3 Biotech最新文献

A novel series of thiadiazole-linked thiazolidinone-chalcone derivatives was synthesized and comprehensively evaluated for their inhibitory potential against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Structural characterization was confirmed through ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and HREI-MS analyses. Among the synthesized compounds, analog 10 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 3.10 ± 0.20 µM (AChE) and 3.80 ± 0.20 µM (BChE), surpassing the standard drug donepezil (IC₅₀ = 5.50 ± 0.10 µM and 6.10 ± 0.20 µM, respectively). Other analogs demonstrated moderate to good activity within the range of 3.10-15.60 µM. In silico analyses, including molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, DFT calculations, and ADMET profiling, supported the experimental results and revealed stable binding conformations and favorable drug-like properties. The strong correlation between computational predictions and experimental data validated the proposed structure-activity relationship. These findings highlight compound 10 as a promising lead molecule for further optimization and development of effective and safe cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease therapy.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04648-0.

The present study elucidates the oxidative stress response mechanisms of two marine cyanobacterial species, Phormidium sp. JMC111 and Microcoleus acutissimus, when exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Both species tolerated short-term H₂O₂ stress up to 60 min, exhibiting significant biochemical and enzymatic adaptations. Statistical analysis revealed a steady decline in chlorophyll content and degradation efficiency over time, with M. acutissimus maintaining higher resilience compared to Phormidium sp. JMC111. Non-enzymatic antioxidants such as carotenoids, β-carotene, tocopherol, and astaxanthin remained elevated, suggesting a strong photoprotective and radical-scavenging defense, while ascorbic acid and phycobiliproteins declined under prolonged stress. Two-way ANOVA confirmed significant time- and species-dependent variations (p < 0.05) in antioxidant responses. Enzymatic assays on native PAGE revealed distinct isoform patterns of SOD, CAT, POD, and GPx, with the appearance of novel peroxidase and catalase isoforms under oxidative stress-reported here for the first time in marine cyanobacteria. These findings demonstrate that both cyanobacteria possess a dynamic and coordinated ROS defense network, with M. acutissimus showing superior antioxidative stability. The study identifies POD and CAT as reliable biochemical indicators of oxidative stress, establishing Phormidium sp. JMC111 as a potential biomonitor species for environmental oxidative assessment.

The release of pharmaceutical and synthetic dye pollutants into aquatic ecosystems presents a significant environmental concern due to their toxicity, persistence, and potential to promote antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to assess the potential of Chlorella vulgaris for bioremediating Congo Red (CR), a toxic azo dye, and oxytetracycline (OTC), a commonly used antibiotic. Chlorella vulgaris was characterized before and after adsorption using different techniques such as FTIR, SEM and XRD. The optimal removal conditions were determined by using the batch adsorption method to investigate various parameters, including pH, initial contaminant concentration, biomass dosage, and contact time. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were best fitted using Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, with maximum adsorption capacities reaching 75.26 mg/g for CR and 69.55 mg/g for OTC. The spent biomass was successfully converted to biodiesel via transesterification, with GC analysis showing a high content of palmitic acid methyl esters. The economic evaluation estimated a biomass production cost of USD 1.16/g, while green chemistry metrics confirmed the environmental sustainability of the process. These findings support the feasibility of using C. vulgaris as a dual-purpose system for phycoremediation and biofuel production.

This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngium caucasicum (ECE) on Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes. Forty male rats were divided into four groups (n = 10): healthy controls, diabetic controls, and diabetic groups treated with either 250 or 500 mg/kg of ECE for 28 days. GC-MS analysis revealed 12 compounds, with beta-D-glucopyranose (11.6%) and lethene (9.37%) being most prevalent. ECE significantly and dose-dependently reduced fasting blood glucose levels (from 583.1 ± 15.2 mg/dL in diabetic controls to 310.5 ± 12.1 mg/dL and 208.6 ± 10.4 mg/dL at 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively; P < 0.001). In brain tissue, ECE increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (P < 0.01), decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P < 0.05), and had minimal effect on total thiols. qRT-PCR analysis of pancreatic tissue showed significant downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes (Ctnnb1, Tcf7, Wnt2b; P < 0.05) and upregulation of insulin pathway genes (Ins1 and Glut2; P < 0.01) in ECE-treated diabetic rats. Strong correlations were observed between improved antioxidant levels and glycemic control (e.g., GPx vs. glucose: r = -0.82, P < 0.001), with ROC analysis showing high biomarker potential (AUC > 0.85). These results indicate that ECE reduces hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes by boosting antioxidant defenses and modulating Wnt/β-catenin and insulin pathways, highlighting its potential as a phytotherapeutic agent.

Metallic nanoparticles synthesized from plants have recently attracted significant attention in biomedical research. In this study, highly stable zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were fabricated using the aqueous seed extract of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) and evaluated for their anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. The biocompatibility and therapeutic safety of the synthesized ZnO NPs were assessed using non-cancerous Vero cells. Adopting green synthesis principles resulted in the formation of highly stable, spherical ZnO nanoparticles ranging from 50 to 120 nm in size, capped with phytochemical constituents from M. fragrans and exhibiting high crystallinity. The anticancer potential of the synthesized nanoparticles was investigated in HeLa cervical cancer cells by assessing cell viability (MTT assay), alterations in antioxidant enzyme levels (CAT and SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Additionally, in silico molecular docking was performed to further elucidate the observed anticancer effects. The ZnO NPs demonstrated potent anticancer activity against HeLa cells, as evidenced by reduced cell viability, modulation of antioxidant enzymes, and enhanced ROS production. In silico docking analysis supported these findings, revealing strong binding affinities between key bioactive compounds from the seed extract-macelignan and malabaricone C-and target proteins such as the E6 oncoprotein and the vertebrate RNA-binding domain of telomerase. The synthesized ZnO NPs also exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy, inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at relatively low concentrations. Furthermore, their anti-inflammatory potential was confirmed through protein denaturation inhibition and stabilization of human red blood cell (HRBC) membranes in the HRBC membrane stabilization assay. Importantly, the ZnO NPs showed high biocompatibility, as indicated by the absence of cytotoxic effects on Vero cells.The findings suggest that ZnO nanoparticles synthesized from Myristica fragrans seed extract may serve as multifunctional bioactive agents with promising anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, along with notable biosafety and biocompatibility.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04649-z.

Wheat is one of the most prominent staple crops worldwide and generates a substantial amount of post-harvest waste. Straw and bran are the major post-harvest wastes of this crop, which is rich in cellulose and can be used in microbial enzymes production as one of the potential value addition applications of this waste. Microbial cellulases are in high demand as industrial enzymes due to their broad range of applications. Fungal cellulases are considered highly applied microbial enzymes, and Trichoderma viride is the most promising fungal species used by cellulase-producing industries for various applications. However, the higher cost associated with these enzymes makes them non-viable for many sustainable, eco-friendly industrial applications which can allow low cost production and application of enzymes using natural and waste biomass resources. The present study explores the promising potential of wheat straw as a promising feedstock to produce fungal cellulases using the fungus Trichoderma viride under solid-state fermentation (SSF) mode, using kitchen waste extract as a nutrient medium to maintain the fermentation moisture. Systematic physicochemical investigations have been conducted to obtain maximum production this enzyme, specifically endoglucanse (EG). At a substrate concentration of 4 g of wheat straw, nitrogen source yeast extract, and 70% moisture content maintained by kitchen waste extract, maximum 79 U/gds EG activity was recorded at a temperature of 35 °C and pH 5.5 using the fungus Trichoderma viride. However, a comparative study also shows the potential confirmation replacement of kitchen waste extract-based SSF medium and synthetic SSF medium showed no difference in the enzyme production, which may contribute to cost reduction of SSF. This work has a promising scope in the valorization of cereal crops, waste management, and sustainable allied industrial applications.

This study aimed to optimize a cost-effective method for the mass multiplication of Funneliformis mosseae and Acaulospora laevis by evaluating different host plants and agro-industrial by-products. A controlled polyhouse pot experiment was conducted using a two-factor design with three cereal hosts (maize, barley, and wheat) and two de-oiled cake substrates (groundnut meal and soybean meal) applied at five concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g per 2 kg soil: sand mix). Results showed that both host type and substrate concentration significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced spore production and root colonization. For both fungal species, maize was the most effective host when grown with groundnut meal, with an optimal concentration of 50 g (T3), producing the highest spore counts (201.2 for F. mosseae and 113.4 for A. laevis per 10 g soil) and root colonization (94.46% and 92.21%, respectively). When using soybean meal, barley was the superior host for F. mosseae at a 75 g concentration (T4), yielding 227.4 spores. For A. laevis with soybean meal, maize was the preferred host at 75 g (T4), producing 200.4 spores. These findings demonstrate that combining specific cereal hosts with nutrient-rich oilseed meals provides an effective and sustainable strategy for producing AM fungal inoculum.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04680-0.

Humans are exposed to surrounding soil environment and this exposure has reduced with growing urbanisation. Limited evidence exists on how rural and urban soils shape human gut microbiome and related functions. Here, we performed metagenomic analysis, functional prediction, gene ontology using QIIME2, PICRUSt, and DAVID by taking human stool and soil samples (n = 20) from rural and urban settings to characterise gut microbiota and their resemblance to their respective soil microbiota and its functional implications. Our findings demonstrated that soil environment affects gut microbial diversity and abundance of its immediate human inhabitants in both groups and observed shared microbial and functional properties in rural- and urban-guts characteristic of their respective soil microbiota. In rural-group, phylum Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, class Actinobacteria were major overlapping features, while in the urban-counterpart phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, class Gammaproteobacteria were observed. We also demonstrated implication of this differential composition on human health in both settings, and observed enrichment of cytokines like IL-12, IFN-ϒ, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway in rural group vital to metabolic homeostasis. While enrichment of response to toxic substances, methane metabolism, and potentially low levels of alanine in the urban counterpart, linked to impaired immune response and metabolism, suggests urban group may be prone to the cardio-metabolic disease risk. These observations were consistent with other findings emphasising rural groups have healthy sets of microbiome compared to their urban counterpart. In conclusion, our findings unveil the significance of soil microbiota in evolution and shaping of human gut microbiota, thereby potentially beneficial to human health.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04675-x.

In the present study, a vitrification method for shoot tip cryopreservation and virus eradication in P. ternata is described as follows: After 7 days of cold acclimation of second-generation in vitro tubers in dormancy, shoot tips (0.8-1 mm in length) were excised from in vitro dormant tubers, transferred to cryovials, and treated with Loading Solution (LS) for 20 min. Subsequently, the shoot tips were incubated in Plant Vitrification Solution (PVS2) for 40 min, followed by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN) along with the vitrification solution. After rapid thawing at 38 °C for 2 min, the shoot tips were immersed in Unloading Solution for 20 min, then transferred to 1/2 MS medium (half-strength salts) supplemented with Kinetin (KT) 0.5 mg·L^- 1, α-Naphthylacetic acid (NAA) 0.2 mg·L^- 1, 3% (w/v) sucrose, and 8 g L^- 1 agar (pH 5.8) for recovery. Morphologically, plantlets regenerated from cryopreserved shoot tips were identical to non-cryopreserved controls. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) analysis revealed a mere 0.063% band variation among 44 cryopreserved plantlets. Attempts were also made to eliminate SMV and CMV by shoot tip culture for twice, cryotherapy, and thermotherapy combined with shoot tip culture. All methods received high survival rates and regeneration rates (over 70.0%). Frequency of virus-free plantlets produced by cryotherapy was 85.7% for SMV and 57.1% for CMV, which were higher than by shoot tip culture for twice (80% for SMV and 40% for CMV) and three treatments of thermotherapy followed by shoot tip culture, including 35 °C for 4 weeks (88% for SMV and 48% for CMV), 38 °C for 2 weeks (85.7% for SMV and 28.0% for CMV) and 35 °C for 2 weeks (85.7% for SMV and 14.3% for CMV). This technology can simultaneously support production of virus-free plants and long-term conservation of P. ternata germplasm, which is critical for agricultural production and breeding. Moreover, cryopreservation of shoot tips dissected from dormant buds proves to be a viable strategy for addressing low regeneration rates post-cryogenic treatment.

Biotechnology is driving the next generation in neuromodulation therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. While pharmacological therapies and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) are standard treatments, they often fail to fully address the non-motor impairments that significantly affect patients' quality of life. A novel therapeutic strategy integrating Focused Ultrasound Stimulation (FUS) with DBS, known as hybrid stimulation, has emerged as a promising approach. This combined modality leverages the continuous neuromodulation of DBS with the non-invasive, precise targeting of FUS, enhancing therapeutic efficacy through complementary mechanisms. DBS modulates neural firing patterns and promotes neuroplasticity, while FUS allows for precise, transient disruption of the brain barrier (BBB), enhances drug delivery, and induces localized neuro-thermal effects, potentially aiding neuroprotection and neurotransmitter regulation. This review critically evaluates the role of DBS and FUS in PD treatment, focusing on the need for a hybrid DBS-FUS approach. We highlight emerging preclinical and clinical evidence of their synergistic effects in modulating dopamine synthesis, neurotransmitter dynamics, and synaptic remodeling. Furthermore, we present a computational bibliographic analysis to assess research trends, knowledge gaps, and the evolving impact of hybrid neuromodulation strategies, offering a comprehensive perspective on their potential to address both motor and non-motor symptoms of PD.