Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9486983
Vikram Roy Chowdhury, J. Kimball
Grid connected inverters constitute the most important part of any modern day micro-grid. However, for the optimal usage of the resources, it becomes a necessity to track the dynamic changes in the plant parameters. In this paper, a parameter estimation architecture is employed in a synchronous frame of reference and the controller parameters are updated online. To verify the performance of the control come estimation architecture, a deadbeat control is implemented on a three phase grid connected inverter with RL filter. The controller parameter gains are adjusted based on the parameter estimated. Verification of the proposed methodology is carried out via simulation based on MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS domain along with experimental verification on a reduced scale laboratory prototype.
{"title":"Adaptive Control of a Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with near Deadbeat Response","authors":"Vikram Roy Chowdhury, J. Kimball","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9486983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9486983","url":null,"abstract":"Grid connected inverters constitute the most important part of any modern day micro-grid. However, for the optimal usage of the resources, it becomes a necessity to track the dynamic changes in the plant parameters. In this paper, a parameter estimation architecture is employed in a synchronous frame of reference and the controller parameters are updated online. To verify the performance of the control come estimation architecture, a deadbeat control is implemented on a three phase grid connected inverter with RL filter. The controller parameter gains are adjusted based on the parameter estimated. Verification of the proposed methodology is carried out via simulation based on MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS domain along with experimental verification on a reduced scale laboratory prototype.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87820886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487044
P. Niklaus, D. Bortis, J. Kolar
The control of very high switching frequency power electronic converter systems featuring latest generation wide bandgap (WBG) devices requires current measurements with a very high bandwidth (BW) to achieve high closed-loop control dynamics. One example is a ultra-high BW 4.8 MHz parallel-interleaved multi-level GaN inverter AC power source with a target output BW of 100 kHz. This work investigates the combination of state-of-the-art Hall-effect current sensors with a suitable high-frequency (HF) sensor to extend the BW of the commercially available current sensor by a factor of 20 – 50, i.e., up to 10 − 20 MHz. The main focus lies on a small form factor and a low realization effort. HF current sensors based on a Rogowski coil, an inductor integrated voltage sensing and a current transformer (CT) are analyzed and compared. Additionally, their respective performance limitations are highlighted. Furthermore, a precise combiner network to combine the low-frequency (LF) and HF signal is analyzed. The combiner circuit is designed in a way that component tolerances have no influence on the behavior in the transition frequency range from LF to HF. Thereby, also the immunity to Common-Mode (CM) disturbances, i.e., the high dv/dt occurring for the switching transitions of WBG semiconductors is considered. Finally, a hardware demonstrator featuring the two most promising current sensor approaches, i.e., the inductor voltage sensing and the CT, is presented and verified with comprehensive measurements in frequency and time domain. A BW from DC up to 35 MHz is measured. The realized sensors are further tested with a hardware prototype of the aforementioned AC power source switching 600 V at an effective switching frequency of 1.6 MHz. The measurements clearly reveal that both proposed sensor concepts are well suited for accurate measurements in fast switching converter systems with negligible additional volume.
{"title":"High-Bandwidth High-CMRR Current Measurement for a 4.8 MHz Multi-Level GaN Inverter AC Power Source","authors":"P. Niklaus, D. Bortis, J. Kolar","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487044","url":null,"abstract":"The control of very high switching frequency power electronic converter systems featuring latest generation wide bandgap (WBG) devices requires current measurements with a very high bandwidth (BW) to achieve high closed-loop control dynamics. One example is a ultra-high BW 4.8 MHz parallel-interleaved multi-level GaN inverter AC power source with a target output BW of 100 kHz. This work investigates the combination of state-of-the-art Hall-effect current sensors with a suitable high-frequency (HF) sensor to extend the BW of the commercially available current sensor by a factor of 20 – 50, i.e., up to 10 − 20 MHz. The main focus lies on a small form factor and a low realization effort. HF current sensors based on a Rogowski coil, an inductor integrated voltage sensing and a current transformer (CT) are analyzed and compared. Additionally, their respective performance limitations are highlighted. Furthermore, a precise combiner network to combine the low-frequency (LF) and HF signal is analyzed. The combiner circuit is designed in a way that component tolerances have no influence on the behavior in the transition frequency range from LF to HF. Thereby, also the immunity to Common-Mode (CM) disturbances, i.e., the high dv/dt occurring for the switching transitions of WBG semiconductors is considered. Finally, a hardware demonstrator featuring the two most promising current sensor approaches, i.e., the inductor voltage sensing and the CT, is presented and verified with comprehensive measurements in frequency and time domain. A BW from DC up to 35 MHz is measured. The realized sensors are further tested with a hardware prototype of the aforementioned AC power source switching 600 V at an effective switching frequency of 1.6 MHz. The measurements clearly reveal that both proposed sensor concepts are well suited for accurate measurements in fast switching converter systems with negligible additional volume.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88000843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487292
Ahmed K. Khamis, M. Agamy
Split duty cycle coupled multi-phase variant of the cascaded boost-buck converter with multiphase low voltage buck stage, suitable for bidirectional operation provides benefits of low current ripple, small magnetic component size and high efficiency. This paper proposes an enhancement to split duty cycle switching pattern that would result in a further reduction in ripple current values in each buck phase, resulting in a much lower losses during operation and hence more efficient operation can be achieved, suitable for bidirectional operation where the low voltage port has high current, requiring a multi-phase buck stage. The paper covers split duty cycle vs. alternating split duty cycle converter operation principle using coupled inductors where the selected magnetic component used in both switching patterns is the same. Proposed analysis is validated by simulation and experimental results.
{"title":"Switching Pattern Analysis of Coupled Multi-phase Boost-Buck Converters","authors":"Ahmed K. Khamis, M. Agamy","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487292","url":null,"abstract":"Split duty cycle coupled multi-phase variant of the cascaded boost-buck converter with multiphase low voltage buck stage, suitable for bidirectional operation provides benefits of low current ripple, small magnetic component size and high efficiency. This paper proposes an enhancement to split duty cycle switching pattern that would result in a further reduction in ripple current values in each buck phase, resulting in a much lower losses during operation and hence more efficient operation can be achieved, suitable for bidirectional operation where the low voltage port has high current, requiring a multi-phase buck stage. The paper covers split duty cycle vs. alternating split duty cycle converter operation principle using coupled inductors where the selected magnetic component used in both switching patterns is the same. Proposed analysis is validated by simulation and experimental results.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79544515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487084
Utkal Ranjan Muduli, Khaled Ali Al Jaafari, R. Behera, A. R. Beig, J. Alsawalhi
A dual two-level voltage source inverter (VSI) fed open-end winding induction motor drive with isolated dc sources is more convenient for electric vehicle applications. For satisfactory operation of the drive, uniform state-of-charge (SOC) distribution is required whch can be achieved by the balanced power flow from each of the isolated sources. Model predictive direct torque control (MPDTC) cannot achieve such performance because it only considers torque and stator flux control without addressing dc-link power management. A two-stage MPDTC scheme is proposed to balance the SOC of batteries by proper selection of the inverter switching frequency. Also proposed MPDTC scheme is free from weighting factor tuning and uses a ranking method to predict the optimal voltage vectors. Simulation and experimental validation for HFET and a portion of the FTP75 driving cycle show the efficacy of the proposed system with proper battery SOC control.
{"title":"Predictive Control based Battery Power Sharing for Four-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicle","authors":"Utkal Ranjan Muduli, Khaled Ali Al Jaafari, R. Behera, A. R. Beig, J. Alsawalhi","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487084","url":null,"abstract":"A dual two-level voltage source inverter (VSI) fed open-end winding induction motor drive with isolated dc sources is more convenient for electric vehicle applications. For satisfactory operation of the drive, uniform state-of-charge (SOC) distribution is required whch can be achieved by the balanced power flow from each of the isolated sources. Model predictive direct torque control (MPDTC) cannot achieve such performance because it only considers torque and stator flux control without addressing dc-link power management. A two-stage MPDTC scheme is proposed to balance the SOC of batteries by proper selection of the inverter switching frequency. Also proposed MPDTC scheme is free from weighting factor tuning and uses a ranking method to predict the optimal voltage vectors. Simulation and experimental validation for HFET and a portion of the FTP75 driving cycle show the efficacy of the proposed system with proper battery SOC control.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77190571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487242
Yihao Wu, Lingyun Zhou, Shun Liu, R. Mai, Jihao Tian, S. Goetz
For a proper charging process in combination with inductive power transfer (IPT), the IPT topology has to meet the demand of both constant charging current (CC) or constant charging voltage (CV) for the battery within a wide range of loads that may be determined by the charging equipment. The proposed reconfigurable IPT topology can achieve load-independent CC and CV output by properly selecting an auxiliary capacitor and two single MOSFET switches without feedback control strategies or wireless communication links between the primary side and secondary side. The feasibility of the topology is verified by the output current and voltage stability of the prototype in CC/CV mode. During the whole charging process, the fluctuation amplitudes of charging current and charging voltage are both less than 2.4% with the overall system efficiency can maintain around 95%.
{"title":"A Highly-Efficient and Cost-Effective Reconfigurable IPT Topology for Constant-Current and Constant-Voltage Battery Charging","authors":"Yihao Wu, Lingyun Zhou, Shun Liu, R. Mai, Jihao Tian, S. Goetz","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487242","url":null,"abstract":"For a proper charging process in combination with inductive power transfer (IPT), the IPT topology has to meet the demand of both constant charging current (CC) or constant charging voltage (CV) for the battery within a wide range of loads that may be determined by the charging equipment. The proposed reconfigurable IPT topology can achieve load-independent CC and CV output by properly selecting an auxiliary capacitor and two single MOSFET switches without feedback control strategies or wireless communication links between the primary side and secondary side. The feasibility of the topology is verified by the output current and voltage stability of the prototype in CC/CV mode. During the whole charging process, the fluctuation amplitudes of charging current and charging voltage are both less than 2.4% with the overall system efficiency can maintain around 95%.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91483570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487347
Roberto Rizzolatti, Christian Rainer, S. Saggini, Mario Ursino
In server AI application one of the biggest bottlenecks to keep up calculation capability is power management, hence high power density and high efficiency power supply are required. 48 V power-delivery architecture has been promoted to replace the 12 V power supply [1] where a two-stage approach is commonly adopted. First stage is typically implemented with an unregulated converter such as LLC or STC [2]. LLC converters with matrix transformer are suitable for these applications, however, where isolation is not needed a non-isolated resonant hybrid switched capacitor converter is a valuable candidate. In this paper a novel magnetic structure called matrix multi-tapped autotransformer is presented. This structure combines the benefit of matrix transformer with the advantages of hybrid switched capacitor structure. Experimental results for a 450 W prototype in 8th brick ultra-low profile factor achieving 1300 W/in3 power density, are proving the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
{"title":"Ultra-Low Profile Hybrid Switched Capacitor Converter with Matrix Multi-Tapped Autostransformer","authors":"Roberto Rizzolatti, Christian Rainer, S. Saggini, Mario Ursino","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487347","url":null,"abstract":"In server AI application one of the biggest bottlenecks to keep up calculation capability is power management, hence high power density and high efficiency power supply are required. 48 V power-delivery architecture has been promoted to replace the 12 V power supply [1] where a two-stage approach is commonly adopted. First stage is typically implemented with an unregulated converter such as LLC or STC [2]. LLC converters with matrix transformer are suitable for these applications, however, where isolation is not needed a non-isolated resonant hybrid switched capacitor converter is a valuable candidate. In this paper a novel magnetic structure called matrix multi-tapped autotransformer is presented. This structure combines the benefit of matrix transformer with the advantages of hybrid switched capacitor structure. Experimental results for a 450 W prototype in 8th brick ultra-low profile factor achieving 1300 W/in3 power density, are proving the effectiveness of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91489854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487158
M. Babaie, K. Al-haddad
Although compact multilevel converters provide the most cost-effective bidirectional structures (BCMCs), they have sort of stability problems due to using several floating capacitors with unequal voltage levels. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is the only reported advanced technique that engages the dynamical model of capacitors in control equations to regulate the dc-links voltages. MPC however causes variable switching frequency that escalates dv/dt as well as power losses. Variable switching frequency also distributes the harmonic content of the converter current that is a serious challenge to design passive filters. This paper proposes a simple low frequency control technique based on backstepping theory to apply direct voltages control to dc-link capacitors in a promising grid-connected BCMC namely nine-level Packed E-Cell (PEC9) converter. Simulation and experimental results validate the success of the proposed backstepping-based nonlinear technique in fulfilling the desired control objectives including accurate reference current tracking, low THD, standard dc voltage ripple and minimum steady state error and transient effects under stable and unstable conditions.
{"title":"Direct Control of Capacitors Voltage using Backstepping Technique for Bidirectional Compact Multilevel Converters","authors":"M. Babaie, K. Al-haddad","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487158","url":null,"abstract":"Although compact multilevel converters provide the most cost-effective bidirectional structures (BCMCs), they have sort of stability problems due to using several floating capacitors with unequal voltage levels. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is the only reported advanced technique that engages the dynamical model of capacitors in control equations to regulate the dc-links voltages. MPC however causes variable switching frequency that escalates dv/dt as well as power losses. Variable switching frequency also distributes the harmonic content of the converter current that is a serious challenge to design passive filters. This paper proposes a simple low frequency control technique based on backstepping theory to apply direct voltages control to dc-link capacitors in a promising grid-connected BCMC namely nine-level Packed E-Cell (PEC9) converter. Simulation and experimental results validate the success of the proposed backstepping-based nonlinear technique in fulfilling the desired control objectives including accurate reference current tracking, low THD, standard dc voltage ripple and minimum steady state error and transient effects under stable and unstable conditions.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91549692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487424
Xiaoqing Song, Yu Du, P. Cairoli
The voltage clamping components or circuits are indispensable for both solid state circuit breakers (SSCBs) and hybrid circuit breakers (HCBs) to protect the solid state switch from over-voltage damage and absorb the remnant energy in the system loop inductances. To help the designers better select the suitable voltage clamping components or circuits for SSCBs or HCBs, this paper surveys and compares various voltage clamping components (e.g. metal oxide varistors, transient voltage suppression diodes, capacitor based snubber circuits, etc.) in terms of operating voltage ranges, surge current capability, energy absorbing capability, cost, etc. A voltage clamping component with lower peak clamping voltage is preferred for SSCBs, as the SSCB can operate at a higher DC bus voltage for a certain voltage rating (e.g. 1200V) solid state switch. The voltage clamping performances are also experimentally evaluated by measuring the ratio of peak clamping voltage and the maximum operating voltage (Vpk/Vop). Finally, the advantages and limitations of different voltage clamping components are discussed and summarized to facilitate the SSCB design.
{"title":"Survey and Experimental Evaluation of Voltage Clamping Components for Solid State Circuit Breakers","authors":"Xiaoqing Song, Yu Du, P. Cairoli","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487424","url":null,"abstract":"The voltage clamping components or circuits are indispensable for both solid state circuit breakers (SSCBs) and hybrid circuit breakers (HCBs) to protect the solid state switch from over-voltage damage and absorb the remnant energy in the system loop inductances. To help the designers better select the suitable voltage clamping components or circuits for SSCBs or HCBs, this paper surveys and compares various voltage clamping components (e.g. metal oxide varistors, transient voltage suppression diodes, capacitor based snubber circuits, etc.) in terms of operating voltage ranges, surge current capability, energy absorbing capability, cost, etc. A voltage clamping component with lower peak clamping voltage is preferred for SSCBs, as the SSCB can operate at a higher DC bus voltage for a certain voltage rating (e.g. 1200V) solid state switch. The voltage clamping performances are also experimentally evaluated by measuring the ratio of peak clamping voltage and the maximum operating voltage (Vpk/Vop). Finally, the advantages and limitations of different voltage clamping components are discussed and summarized to facilitate the SSCB design.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87628611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487277
Yuqi Wei, A. Mantooth
Although frequency control is an effective and common control strategy for resonant converters, it still has some drawbacks: 1) wide operating switching frequency range is required; 2) degraded circuit electro-magnetic interference (EMI) performance; 3) in some applications, like interleaving and multiple output operations, not enough control freedoms to achieve independent control since frequency will affect operation of each phase or output channel. On the other hand, magnetic control or variable inductor control (VIC) can regulate the resonant converter without adjusting the switching frequency and duty cycle, which can effectively address the above-mentioned issues. Therefore, in this article, all possible LLC converters with different VIC control strategies are introduced. The suitable applications for each VIC control strategy are summarized. Key design guidelines for variable inductor are presented. Experimental results for variable resonant inductance, variable magnetizing inductance, and a novel variable resonant and magnetizing inductance based LLC converters are presented. Other applications of VIC LLC converters are also discussed.
{"title":"A Family of LLC Converters with Magnetic Control","authors":"Yuqi Wei, A. Mantooth","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487277","url":null,"abstract":"Although frequency control is an effective and common control strategy for resonant converters, it still has some drawbacks: 1) wide operating switching frequency range is required; 2) degraded circuit electro-magnetic interference (EMI) performance; 3) in some applications, like interleaving and multiple output operations, not enough control freedoms to achieve independent control since frequency will affect operation of each phase or output channel. On the other hand, magnetic control or variable inductor control (VIC) can regulate the resonant converter without adjusting the switching frequency and duty cycle, which can effectively address the above-mentioned issues. Therefore, in this article, all possible LLC converters with different VIC control strategies are introduced. The suitable applications for each VIC control strategy are summarized. Key design guidelines for variable inductor are presented. Experimental results for variable resonant inductance, variable magnetizing inductance, and a novel variable resonant and magnetizing inductance based LLC converters are presented. Other applications of VIC LLC converters are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88943672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487234
Armin Ebrahimian, W. Khan, M. Abarzadeh, Md. Rakib-Ur Rahman, N. Weise
In this paper, a constant switching frequency Finite Control Set Modulated Model Predictive Control (FCS-M2PC) is proposed for a single phase 5-level flying capacitor multilevel converter with an output LC filter operating as an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). In the proposed method, first Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) is used to generate the reference voltage by inspecting all the possible converter output voltages taking into account the control delay. Then, the generated reference is applied to a modulator operating with Phase Shifted Pulse Width Modulation (PSPWM) scheme. The application to the modulator ensures a constant output switching frequency and proper voltage balancing of the flying capacitors (FCs’). The proposed method is easy to implement and provides a fast dynamic response, robustness to the load change, constant switching frequency, and decreases the computational burden of traditional FCS-MPC. Finally, the performance of the FCS-M2PC is verified by implementing different scenarios on a experimental setup and the results are presented.
{"title":"Finite Control Set - Modulated Model Predictive Control for a 5L-Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter","authors":"Armin Ebrahimian, W. Khan, M. Abarzadeh, Md. Rakib-Ur Rahman, N. Weise","doi":"10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487234","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a constant switching frequency Finite Control Set Modulated Model Predictive Control (FCS-M2PC) is proposed for a single phase 5-level flying capacitor multilevel converter with an output LC filter operating as an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). In the proposed method, first Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) is used to generate the reference voltage by inspecting all the possible converter output voltages taking into account the control delay. Then, the generated reference is applied to a modulator operating with Phase Shifted Pulse Width Modulation (PSPWM) scheme. The application to the modulator ensures a constant output switching frequency and proper voltage balancing of the flying capacitors (FCs’). The proposed method is easy to implement and provides a fast dynamic response, robustness to the load change, constant switching frequency, and decreases the computational burden of traditional FCS-MPC. Finally, the performance of the FCS-M2PC is verified by implementing different scenarios on a experimental setup and the results are presented.","PeriodicalId":7050,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88954260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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