解,从而通过固溶体的形成强化了涂层。与此同时,由于纳米碳化钨在晶界上施加的钉扎力,(Ti,W)C1 - x 的生长受到了抑制。当纳米碳化钨的含量为 1.5 wt% 时,涂层中的(Ti,W)C1 - x 呈现出微米级树枝状和亚微米级颗粒状结构。(Ti, W)C1 - x 的平均尺寸约为 0.31 µm。此外,涂层的最佳显微硬度达到 459.99 HV,与 Ti6Al4V 基体的显微硬度相比提高了 35.99%。显微硬度的提高主要归因于陶瓷颗粒诱导的三种关键强化机制:细晶粒强化、奥罗恩强化和固溶强化。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of Temperature Dependency of Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel ASTM A302 Grade C Alloy 锰钼镍 ASTM A302 C 级合金拉伸和疲劳行为的温度依赖性研究
IF 3.3 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01678-w
Thanh Tuan Nguyen, Jaeyeong Park, Un Bong Baek

This study entails comprehensive analyses of the temperature dependence of tensile properties and strain-controlled low cycle fatigue behavior exhibited by ASTM A302 grade C steel, which is specifically a manganese-molybdenum-nickel alloy. Tensile strength at elevated temperature ranges from 400 to 428 °C closely approximates those measured under ambient conditions, while the ductility properties show a noteworthy increase compared to ambient temperature testing conditions. Cyclic stress responses at elevated temperatures are characterized by two discernible stress cyclic hardening phases. Fatigue lives of the materials tested at 400, and 428 °C reveals a significantly prolonged fatigue life compared to testing under ambient temperature conditions. The transition of fatigue life for specimens tested under ambient temperature conditions is approximately two times shorter than that observed under elevated temperature conditions. The substantial extension of fatigue lives is attributed to the strengthening effect of the peak dynamic strain aging within the test temperature range predominates over the adverse effects of elevated temperature conditions. Drawing from the experimental findings, comprehensive derivations of cyclic stress–strain responses and fatigue properties have been formulated to elucidate the effects of elevated temperature conditions.

Graphical Abstract

本研究全面分析了 ASTM A302 C 级钢(特别是锰-钼-镍合金)的拉伸性能和应变控制低循环疲劳行为的温度依赖性。在 400 至 428 °C 高温范围内的拉伸强度与环境条件下测得的拉伸强度非常接近,而延展性能与环境温度测试条件相比有显著提高。高温下的循环应力反应有两个明显的应力循环硬化阶段。与常温条件下的测试相比,在 400 和 428 °C 下测试的材料的疲劳寿命明显延长。在常温条件下测试的试样的疲劳寿命转变比在高温条件下观察到的短约两倍。疲劳寿命的大幅延长归因于测试温度范围内峰值动态应变老化的强化效应超过了高温条件的不利影响。根据实验结果,对循环应力-应变响应和疲劳特性进行了全面推导,以阐明高温条件的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Sensitization Behaviors on the Heat-Affected Zone of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld by Thermal Cycles of Actual Multi-pass Welding 通过实际多道焊接的热循环评估奥氏体不锈钢焊缝热影响区的敏化行为
IF 3.3 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01679-9
Gidong Kim, Junho Lee, Seunghyun Kim, Yongjoon Kang, Jun-Yong Park, Sang-Woo Song

The sensitization behavior of the welding heat affected zone (HAZ) in austenitic stainless steels (SSs) was investigated through simulated thermal cycles emulating actual multi-pass welding processes using the Gleeble simulator. The tests were performed with austenitic SSs, considering carbon contents, heat input, and distance from the fusion line to determine the thermal cycle conditions of the HAZ. Higher carbon content led to increased sensitization (degree of sensitization, DOS) values, while the influence of the thermal cycle in the final weld pass was that even though it was rapidly heated to over 1000 °C and cooled at a rapid rate, the DOS value decreased due to partial carbide dissolution and chromium diffusion. Therefore, effective management of the final thermal cycle in the HAZ contributes to improved intergranular stress corrosion cracking resistance. Even with prolonged exposure of the HAZ to the sensitization region, the discovery that corrosion resistance improves when the final heating cycle reaches 1000 °C underscores the importance of HAZ heat cycle management and provides valuable insights for materials engineering and industrial applications.

Graphical abstract

通过使用 Gleeble 模拟器模拟实际多道焊接过程的热循环,研究了奥氏体不锈钢(SSs)焊接热影响区(HAZ)的敏化行为。测试使用奥氏体不锈钢进行,考虑了碳含量、输入热量和与熔合线的距离,以确定 HAZ 的热循环条件。碳含量越高,敏化(敏化度,DOS)值越高,而最后焊道热循环的影响是,即使快速加热到 1000 ℃ 以上并快速冷却,由于部分碳化物溶解和铬扩散,DOS 值也会降低。因此,有效管理热影响区的最终热循环有助于提高抗晶间应力腐蚀开裂性能。即使 HAZ 长期暴露在敏化区,当最终加热循环达到 1000 ℃ 时,耐腐蚀性也会得到改善,这一发现强调了 HAZ 热循环管理的重要性,并为材料工程和工业应用提供了宝贵的见解。
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Metals and Materials International
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