Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01723-8
Sang-Hoon Shin, T. T. T. Trang, Bong-Hoon Chung, Yong-Gyun Jeong, Jae-Sang Lee, Yoon-Uk Heo
The blister formation mechanism in electrogalvanized steel was studied by analyzing the blister’s internal structure. Electrochemical hydrogen charging was employed to absorb hydrogen into the steel plate and to induce blister formation. Analysis of the blister interior revealed that the initial formation of blisters occurred at the cracks located at the interface between the zinc layer and the steel substrate. These cracks originated from the steel substrate’s intergranular fracture or carbon contaminants’ adsorption on the steel surface. Grain boundary precipitates in hot-rolled plates form the intergranular crack after cold-rolling. A hydrogen anion was found inside the blister formed at the pre-existing intergranular crack. However, methylidyne (CH−) and methylene anion (CH2−) dissociated from methane, as well as hydrogen anions were detected inside the blister formed at the carbon-contaminated steel surface. Methane gas is generated by the combination of absorbed hydrogen with carbon inside the crack. This research clarifies the detailed formation mechanism of blisters in electrogalvanized steel.
{"title":"Microscopic Study on the Blister Formation Mechanism in Electrogalvanized Steel","authors":"Sang-Hoon Shin, T. T. T. Trang, Bong-Hoon Chung, Yong-Gyun Jeong, Jae-Sang Lee, Yoon-Uk Heo","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01723-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01723-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The blister formation mechanism in electrogalvanized steel was studied by analyzing the blister’s internal structure. Electrochemical hydrogen charging was employed to absorb hydrogen into the steel plate and to induce blister formation. Analysis of the blister interior revealed that the initial formation of blisters occurred at the cracks located at the interface between the zinc layer and the steel substrate. These cracks originated from the steel substrate’s intergranular fracture or carbon contaminants’ adsorption on the steel surface. Grain boundary precipitates in hot-rolled plates form the intergranular crack after cold-rolling. A hydrogen anion was found inside the blister formed at the pre-existing intergranular crack. However, methylidyne (CH<sup>−</sup>) and methylene anion (CH<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) dissociated from methane, as well as hydrogen anions were detected inside the blister formed at the carbon-contaminated steel surface. Methane gas is generated by the combination of absorbed hydrogen with carbon inside the crack. This research clarifies the detailed formation mechanism of blisters in electrogalvanized steel.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"358 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01721-w
Bong Cheon Park, Sung-Dae Kim, Ihho Park, Jong-Ho Shin, Jae Hoon Jang, Namhyun Kang
Abstract
The effect of Nb on austenite grain growth kinetics was investigated in 10Cr-3Co-2W martensitic heat-resistant steel under various tempering conditions (temperature and time). The results demonstrate that Nb effectively refines the austenite grain size; this result is attributed to the combined effect of Nb atom solute drag effect and pinning effect of NbC precipitates. Based on the measured values, an empirical model was developed to predict the grain growth behavior of this alloy system. In addition, the key conditions and parameters for application to the microstructure evolution model of MatCalc software were derived. Results will enable the prediction of grain size at different Nb contents and temperature parameters, and provide useful information for designing heat treatment processes and alloys.
Graphic Abstract
摘要 在不同回火条件（温度和时间）下，研究了 Nb 对 10Cr-3Co-2W 马氏体耐热钢中奥氏体晶粒长大动力学的影响。结果表明，铌能有效细化奥氏体晶粒尺寸；这一结果归因于铌原子溶质拖曳效应和 NbC 沉淀的钉扎效应的共同作用。根据测量值，建立了一个经验模型来预测该合金体系的晶粒生长行为。此外，还得出了应用于 MatCalc 软件微结构演变模型的关键条件和参数。研究结果将有助于预测不同铌含量和温度参数下的晶粒大小，并为设计热处理工艺和合金提供有用信息。
{"title":"Effect of Nb on Austenite Grain Growth in 10Cr-3Co-2W Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel","authors":"Bong Cheon Park, Sung-Dae Kim, Ihho Park, Jong-Ho Shin, Jae Hoon Jang, Namhyun Kang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01721-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01721-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The effect of Nb on austenite grain growth kinetics was investigated in 10Cr-3Co-2W martensitic heat-resistant steel under various tempering conditions (temperature and time). The results demonstrate that Nb effectively refines the austenite grain size; this result is attributed to the combined effect of Nb atom solute drag effect and pinning effect of NbC precipitates. Based on the measured values, an empirical model was developed to predict the grain growth behavior of this alloy system. In addition, the key conditions and parameters for application to the microstructure evolution model of MatCalc software were derived. Results will enable the prediction of grain size at different Nb contents and temperature parameters, and provide useful information for designing heat treatment processes and alloys.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphic Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01713-w
Gi Geun Hong, Sung Su Jung, Yoon Suk Choi, Young Cheol Lee
This study aims to investigate the role of oxygen in optimizing the Pore-Free Die Casting (PFDC) process to enhance the quality of aluminum castings by minimizing porosity defects. The effects of oxygen levels on the integrity of high pressure die casting specimens was investigated by injecting oxygen at different durations (1 s, 3 s, and 5 s) through air jet valves installed at the mold cavity. The CT results indicate that increasing the oxygen injection time significantly reduces the porosity volume from 0.9 to 0.18%, with smaller defects in size as well. Notably, after applying the PFDC process, the elongation improved from 2.23 to 4.58%, suggesting that replacing atmosphere in the cavity space with oxygen plays a crucial role in enhancing the mechanical properties of the HPDC specimens. The improvement is believed to be caused by promoting oxidation reactions with the high concentration of oxygen, which leads to a decrease in gas entrapment during the casting process.
{"title":"Effect of Oxygen Injections on the Porosity of High Pressure Die Castings","authors":"Gi Geun Hong, Sung Su Jung, Yoon Suk Choi, Young Cheol Lee","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01713-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01713-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to investigate the role of oxygen in optimizing the Pore-Free Die Casting (PFDC) process to enhance the quality of aluminum castings by minimizing porosity defects. The effects of oxygen levels on the integrity of high pressure die casting specimens was investigated by injecting oxygen at different durations (1 s, 3 s, and 5 s) through air jet valves installed at the mold cavity. The CT results indicate that increasing the oxygen injection time significantly reduces the porosity volume from 0.9 to 0.18%, with smaller defects in size as well. Notably, after applying the PFDC process, the elongation improved from 2.23 to 4.58%, suggesting that replacing atmosphere in the cavity space with oxygen plays a crucial role in enhancing the mechanical properties of the HPDC specimens. The improvement is believed to be caused by promoting oxidation reactions with the high concentration of oxygen, which leads to a decrease in gas entrapment during the casting process.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Duplex stainless steels (DSS) had good wear and corrosion resistance, making them potential substitutes instead of martensitic stainless steel as the material for water turbine blades. However, designing a DSS with high wear and corrosion resistance using traditional trial-and-error methods required a significant amount of time and cost. This study proposed a material design method based on machine learning (ML) to accelerate the development of novel DSS. A composition-process-performance database for DSS was established, and four ML model such as K-Nearest Neighbor Regressor (KNR), Ridge Regression (RR), Decision Tree (DT), and Random Forest (RF) were employed to train the database. Predictions of wear and corrosion resistance for DSS were achieved. The predicted and actual values of them demonstrated good consistency. Among the four models, the RF model for microhardness and self-corrosion potential exhibited the best predictive performance with an R2 value of 0.90 and 0.87, respectively. Employing the RF model for three rounds of selection obtained three DSS compositions with high wear and corrosion resistance among 69,120 composition-process combinations, then named as 1Cr29Ni11Mo3.5N, 1Cr29Ni8Mo4.5N, and 1Cr29Ni10Mo4.5N. These optimized compositions were further investigated through laser melting deposition (LMD) corresponding samples. Experimental results indicated that the volume ratio of ferrite to austenite in the three samples all reached 3:7. Specifically, 1Cr29Ni11Mo3.5N showed a microhardness of 356 HV0.2, good wear resistance (1.2579 × 10–13 m3/Nm of wear rate), and a self-corrosion potential of − 0.12494 V. 1Cr29Ni11Mo3.5N exhibiting high wear and corrosion resistance.
{"title":"Study on the Composition Design, Microstructure, Wear and Corrosion Resistant of Duplex Stainless Steels Based on Machine Learning","authors":"Jing Liang, Nanying Lv, Zhina Xie, Xiuyuan Yin, Suiyuan Chen, Changsheng Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01714-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01714-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Duplex stainless steels (DSS) had good wear and corrosion resistance, making them potential substitutes instead of martensitic stainless steel as the material for water turbine blades. However, designing a DSS with high wear and corrosion resistance using traditional trial-and-error methods required a significant amount of time and cost. This study proposed a material design method based on machine learning (ML) to accelerate the development of novel DSS. A composition-process-performance database for DSS was established, and four ML model such as K-Nearest Neighbor Regressor (KNR), Ridge Regression (RR), Decision Tree (DT), and Random Forest (RF) were employed to train the database. Predictions of wear and corrosion resistance for DSS were achieved. The predicted and actual values of them demonstrated good consistency. Among the four models, the RF model for microhardness and self-corrosion potential exhibited the best predictive performance with an <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> value of 0.90 and 0.87, respectively. Employing the RF model for three rounds of selection obtained three DSS compositions with high wear and corrosion resistance among 69,120 composition-process combinations, then named as 1Cr29Ni11Mo3.5N, 1Cr29Ni8Mo4.5N, and 1Cr29Ni10Mo4.5N. These optimized compositions were further investigated through laser melting deposition (LMD) corresponding samples. Experimental results indicated that the volume ratio of ferrite to austenite in the three samples all reached 3:7. Specifically, 1Cr29Ni11Mo3.5N showed a microhardness of 356 HV<sub>0.2</sub>, good wear resistance (1.2579 × 10<sup>–13</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/Nm of wear rate), and a self-corrosion potential of − 0.12494 V. 1Cr29Ni11Mo3.5N exhibiting high wear and corrosion resistance.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141516959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-16DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01703-y
Bo Zhang, Wei Liu, Jiaqi Xie, Yipu Sun, Longjun Chen, Hai Li, Fulong Wang, Bowen Hou
The effect of substituting equal concentrations of Ni with 0.7 wt% and 1 wt% Cu on the corrosion behavior of Ni-advanced weathering steels (WS) in the simulated tropical marine atmosphere was studied. The results reveal that the effect of substituting Ni with Cu on enhancing the corrosion resistance of Ni-advanced WS is positively correlated with the substitution of Cu, as the concentration of Cu substitution affects the synergistic effect of Cu/Ni in Ni-advanced WS. With the substitution content of 0.7 wt% Cu, the synergy effect of Cu/Ni on enhancing the densification and protection of the rust layer is weakened which promotes the charge transfer process and accelerates the corrosion process of Ni-advanced WS. As the content of Cu substituting Ni increases up to 1 wt%, the synergy effect of Cu/Ni is stronger than that of Ni at the same content. Consequently, modifies the Ni-depleted region in the rust layer, the α-FeOOH content in the rust layer is increased, makes the rust layer dense, and intensifies the charge transfer resistance at the substrate-rust interface, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the Ni-advanced WS.
{"title":"Substitution of Ni with Cu and Its Impact on the Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Advanced Weathering Steels in the Simulated Tropical Marine Atmosphere","authors":"Bo Zhang, Wei Liu, Jiaqi Xie, Yipu Sun, Longjun Chen, Hai Li, Fulong Wang, Bowen Hou","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01703-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01703-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect of substituting equal concentrations of Ni with 0.7 wt% and 1 wt% Cu on the corrosion behavior of Ni-advanced weathering steels (WS) in the simulated tropical marine atmosphere was studied. The results reveal that the effect of substituting Ni with Cu on enhancing the corrosion resistance of Ni-advanced WS is positively correlated with the substitution of Cu, as the concentration of Cu substitution affects the synergistic effect of Cu/Ni in Ni-advanced WS. With the substitution content of 0.7 wt% Cu, the synergy effect of Cu/Ni on enhancing the densification and protection of the rust layer is weakened which promotes the charge transfer process and accelerates the corrosion process of Ni-advanced WS. As the content of Cu substituting Ni increases up to 1 wt%, the synergy effect of Cu/Ni is stronger than that of Ni at the same content. Consequently, modifies the Ni-depleted region in the rust layer, the α-FeOOH content in the rust layer is increased, makes the rust layer dense, and intensifies the charge transfer resistance at the substrate-rust interface, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the Ni-advanced WS.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"3030 - 3044"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141516958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a simple, direct, one-step method for obtaining a hydrophobic ZnO nanostructure coating to prevent zinc oxidation (white rust). The corrosion resistance of ZnO nanostructure-coated galvanized steel (GI) was studied using the well-known electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique in a 3.5 wt% aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution. Through the thermal decomposition of zinc acetate dihydrate, a thin film of ZnO nanostructure was grown on top of the GI substrate. All specimens were characterized using FESEM, EDS, and XRD following GI surface modification with ZnO nanostructures. The wettability of the nanostructure-modified GI surface was also investigated using the contact angle method. In a 3.5 wt% aqueous NaCl solution, the ZnO nanostructure coating was more resistant to corrosion than the neat GI substrate. In an aqueous corrosive electrolyte medium, we observed ZnO nanostructures forming a hydrophobic surface on a GI substrate. This hydrophobic thin film coating of ZnO nanostructures is an excellent alternative for protecting the surface of GI substrates; thus, it can eliminate toxic material based coatings on GI substrates.
Graphical abstract
我们提出了一种简单、直接、一步法获得疏水性 ZnO 纳米结构涂层以防止锌氧化（白锈）的方法。我们采用著名的电化学阻抗谱（EIS）技术，在 3.5 wt% 的氯化钠电解质水溶液中研究了 ZnO 纳米结构涂层镀锌钢（GI）的耐腐蚀性。通过二水醋酸锌的热分解，在 GI 基底上生长出了一层 ZnO 纳米结构薄膜。在用氧化锌纳米结构对 GI 表面进行改性后，使用 FESEM、EDS 和 XRD 对所有试样进行了表征。此外，还使用接触角法研究了纳米结构修饰的 GI 表面的润湿性。在 3.5 wt% 的氯化钠水溶液中，氧化锌纳米结构涂层的耐腐蚀性比纯净的 GI 基底更强。在腐蚀性电解质水溶液中，我们观察到氧化锌纳米结构在 GI 基底上形成了疏水表面。这种 ZnO 纳米结构疏水薄膜涂层是保护 GI 基材表面的极佳替代品；因此，它可以消除 GI 基材上基于有毒材料的涂层。
{"title":"Efficient and Cost-Effective Single-Step Thin Overlay Zinc Oxide Nanostructure for Enhanced Corrosion Protection of Galvanized Steel","authors":"Ashok Kumar Gupta, Natasha Mandal, Suryakanta Nayak, Rakesh S. Moirangthem, Suryanarayana Reddy Minnam Reddy, Amar Nath Bhagat, Tapan Kumar Rout","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01704-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01704-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a simple, direct, one-step method for obtaining a hydrophobic ZnO nanostructure coating to prevent zinc oxidation (white rust). The corrosion resistance of ZnO nanostructure-coated galvanized steel (GI) was studied using the well-known electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique in a 3.5 wt% aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution. Through the thermal decomposition of zinc acetate dihydrate, a thin film of ZnO nanostructure was grown on top of the GI substrate. All specimens were characterized using FESEM, EDS, and XRD following GI surface modification with ZnO nanostructures. The wettability of the nanostructure-modified GI surface was also investigated using the contact angle method. In a 3.5 wt% aqueous NaCl solution, the ZnO nanostructure coating was more resistant to corrosion than the neat GI substrate. In an aqueous corrosive electrolyte medium, we observed ZnO nanostructures forming a hydrophobic surface on a GI substrate. This hydrophobic thin film coating of ZnO nanostructures is an excellent alternative for protecting the surface of GI substrates; thus, it can eliminate toxic material based coatings on GI substrates.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"3045 - 3055"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141505008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01696-8
Mitsuo Ramos Azpeitia, E. Elizabeth Martínez Flores, Antonio Alberto Torres Castillo, Jose Luis Hernandez Rivera, Gabriel Torres Villaseñor
In this work, superplastic behavior in tension for the Zn-21Al-2Cu alloy was reviewed as a function of: grain size, temperature and strain rate. The deformation mechanism was studied under conditions where the greatest elongation was reached, characterizing microstructural changes and analyzing the associated mechanical response such as the study of plastic stability. This analysis allowed us to propose a phenomenological model consisting of five steps for the mechanism of superplastic deformation under which dynamic conditions are involved for this alloy. In the first stage, an accommodation of the microstructure was observed, in the second stage sliding by individual grain boundaries (GBS) was activated, which provided the conditions for stationary plastic flow. In the third stage, GBS was hampered by the tendency of grain boundaries remaining from high temperature phase (FβBs) to align at 45°. This fact caused the onset of plastic instability. The fourth stage consisted of a transition in which there was competition between individual and cooperative GBS mechanisms, which increased plastic instability. In the last stage, the FβBs were aligned parallel to tensile direction, which favored the GBS, and an additional diffusion flow mechanism allowed partial recovery of stable plastic flow.
{"title":"Phenomenological Model for the Dynamic Superplastic Deformation Mechanism in a Zn-Al Eutectoid Alloy Modified with 2 wt% Cu","authors":"Mitsuo Ramos Azpeitia, E. Elizabeth Martínez Flores, Antonio Alberto Torres Castillo, Jose Luis Hernandez Rivera, Gabriel Torres Villaseñor","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01696-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01696-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, superplastic behavior in tension for the Zn-21Al-2Cu alloy was reviewed as a function of: grain size, temperature and strain rate. The deformation mechanism was studied under conditions where the greatest elongation was reached, characterizing microstructural changes and analyzing the associated mechanical response such as the study of plastic stability. This analysis allowed us to propose a phenomenological model consisting of five steps for the mechanism of superplastic deformation under which dynamic conditions are involved for this alloy. In the first stage, an accommodation of the microstructure was observed, in the second stage sliding by individual grain boundaries (GBS) was activated, which provided the conditions for stationary plastic flow. In the third stage, GBS was hampered by the tendency of grain boundaries remaining from high temperature phase (FβBs) to align at 45°. This fact caused the onset of plastic instability. The fourth stage consisted of a transition in which there was competition between individual and cooperative GBS mechanisms, which increased plastic instability. In the last stage, the FβBs were aligned parallel to tensile direction, which favored the GBS, and an additional diffusion flow mechanism allowed partial recovery of stable plastic flow.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"3014 - 3029"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01707-8
Canay Isil, Amin Radi, Guney Guven Yapici
Recent advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) fuel efforts for expanding the design envelopes for components obtained via this technology through continuous improvement in mechanical behavior. Damping properties can also be altered depending on the microstructure evolved during AM. Therefore, achieving enhanced monotonic mechanical response with better damping properties is highly sought-after. In this respect, thermo-mechanical processing via severe plastic deformation (SPD) and artificial aging is imparted on the additive-manufactured samples with the target of grain refinement and densification to further improve mechanical and damping properties. Employing microstructural characterizations and mechanical experiments, a multi-scale exploration is carried out to develop a relation between the evolved microstructure and the resulting behavior. It is concluded that introducing a refined microstructure decorated with well-distributed (Mg,Si)-rich phase and favorable dislocation substructure in AlSi10Mg positively affects the resulting mechanical behavior. Moreover, it is shown that artificial aging can be employed to improve the damping characteristics of severely deformed additive-manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy.
Graphical Abstract
增材制造（AM）技术的最新进展有助于通过不断改进机械性能来扩大通过该技术获得的部件的设计范围。阻尼特性也可根据 AM 过程中形成的微观结构而改变。因此，实现具有更好阻尼特性的增强单调机械响应是人们孜孜以求的目标。在这方面，通过严重塑性变形（SPD）和人工老化对添加剂制造的样品进行热机械加工，目的是细化晶粒和致密化，以进一步改善机械和阻尼特性。通过微观结构表征和机械实验，进行了多尺度探索，以发展演变的微观结构和由此产生的行为之间的关系。研究得出的结论是，在 AlSi10Mg 中引入富含分布良好的（Mg、Si）相和有利的位错亚结构的精细微观结构会对最终的机械性能产生积极影响。此外，研究还表明，人工老化可用于改善严重变形的添加剂制造 AlSi10Mg 合金的阻尼特性。
{"title":"On the Damping Performance and Mechanical Response of Additive-Manufactured and Thermo-Mechanical Processed AlSiMg Alloy","authors":"Canay Isil, Amin Radi, Guney Guven Yapici","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01707-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01707-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) fuel efforts for expanding the design envelopes for components obtained via this technology through continuous improvement in mechanical behavior. Damping properties can also be altered depending on the microstructure evolved during AM. Therefore, achieving enhanced monotonic mechanical response with better damping properties is highly sought-after. In this respect, thermo-mechanical processing via severe plastic deformation (SPD) and artificial aging is imparted on the additive-manufactured samples with the target of grain refinement and densification to further improve mechanical and damping properties. Employing microstructural characterizations and mechanical experiments, a multi-scale exploration is carried out to develop a relation between the evolved microstructure and the resulting behavior. It is concluded that introducing a refined microstructure decorated with well-distributed (Mg,Si)-rich phase and favorable dislocation substructure in AlSi10Mg positively affects the resulting mechanical behavior. Moreover, it is shown that artificial aging can be employed to improve the damping characteristics of severely deformed additive-manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"2972 - 2981"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12540-024-01707-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study aims to explore the effect of microstructural evolution via forging on corrosion behavior of squeeze-cast Mg-4.0Y-4.0Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Ca (wt%) WZ44 alloys comprising W-type (Mg3Y2Zn3), long-period stacking order (LPSO, Mg12YZn) as secondary phases and α-Mg matrix. In particular, the as-cast ingot was solutionized at 400οC for 20 h, followed by forging at 450οC by applying a compressive pressure of 280 kg/cm2 for 45 min, which has a pronounced effect on the grains orientation, texture, and distribution of the second phases. The forging inflicted a spreading of (0002) grains along the longitudinal direction and strong basal texture, causing improved tensile yield strength and ductility by strain hardening phenomena. The corrosion behavior of alloy specimens assessed in 0.1 M NaCl solution and benchmarked against pure Mg using pH, open circuit potential (OCP) variation with immersion duration, mass loss, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveal inferior corrosion resistance of alloy specimens owing to the presence of highly cathodic LPSO and W-phase causing severe pitting of α-Mg with corrosion products comprising Mg, Y-rich complex phases. Nevertheless, forged alloy exhibited excellent corrosion protection ability (∼4–5 h) during 48 h long EIS analysis owing to a reduction in Volta potential difference between W-type and LPSO phase (98 ± 2.3 mV) with α-Mg matrix confirmed by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) diminishing severe pitting of grains concomitant with a dense protective barrier of oxide/hydroxide layers preventing ingression of Cl−-ions. Overall, the work emphasizes that W-phase and LPSO-rich WZ44 alloy, which is prone to corrosion, can exhibit excellent mechanical properties and slightly improved saltwater corrosion resistance provided by texture effect, and second-phase distribution via forging at elevated temperature.
Graphical Abstract
本研究旨在探讨通过锻造产生的微结构演变对挤压铸造的 Mg-4.0Y-4.0Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Ca (wt%) WZ44 合金腐蚀行为的影响，该合金由 W 型（Mg3Y2Zn3）、长周期堆积阶（LPSO，Mg12YZn）作为次生相和α-Mg 基体组成。其中，铸锭在 400οC 下固溶 20 小时，然后在 450οC 下以 280 kg/cm2 的压缩压力锻造 45 分钟，这对晶粒取向、质地和第二相的分布有明显影响。锻造过程中，(0002) 晶粒沿纵向扩展，基底纹理强烈，通过应变硬化现象提高了拉伸屈服强度和延展性。利用 pH 值、开路电位（OCP）随浸泡时间的变化、质量损失、电位极化（PDP）和电化学阻抗光谱（EIS）对合金试样在 0.1 M NaCl 溶液中的腐蚀行为进行了评估，并将其与纯镁进行对比，结果表明合金试样的耐腐蚀性能较差，原因是高阴极 LPSO 和 W 相的存在导致α-镁出现严重点蚀，腐蚀产物包括镁、富 Y 复相。然而，锻造合金在长达 48 小时的 EIS 分析中表现出卓越的腐蚀保护能力（∼4-5 小时），原因是 W 型和 LPSO 相之间的伏特电位差缩小（98 ± 2.3 mV），α-Mg 基体经扫描开尔文探针力显微镜（SKPFM）确认，晶粒的严重点蚀减少，同时氧化物/氢氧化物层的致密保护屏障阻止了 Cl 离子的侵入。总之，这项研究强调了容易腐蚀的 W 相和富含 LPSO 的 WZ44 合金可以表现出优异的机械性能，并通过纹理效应和高温锻造的第二相分布，略微提高了耐盐水腐蚀性能。
{"title":"Correlation of Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of squeeze-cast Mg-4.0Y-4.0Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Ca (wt%) Alloys Constituting W and LPSO Secondary Phases","authors":"Meeta Ashok Kamde, Yogendra Mahton, Yogesh Singh, Santosh Kumar Sahoo, Sourav Ganguly, N Surya Prakash, Mangal Roy, Vidhyadhar Mishra, Suman Sarkar, Partha Saha","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01712-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01712-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study aims to explore the effect of microstructural evolution via forging on corrosion behavior of squeeze-cast Mg-4.0Y-4.0Zn-0.5Zr-0.2Ca (wt%) WZ44 alloys comprising W-type (Mg<sub>3</sub>Y<sub>2</sub>Zn<sub>3</sub>), long-period stacking order (LPSO, Mg<sub>12</sub>YZn) as secondary phases and α-Mg matrix. In particular, the as-cast ingot was solutionized at 400<sup>ο</sup>C for 20 h, followed by forging at 450<sup>ο</sup>C by applying a compressive pressure of 280 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> for 45 min, which has a pronounced effect on the grains orientation, texture, and distribution of the second phases. The forging inflicted a spreading of (0002) grains along the longitudinal direction and strong basal texture, causing improved tensile yield strength and ductility by strain hardening phenomena. The corrosion behavior of alloy specimens assessed in 0.1 M NaCl solution and benchmarked against pure Mg using pH, open circuit potential (OCP) variation with immersion duration, mass loss, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveal inferior corrosion resistance of alloy specimens owing to the presence of highly cathodic LPSO and W-phase causing severe pitting of α-Mg with corrosion products comprising Mg, Y-rich complex phases. Nevertheless, forged alloy exhibited excellent corrosion protection ability (∼4–5 h) during 48 h long EIS analysis owing to a reduction in Volta potential difference between W-type and LPSO phase (98 ± 2.3 mV) with α-Mg matrix confirmed by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) diminishing severe pitting of grains concomitant with a dense protective barrier of oxide/hydroxide layers preventing ingression of Cl<sup>−</sup>-ions. Overall, the work emphasizes that W-phase and LPSO-rich WZ44 alloy, which is prone to corrosion, can exhibit excellent mechanical properties and slightly improved saltwater corrosion resistance provided by texture effect, and second-phase distribution via forging at elevated temperature.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1007/s12540-024-01698-6
S. V. Chernyshikhin, E. L. Dzidziguri, L. V. Fedorenko, A. A. Gromov, K. B. Larionov, M. V. Lyange, N. A. Kharitonova, E. A. Naumova, D. Yu. Ozherelkov, I. A. Pelevin, S. O. Rogachev
A new low-alloyed Al–Ce–Fe alloy was consolidated by laser power bed fusion (LPBF) method. The process conditions that ensure the production of samples with minimal porosity (0.2%–0.6%) and with a balance of high tensile strength (250 MPa) and elongation (15%) were determined. This combination of properties is ensured by the formation of an ultrafine structure of the degenerate eutectic and a low dislocation density. The strength of the printed alloy is 2 times higher compared with conventional alloy. The strength of the as-built alloy has superior thermal stability – up to 300 °C. In addition, heat treatment at 300 °C makes it possible to increase the plasticity of the material by 1.5 times. In combination with the high cooling rates of the LPBF process, good mechanical properties of Al–Ce–Fe were obtained due to the unique microstructure making this alloy promising as new adopted alloy for LPBF and also as matrix for new metal matrix composites expanding the range of materials suitable for metal additive manufacturing.
{"title":"Structure and Mechanical Properties of Al–Ce–Fe Alloy Synthesized by LPBF Method","authors":"S. V. Chernyshikhin, E. L. Dzidziguri, L. V. Fedorenko, A. A. Gromov, K. B. Larionov, M. V. Lyange, N. A. Kharitonova, E. A. Naumova, D. Yu. Ozherelkov, I. A. Pelevin, S. O. Rogachev","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01698-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-024-01698-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A new low-alloyed Al–Ce–Fe alloy was consolidated by laser power bed fusion (LPBF) method. The process conditions that ensure the production of samples with minimal porosity (0.2%–0.6%) and with a balance of high tensile strength (250 MPa) and elongation (15%) were determined. This combination of properties is ensured by the formation of an ultrafine structure of the degenerate eutectic and a low dislocation density. The strength of the printed alloy is 2 times higher compared with conventional alloy. The strength of the as-built alloy has superior thermal stability – up to 300 °C. In addition, heat treatment at 300 °C makes it possible to increase the plasticity of the material by 1.5 times. In combination with the high cooling rates of the LPBF process, good mechanical properties of Al–Ce–Fe were obtained due to the unique microstructure making this alloy promising as new adopted alloy for LPBF and also as matrix for new metal matrix composites expanding the range of materials suitable for metal additive manufacturing.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"30 11","pages":"3184 - 3201"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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