Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487211
Yunfan Zhang, Xiongzhi Guo, G. Wang, Q. Xiao
This paper presents a novel power inductor for application in compact and large current DC-DC converters. This inductor uses a Fe-based alloy powder named NPA-F as the magnetic material and a straight, flat copper wire as the coil. The magnetic material and fabrication procedure together enable the proposed inductor to exhibit excellent performance. The inductance at 100 kHz is approximately 173 nH with a DC resistance of 0.17 mΩ. The inductor’s performance is compared with a commercial ferrite power inductor in a 40-A buck converter. The volume of this metal inductor is only 43.9% of conventional ferrite inductor. Moreover, the maximum converter efficiency at 1.5 MHz when using the proposed inductor is 0.5% higher than using the ferrite inductor. In other words, this downsized power inductor is able to operate in high frequency applications and helps large current converters achieve higher efficiency.
{"title":"A Novel Power Inductor and Its Application for Compact, Large Current DC-DC Converters","authors":"Yunfan Zhang, Xiongzhi Guo, G. Wang, Q. Xiao","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487211","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel power inductor for application in compact and large current DC-DC converters. This inductor uses a Fe-based alloy powder named NPA-F as the magnetic material and a straight, flat copper wire as the coil. The magnetic material and fabrication procedure together enable the proposed inductor to exhibit excellent performance. The inductance at 100 kHz is approximately 173 nH with a DC resistance of 0.17 mΩ. The inductor’s performance is compared with a commercial ferrite power inductor in a 40-A buck converter. The volume of this metal inductor is only 43.9% of conventional ferrite inductor. Moreover, the maximum converter efficiency at 1.5 MHz when using the proposed inductor is 0.5% higher than using the ferrite inductor. In other words, this downsized power inductor is able to operate in high frequency applications and helps large current converters achieve higher efficiency.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88388140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487321
Yiwei Pan, A. Sangwongwanich, Yongheng Yang, F. Blaabjerg
To enhance the power quality and stability of photovoltaic (PV) systems, energy storage elements such as batteries can be included. Among various structures of PV-battery-hybrid (PVBH) systems, the series configuration attracts much popularity. However, certain operating conditions have not previously been considered for the series PVBH system. For instance, when the electrical grid is overloaded, the power generation of the PVBH system should be regulated below a certain constraint. Moreover, when the battery state-of-charge (SoC) reaches an upper or lower limit, the battery converter may lose its capability in power buffering. To address these issues, a flexible power control approach for the grid-connected series PVBH system is proposed in this paper. With the proposed control method, the PV power variations can be compensated by the battery operation following a desired ramp-rate, and the total power can be limited to a certain level in order to avoid potential overloading. When the PV power is higher than the grid demand, the surplus PV power can either be absorbed by the battery or discarded depending on the battery SoC. Experimental results from hardware prototype have validated the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
{"title":"Flexible Power Control of Distributed Grid-Connected Series-Photovoltaic-Battery Systems","authors":"Yiwei Pan, A. Sangwongwanich, Yongheng Yang, F. Blaabjerg","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487321","url":null,"abstract":"To enhance the power quality and stability of photovoltaic (PV) systems, energy storage elements such as batteries can be included. Among various structures of PV-battery-hybrid (PVBH) systems, the series configuration attracts much popularity. However, certain operating conditions have not previously been considered for the series PVBH system. For instance, when the electrical grid is overloaded, the power generation of the PVBH system should be regulated below a certain constraint. Moreover, when the battery state-of-charge (SoC) reaches an upper or lower limit, the battery converter may lose its capability in power buffering. To address these issues, a flexible power control approach for the grid-connected series PVBH system is proposed in this paper. With the proposed control method, the PV power variations can be compensated by the battery operation following a desired ramp-rate, and the total power can be limited to a certain level in order to avoid potential overloading. When the PV power is higher than the grid demand, the surplus PV power can either be absorbed by the battery or discarded depending on the battery SoC. Experimental results from hardware prototype have validated the effectiveness of the proposed solution.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83968326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487153
Khaled Rayane, A. Benalia, H. Abu-Rub, S. Refaat, M. Trabelsi
This paper proposes an effective Sliding Mode PWM (SMPWM) control strategy based on the average model of the 5-level Packed-U-Cell (PUC5) inverter. The proposed controller is designed from a stability point-of-view based on the Lyapunov control theory, to balance the PUC5 capacitor voltage and feed a sinusoidal current to the load with low harmonics distortion. The proposed controller is offering the following advantages over the conventional controllers: 1) Reduced switching stress and low harmonics content of the load current owing to the fixed switching frequency; 2) High robustness against disturbances and parameters mismatch. Simulation and experimental results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
{"title":"An Effective Sliding Mode PWM Control for The PUC5 Inverter","authors":"Khaled Rayane, A. Benalia, H. Abu-Rub, S. Refaat, M. Trabelsi","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487153","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an effective Sliding Mode PWM (SMPWM) control strategy based on the average model of the 5-level Packed-U-Cell (PUC5) inverter. The proposed controller is designed from a stability point-of-view based on the Lyapunov control theory, to balance the PUC5 capacitor voltage and feed a sinusoidal current to the load with low harmonics distortion. The proposed controller is offering the following advantages over the conventional controllers: 1) Reduced switching stress and low harmonics content of the load current owing to the fixed switching frequency; 2) High robustness against disturbances and parameters mismatch. Simulation and experimental results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed controller.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86734507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487151
Xinru Li, C. Jiang, Hui Zhao, Boya Wen, Yunlei Jiang, T. Long
The eddy current loss for nanocrystalline alloys is detrimental at high frequencies due to the low material resistivity. Novel flexible nanocrystalline flake ribbons fabricated from Fe-based nanocrystalline alloys are introduced to solve the problem. In this paper, the manufacturing process of a novel material and the mechanism of reducing eddy current loss are described. The material characterisation and magnetic measurement of nanocrystalline flake ribbons are given. The core losses of nanocrystalline flake ribbons and conventional nanocrystalline ribbons are compared. The experimental results show that the core losses of nanocrystalline flake ribbons decrease by 30% compared to the corresponding nanocrystalline ribbons. Following an optimal design procedure, high frequency (HF) transformers built by the flake ribbons and ferrites are tested in a 1.2 kW DAB converter, and the core losses are reduced by over 50% compared with ferrite transformers.
{"title":"Novel Flexible Nanocrystalline Flake Ribbons for High-Frequency Transformer Design","authors":"Xinru Li, C. Jiang, Hui Zhao, Boya Wen, Yunlei Jiang, T. Long","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487151","url":null,"abstract":"The eddy current loss for nanocrystalline alloys is detrimental at high frequencies due to the low material resistivity. Novel flexible nanocrystalline flake ribbons fabricated from Fe-based nanocrystalline alloys are introduced to solve the problem. In this paper, the manufacturing process of a novel material and the mechanism of reducing eddy current loss are described. The material characterisation and magnetic measurement of nanocrystalline flake ribbons are given. The core losses of nanocrystalline flake ribbons and conventional nanocrystalline ribbons are compared. The experimental results show that the core losses of nanocrystalline flake ribbons decrease by 30% compared to the corresponding nanocrystalline ribbons. Following an optimal design procedure, high frequency (HF) transformers built by the flake ribbons and ferrites are tested in a 1.2 kW DAB converter, and the core losses are reduced by over 50% compared with ferrite transformers.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80563192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel double vector model predictive control (DC-MPC) for lower harmonics with common-mode voltage (CMV) elimination in five-level active neutral-point-clamped (5L-ANPC) converter without weighting factors is proposed in this paper. Firstly, by analyzing all the possible voltage vectors of 5L-ANPC, 19 of the 125 voltage vectors which generate zero CMV are selected as the candidate voltage vectors for the proposed MPC. Then, two optimal voltage vectors of the candidate voltage vectors are selected and its optimal intervals are calculated to reduce the current ripple. In addition, appropriate switching combinations of double selected voltage vectors to balance flying and dc-link capacitor voltages effectively without weighting factors. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed MPC strategy are verified with simulated results.
{"title":"Double-Vector Model Predictive Control for Lower Harmonics with Common-Mode Voltage Elimination in Five-Level ANPC Converter","authors":"Chang Liu, Xiaoyan Li, Xiangyang Xing, Ying Jiang, Rui Zhang, Chenghui Zhang","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487278","url":null,"abstract":"A novel double vector model predictive control (DC-MPC) for lower harmonics with common-mode voltage (CMV) elimination in five-level active neutral-point-clamped (5L-ANPC) converter without weighting factors is proposed in this paper. Firstly, by analyzing all the possible voltage vectors of 5L-ANPC, 19 of the 125 voltage vectors which generate zero CMV are selected as the candidate voltage vectors for the proposed MPC. Then, two optimal voltage vectors of the candidate voltage vectors are selected and its optimal intervals are calculated to reduce the current ripple. In addition, appropriate switching combinations of double selected voltage vectors to balance flying and dc-link capacitor voltages effectively without weighting factors. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed MPC strategy are verified with simulated results.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80675247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487250
D. Ronanki, Krishna Reddy Pittam, A. Dekka, P. Perumal, A. R. Beig
Existing phase current reconstruction algorithms are developed for switched reluctance motor (SRM) operated under current chopping control (CCC), which generates high torque ripple. Therefore, the direct torque control (DTC) technique is mostly used to control the SRM with minimal torque pulsations. However, the reconstruction of phase currents using the existing one or two sensor methods developed under CCC control will be more difficult to adopt for the DTC scheme due to the simultaneous conduction of all phases. To circumvent this issue, a novel DTC method with reduced sensors is introduced in this paper, which exhibits better performance in comparison to the conventional DTC method. The proposed DTC method avoids the long tail currents thereby limits the conduction of all phases simultaneously. The efficacy of the proposed scheme is validated for four-phase SRM through MATLAB simulations. The results show that the proposed approach helps to operate the drive at the lower torque ripple with reduced cost under various operating conditions in comparison to the conventional DTC.
{"title":"Phase Current Reconstruction Algorithm for Four-Phase Switched Reluctance Motor under Direct Torque Control Strategy","authors":"D. Ronanki, Krishna Reddy Pittam, A. Dekka, P. Perumal, A. R. Beig","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487250","url":null,"abstract":"Existing phase current reconstruction algorithms are developed for switched reluctance motor (SRM) operated under current chopping control (CCC), which generates high torque ripple. Therefore, the direct torque control (DTC) technique is mostly used to control the SRM with minimal torque pulsations. However, the reconstruction of phase currents using the existing one or two sensor methods developed under CCC control will be more difficult to adopt for the DTC scheme due to the simultaneous conduction of all phases. To circumvent this issue, a novel DTC method with reduced sensors is introduced in this paper, which exhibits better performance in comparison to the conventional DTC method. The proposed DTC method avoids the long tail currents thereby limits the conduction of all phases simultaneously. The efficacy of the proposed scheme is validated for four-phase SRM through MATLAB simulations. The results show that the proposed approach helps to operate the drive at the lower torque ripple with reduced cost under various operating conditions in comparison to the conventional DTC.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80686537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487041
Zhihong Yan, Ying Huang, Chenxiao Jiang, Ying Mei, Siew-Chong Tan, C. Tang, S. Hui
This paper presents a hybrid model combining an improved kinetic battery model (KiBaM) with an electrical circuit model (ECM) for capturing the behaviors of a reverse electrodialysis (RED) stack in the recycle operation mode. This model is capable of capturing the self-consumed effect and nonlinear effects (i.e., rate capacity effect and recovery effect), tracking the state of charge (SOC), predicting the runtime and describing the transient response of the stack. The details of the model extraction procedure are explained. The validity of the proposed model is verified by the comparison between experimental and numerical simulation results.
{"title":"An RED Hybrid Model for SOC Tracking, Runtime Prediction and Transient Response Description","authors":"Zhihong Yan, Ying Huang, Chenxiao Jiang, Ying Mei, Siew-Chong Tan, C. Tang, S. Hui","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487041","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a hybrid model combining an improved kinetic battery model (KiBaM) with an electrical circuit model (ECM) for capturing the behaviors of a reverse electrodialysis (RED) stack in the recycle operation mode. This model is capable of capturing the self-consumed effect and nonlinear effects (i.e., rate capacity effect and recovery effect), tracking the state of charge (SOC), predicting the runtime and describing the transient response of the stack. The details of the model extraction procedure are explained. The validity of the proposed model is verified by the comparison between experimental and numerical simulation results.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83177996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487043
Jingjing Sun, Shuyao Wang, Jingxin Wang, L. Tolbert
Data centers have become a widespread power electronics (PE) load, with significant impact on the power grid. In order to investigate data centers’ load characteristic and help evaluate the grid dynamic performance, this work develops a data center power emulator based on a reconfigurable PE converter-based hardware testbed (HTB). A complete dynamic power model is proposed which can precisely predict the data center dynamic performance. Based on the model, the data center power emulator is implemented in two voltage source inverters (VSIs) as an all-in-one load in the HTB. The proposed emulator has been verified experimentally in a regional network. Dynamic performances during voltage sag events are emulated and discussed. The emulator provides an effective, easy-to-use tool to better design the data center and study the power system.
{"title":"Development of a Converter-Based Data Center Power Emulator","authors":"Jingjing Sun, Shuyao Wang, Jingxin Wang, L. Tolbert","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487043","url":null,"abstract":"Data centers have become a widespread power electronics (PE) load, with significant impact on the power grid. In order to investigate data centers’ load characteristic and help evaluate the grid dynamic performance, this work develops a data center power emulator based on a reconfigurable PE converter-based hardware testbed (HTB). A complete dynamic power model is proposed which can precisely predict the data center dynamic performance. Based on the model, the data center power emulator is implemented in two voltage source inverters (VSIs) as an all-in-one load in the HTB. The proposed emulator has been verified experimentally in a regional network. Dynamic performances during voltage sag events are emulated and discussed. The emulator provides an effective, easy-to-use tool to better design the data center and study the power system.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84661252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487164
Juntao Yao, Yanwen Lai, Zhedong Ma, Shuo Wang
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) in non-isolated power converters is regulated by extensive standards in many applications. EMI modeling and reduction research is key to develop solutions to achieve EMI compliance. For conducted EMI, there are lots of techniques to analyze noise sources, propagation paths, parasitic couplings, and so on, which are summarized in this survey. Fundamental and general techniques to investigate and to reduce conducted EMI are analyzed. Moreover, in the high switching frequency era and with increasing applications of wide bandgap devices, radiated EMI is becoming an inevitable challenge. Modeling and reduction of radiated EMI, therefore, is becoming an important topic. Recent advances in radiated EMI research for non-isolated power converters are summarized and analyzed. Future EMI research development is discussed.
{"title":"Advances in Modeling and Reduction of Conducted and Radiated EMI in Non-isolated Power Converters","authors":"Juntao Yao, Yanwen Lai, Zhedong Ma, Shuo Wang","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487164","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic interference (EMI) in non-isolated power converters is regulated by extensive standards in many applications. EMI modeling and reduction research is key to develop solutions to achieve EMI compliance. For conducted EMI, there are lots of techniques to analyze noise sources, propagation paths, parasitic couplings, and so on, which are summarized in this survey. Fundamental and general techniques to investigate and to reduce conducted EMI are analyzed. Moreover, in the high switching frequency era and with increasing applications of wide bandgap devices, radiated EMI is becoming an inevitable challenge. Modeling and reduction of radiated EMI, therefore, is becoming an important topic. Recent advances in radiated EMI research for non-isolated power converters are summarized and analyzed. Future EMI research development is discussed.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84674156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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