3 Biotech最新文献

Anopheles stephensi, a highly adaptable malaria vector species, continues to expand its range from South Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa, posing a serious global public health concern. In India, it serves as the principal urban vector of both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Conventional control measures reliant on chemical insecticides have raised issues of resistance, highlighting the need for alternative strategies such as microbiota-mediated vector control. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that a subset of bacterial taxa persist across developmental stages of An. stephensi, representing potential candidates for transstadial transmission and future paratransgenic manipulation. Using both culture-based data and next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches targeting the 16 S rRNA gene (V3-V4 region), we characterized bacterial communities from breeding water, larvae, pupae, and adult mosquitoes (male and female) collected in Goa, India. Across all developmental stages, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla, while 15 bacterial genera formed the putative core microbiome shared by ≥ 80% of stages at ≥ 0.1% abundance. Among these, Pseudomonas (adult males: 11.5%, pupae: 3.2%), Exiguobacterium, Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter, and Asticcacaulis were consistently detected, together contributing approximately 30% of total microbial composition. Alpha diversity indices indicated higher richness and evenness in pupae and adults than in larvae, suggesting microbial enrichment during metamorphosis. Beta diversity and PCoA analyses clustered pupal and adult stages distinctly from larvae and breeding water, confirming selective microbial retention through development. These findings reveal that An. stephensi harbors a stable, stage-spanning core microbiome dominated by metabolically versatile genera with potential for transstadial persistence. The dominance of Pseudomonas across life stages supports its candidacy for paratransgenic applications aimed at disrupting malaria transmission. This work provides the first integrated culture-NGS baseline of An. stephensi microbiota from India, offering essential insight for microbiome-based vector control strategies.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-026-04739-6.

Graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO-NPs) were synthesized through a green, phytogenic route using aqueous leaf extract of Monotheca buxifolia as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The formation of GO-NPs was confirmed by characterization showing peaks of Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy at 230 nm, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) peak at 3309.3 cm⁻¹, zeta potential of -15.5 mV, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) crystallite size of 46.23 nm, Raman spectra G-band at 1589 cm⁻¹, thermal stability, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revelation of sheet-like morphology, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) size ranges of 43 nm. The acquired result displayed an antibacterial assay concentration-dependent inhibition against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacterial strains, with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus showing the highest inhibition zone (2.16 ± 0.24 mm). Assessments of hemolytic and anti-arthritic assays exhibit minimal hemolytic activity (< 5%), indicating good blood compatibility and significant anti-arthritic potential of 69.57% inhibition in the protein denaturation assay, suggesting anti-arthritic potential. In vivo, phytochemical analysis of GO-NPs revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which enhanced antioxidant activities. Phytotoxicity test showed considerable improvements in seedlings growth confirming bio-stimulatory and low toxicity effects. The findings obtained from GO-NPs possess stable physicochemical properties, hemocompatibility, antibacterial efficacy, and preliminary therapeutic potential across biomedical and environmental applications.

The exploration for novel naturally derived anticancer therapeutics characterized by minimal adverse effects is garnering widespread attention on a global scale. Consequently, the ongoing research focuses on exploring new and efficacious phytochemicals with reduced toxicity and side effects. The results of this study indicate the strong anti-cancer potential of Boswellia serrata-essential oil (BS-EO) on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line with the IC50 value of 164.8 µg/ml and 98.21 µg/ml for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Furthermore, morphological assessment of BS-EO-treated MDA-MB-231 cells revealed its strong antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing potential. BS-EO was also found to induce nuclear damage, explored by DAPI and Hoechst 33,342 staining. Moreover, the evaluation of ROS generation, apoptosis, and caspase-3 activation also favored the anticancer efficacy of BS-EO in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The GCMS analysis of the BS-EO indicated the predominant occurrence of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Hence, the outcomes of this study suggest that the presence of terpenes might be responsible for the anticancer effectiveness of BS-EO on breast cancer cells, validating traditional medicinal uses of Boswellia serrata for various ailments, including cancer. Furthermore, the combination index of all the tested combinations of BS-EO and doxorubicin showed synergistic association. This synergy could offer a promising approach for enhancing the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy while potentially reducing the required dosage and associated toxicity. This supports further research into the development of BS-EO as a complementary therapeutic option for breast cancer treatment. In summary, Boswellia serrata essential oil shows significant promise as an anticancer agent by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation, and enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity in breast cancer cells, warranting additional preclinical and clinical studies for therapeutic application.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-026-04759-2.

Food waste is a growing global concern due to the loss of essential nutrients and associated environmental impacts. Upcycling food waste into functional ingredients and nutraceuticals supports sustainability, wellness, and the circular bioeconomy. This review presents and compares conventional and green extraction technologies, including solvent extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and pulsed electric field techniques, for recovering bioactive compounds from food by-products. Green extraction approaches are emphasized for their ability to enhance yield and purity while reducing chemical use, energy consumption, and environmental burden. The review also explores the role of biotechnological innovations and artificial intelligence in optimizing extraction processes, improving scalability, and ensuring economic feasibility. Furthermore, it addresses current challenges, including regulatory barriers, consumer acceptance, and technological limitations, that hinder large-scale implementation. This work underscores the valorization of food by-products into wellness-oriented formulations and highlights the potential of sustainable extraction technologies to transform food waste into high-value resources, contributing to global goals on sustainable production, health promotion, and environmental conservation.

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using extracellular metabolites of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) derived from fermented beverages, and then a thin film coating of ZnO NPs was created via spin coating techniques. ZnO NPs and thin films obtained were characterized using physical, structural, and biological techniques. Firstly, two AAB isolates were obtained from olive leaf vinegar and kombucha with ginger, and genotypically identified. ZnO NPs synthesis by N. hansenii B1 and N. hansenii B2 was indicated by a white precipitate and confirmed for both NPs and thin films by UV-Vis absorption at 300-400 nm. SEM images revealed agglomerated ZnO NPs and homogeneous nanosized thin films, while EDX analysis confirmed their pure phase composition with zinc and oxygen peaks. XRD results showed the presence of monoclinic and cubic crystal ZnO NPs, with crystallite sizes ranging from 9.68 to 35.11 nm, while the thin films were amorphous. FTIR spectra revealed 519 and 3350 cm^- 1 peaks corresponding to ZnO bonds. The measurements of water contact angles of ZnO thin films exhibited hydrophilic surface characteristics. Moreover, ZnO NPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity, being effective against S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7 (12.50-14.00 mm), with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.625-1.25 mg/mL. The inhibition zones of thin films were found between 0.50 and 2.38 mm, and both films completely inhibited E. coli O157:H7 in direct contact tests after 2 h. These findings suggest that green-synthesized ZnO NPs and their thin films have great potential as antimicrobial applications in various food, medicine, and related fields.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-026-04754-7.

Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide mainly from brown algal cell walls with antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. The influence of molecular weight and physicochemical properties on its bioactivity requires systematic evaluation. This study optimized extraction of kelp-derived fucoidan using enzymatic hydrolysis and graded ethanol precipitation, followed by molecular-weight cut-off fractionation to obtain four fractions: F-1 (< 3.5 kDa), F-2 (3.5-10 kDa), F-3 (10-300 kDa), and F-4 (> 300 kDa). High-performance liquid chromatography revealed all fractions are heteropolysaccharides composed of mannose, fucose, xylose, rhamnose, and galactose. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed characteristic polysaccharide and sulfate absorption bands. The low-molecular-weight fraction (F-1) demonstrated the strongest antioxidant efficiency in radical scavenging assays. anticancer potential was evaluated using cell viability and colony formation assays on human liver cancer cells (HepG2) and BALB/c 3T3 cells. Results indicated a clear inverse relationship between molecular weight and potency, with F-1 exhibiting the lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration values. F-1 significantly inhibited HepG2 colony formation and cells transformation. The study confirms that the low-molecular-weight fraction (< 3.5 kDa) possesses the strongest in vitro anticancer effects, suggesting that controlled depolymerization is an effective strategy to enhance fucoidan bioactivity.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-026-04755-6.

However, the cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of halophyteshave been previously reported, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we not only evaluate the cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of extracts from halophytic species but also, for the first time, elucidate their mechanistic mode of action using an integrated high-content screening and RT-PCR approach to verify apoptosis induction and the modulation of apoptosis-related signaling pathways. Phytochemical screening revealed a diverse array of secondary metabolites, with S. fruticosa and A. marina showing the richest compositions. Notably, these two species also exhibited exceptional antioxidant capacity, with IC₅₀ values (6.04 and 10.05 µg/mL, respectively) significantly outperforming ascorbic acid. More importantly, this study advances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer properties of these extracts. A. marina demonstrated remarkable cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HepG2, and HCT116 cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ < 0.17 µg/mL), accompanied by high selectivity indices (up to 1723.1), indicating a strong therapeutic window. Mechanistic investigations using high-content screen and RT-PCR revealed that the most active extracts induce apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction, evidenced by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased plasma membrane permeability (up to 465%) y, and cytochrome c release (> 740%). Furthermore, gene expression profiling demonstrated significant upregulation of pro-apoptotic markers (BAX, Caspase-3), downregulation of anti-apoptotic BCL-2, and modulation of oncogenic and cell cycle regulatory pathways, including CDK1, Cyclin B1, p21, c-MYC, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Hierarchical clustering grouped S. fruticosa, A. marina, and Atriplex halimus as the most potent extracts.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04686-8.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) are reported for increasing agricultural productivity and maintaining soil health via different growth-promoting mechanisms. The synergistic application of these PGPRs in combination with plant growth regulators (PGRs) yields more plant growth and yield. Bitter gourd is a vine rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and dietary fiber, and consumed as vegetable for its medicinal benefits. This research was conducted to investigate the effects of individual and co-application of PGPR (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus) and L-tryptophan (L-TRP; 10^-4 M @ 30 mL pot^-1) as a seed coating and soil application at the flowering stage on the growth, physiology, and yield of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). The pot-experiment consisted of 8 treatments and 3 replication each, in a completely randomized design (CRD). The combined soil application of PGPR and L-TRP at the flowering stage of bitter gourd resulted in an increased vine length from 199.67 cm (control) to 293.33 cm (46.91% increase), chlorophyl content from 30.36 to 46.01 (51.55%) (51.55%), phosphorous content 0.41% to 0.62% (78.37%) and potassium content 1.1% to 1.36% (23.64%), root length 12.66 cm to 21.75 cm (71.80%), number of fruits vine^-1 5.95 to 9.84 (average) (65.38% increase), fruit weight 40.95 to 75.92 g (85.40%), number of leaves 78.69 to 101.85 (29.43%),photosynthesis rate 1.92 to 2.54 (32.57%), transpiration rate 2.26 to 2.89 (27.88%), and stomatal conductance 125 to 151molm^-2 s^-1 (20.8%), compared to respective uninoculated controls. We concluded that the co-application of PGPR and L-TRP can increase growth and yield in conjunction with other traits and that the combined application of PGPR and L-TRP demonstrated potential for improving yield in a resource-efficient, and sustainable manner.

Metallic nanoparticles are increasingly studied for their biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical and catalytic properties. Here, a broccoli-mediated gold/platinum nanohybrid (Au@Pt NH) was synthesized using an ultrasound-assisted green method with an aqueous extract of Brassica oleracea var. italica for multifunctional biomedical evaluation. XRD and TEM confirmed a crystalline nanohybrid with an average crystallite size of 7.56 nm and a mean particle diameter of 13.08 ± 7.58 nm. The broccoli extract produced no inhibition zones, whereas Au@Pt NH inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (21 mm), Escherichia coli (18 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20 mm), and Candida albicans (21 mm). In vivo, Au@Pt NH accelerated wound healing, reaching 93.33% closure by day 7 compared to 75.84% (extract) and 62.18% (control), with complete re-epithelialization and organized collagen deposition. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, oral Au@Pt NH (25 µg/mL) significantly reduced blood glucose levels, approaching near-normal levels by day 15, whereas the broccoli aqueous extract showed only moderate improvement. In vitro antioxidant test (DPPH) demonstrated potent scavenging (IC₅₀ 13.19 µg/mL for Au@Pt NH; 11.32% for extract) compared with ascorbic acid (21.82 µg/mL) and improved in vivo redox status (TOS 0.79 ± 0.58 µM H₂O₂ Eq/L; TAC 7.51 ± 1.0 mM ascorbic acid Eq/L; OSI 0.11 ± 0.08). MTT assays revealed selective cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells (< 10% viability at 200-500 µg/mL; IC₅₀ 17.58 ± 4.51 µg/mL), whereas > 60% viability was observed in normal HDF cells at the same concentrations. In conclusion, broccoli-derived Au@Pt NH offers a multifunctional platform for antimicrobial activity, wound healing, glycemic control, oxidative stress modulation, and selective anticancer effects.

The present study describes the formulation of an ideal bacterial consortia aimed at effective solid waste biodegradation. The consortium provided a sustainable bioremediation approach by demonstrating noticeably higher degradation rates via specific enrichment and synergistic interactions. Conventional biochemical assays and morphological investigations were used to provide preliminary microbial identification. Using customized selective culture conditions, the production of particular extracellular enzymes, such as the enzyme amylase, cellulase, protease, and xylanase, was measured in order to evaluate the enzymatic activity profiles quantitatively. A thorough assessment of the bacterial isolates' functional capacities was made possible by the subsequent characterization of enzymatic activity using spectrophotometric techniques to calculate enzyme titers. By accurately identifying and characterizing bacterial species at the molecular level using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, an exact taxonomic designation utilizing conserved and variable sections of the ribosomal RNA gene was made possible. The selection of fifty-eight bacterial strains for compatibility testing included 19 strains grown on cellulose agar medium, 19 strains on Luria Bertani medium, and 20 strains of King's medium B bacteria. Enzymatic activities viz: amylase, cellulase, protease and xylanase, were used to describe these strains. Six bacterial consortia were systematically assembled and evaluated to assess their compatibility and interaction dynamics. The goal of this stringent selection and consortium building was to clarify functional synergism and interspecies compatibility in various microbial communities. The effectiveness of six microbial consortia in the in vitro biological degradation of waste from agriculture was assessed. Consortia BC1, BC2, BC3, and BC4 showed the highest levels of degrading efficiency, according to the results. The functional roles of microorganisms in ecosystems are better understood, which also emphasizes how crucial it is to investigate microbial diversity in order to find enzymes with practical uses. According to this study, bacterial consortia can be used as a biotechnological instrument and as an environmentally friendly remediation technique to break down and remove solid organic matter from environmental matrices. Additionally, the compost produced by microbial degradation processes has the potential to be used as a soil amendment, improving crop production potential and soil fertility within the soil ecosystem.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-026-04742-x.