3 Biotech最新文献

Nutraceuticals, a significant category of bioactive compounds, play a crucial role in promoting human health and preventing diseases. The expanding market for nutraceuticals is largely driven by heightened public health awareness. However, conventional production methods fall short in meeting the rapidly growing market demand. Unlike chemical synthesis or plant extraction, microbial cell factories offer a sustainable and increasingly prominent alternative for nutraceutical production. Various microbial systems, such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been engineered as multifunctional cell factories to synthesize diverse nutraceuticals. This review systematically summarizes the biosynthesis of various nutraceuticals using microbial cell factories, including vitamins, polysaccharides, and flavonoids. Additionally, it examines current challenges in this field, along with potential solutions and future prospects. Collectively, microbial cell factories are pioneering sustainable approaches to address pressing global health demands.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for 90% of pancreatic cancer (PC). The inefficient early detection and screening methods make PDAC the fourth deadliest cancer worldwide. The adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies can manage the disease, but often with very low efficacy, resulting in a low 5-year survival rate of just 12%. Site-specific drug targeting and more precise early detection could be the way forward. Biological vehicles, like exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle, play a crucial role in the development and metastasis of various types of cancer, including PC. By nature, exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by most cells, including cancer cells. They carry biologically active molecules that facilitate cell-cell communication and signaling and are specific for each type of cancer, including PDACs. These PC-secreted exosomes have a unique molecular signature that is being investigated for PC diagnosis. Additionally, these vesicles could be engineered biologically, chemically, and immunologically to identify and target PC-affected sites for site-specific drug delivery. The strategic payload delivery capability of exosomes enhances the bioavailability and specificity of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, significant challenges remain in the clinical application of exosomes as drug carriers and biomarkers. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of exosomes in PC development, contribution to metastasis, immunomodulation, and chemoresistance in PC. It emphasizes the therapeutic potential in tune with site-specific drug delivery and diagnostic applications of exosome-associated molecular signatures in PC detection.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to cognitive decline, memory loss, and neuronal damage. Advances in high-throughput technologies, such as microarrays, have significantly enhanced our understanding of complex diseases by enabling large-scale gene expression analysis. This study explores differentially expressed genes (DEGs), key hub genes, and dysregulated pathways in AD using the GSE118553 dataset, aiming to uncover potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Gene expression data from AD and control brain tissues were analyzed to identify DEGs. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to determine hub genes, followed by subnetwork and co-expression analyses. Functional enrichment analysis, including Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), was performed to examine the biological pathways involved in AD. A total of 108 DEGs were identified, including 79 upregulated and 29 downregulated genes. Among these, 15 hub genes (FOS, CD44, THBS1, CCL2, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, FGF2, COL6A3, KLF4, CD74, DNAJB1, HSPA6, SPARC, YAP1, and BAG3) were significantly dysregulated. Functional enrichment analysis revealed key pathways related to heat acclimation, inclusion body regulation, and protein homeostasis. Additionally, potential therapeutic strategies were proposed to target these pathways and slow AD progression. This study identified crucial hub genes and dysregulated pathways in AD, with COL6A3 and BAG3 emerging as novel candidate genes. These findings provide deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying AD and suggest potential therapeutic targets. Future research should focus on validating these findings and developing targeted interventions to regulate the identified pathways.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04645-3.

The Ecbolium viride was used to synthesis the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). From this work, the synthesized NPs were characterized through range of analytical techniques. FTIR was used to detect the presence of functional groups such as alcohol, ester, aromatic compound, conjugated anhydrate, and alkene, these functional groups are responsible for the nanoparticle synthesis. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure ofthe ZnO NPs. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images displayed aggregated spherical-shaped NPs, with an elemental composition of oxygen (28.43%) and zinc (71.57%). ZnO NPs exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The α-amylase inhibition assay showed a 72% of inhibition, which indicating NPs potential anti-diabetic activity. Furthermore, the ZnO NPs exhibited anticancer activity against HeLa cells, with a 46.67% of reduction in cell viability. Additionally,the photocatalytic degradation percentage of methylene blue is 86.58% and Rhodamine b is 80%. These findings suggest that ZnO NPs synthesized using E. viride have promising antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anticancer properties. The green synthesis approach reduce the hazardous waste materials and enhance the therapeutic potentials. .

A novel series of thiadiazole-linked thiazolidinone-chalcone derivatives was synthesized and comprehensively evaluated for their inhibitory potential against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Structural characterization was confirmed through ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and HREI-MS analyses. Among the synthesized compounds, analog 10 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 3.10 ± 0.20 µM (AChE) and 3.80 ± 0.20 µM (BChE), surpassing the standard drug donepezil (IC₅₀ = 5.50 ± 0.10 µM and 6.10 ± 0.20 µM, respectively). Other analogs demonstrated moderate to good activity within the range of 3.10-15.60 µM. In silico analyses, including molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, DFT calculations, and ADMET profiling, supported the experimental results and revealed stable binding conformations and favorable drug-like properties. The strong correlation between computational predictions and experimental data validated the proposed structure-activity relationship. These findings highlight compound 10 as a promising lead molecule for further optimization and development of effective and safe cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease therapy.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04648-0.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s13205-025-04387-2.].

The present study elucidates the oxidative stress response mechanisms of two marine cyanobacterial species, Phormidium sp. JMC111 and Microcoleus acutissimus, when exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Both species tolerated short-term H₂O₂ stress up to 60 min, exhibiting significant biochemical and enzymatic adaptations. Statistical analysis revealed a steady decline in chlorophyll content and degradation efficiency over time, with M. acutissimus maintaining higher resilience compared to Phormidium sp. JMC111. Non-enzymatic antioxidants such as carotenoids, β-carotene, tocopherol, and astaxanthin remained elevated, suggesting a strong photoprotective and radical-scavenging defense, while ascorbic acid and phycobiliproteins declined under prolonged stress. Two-way ANOVA confirmed significant time- and species-dependent variations (p < 0.05) in antioxidant responses. Enzymatic assays on native PAGE revealed distinct isoform patterns of SOD, CAT, POD, and GPx, with the appearance of novel peroxidase and catalase isoforms under oxidative stress-reported here for the first time in marine cyanobacteria. These findings demonstrate that both cyanobacteria possess a dynamic and coordinated ROS defense network, with M. acutissimus showing superior antioxidative stability. The study identifies POD and CAT as reliable biochemical indicators of oxidative stress, establishing Phormidium sp. JMC111 as a potential biomonitor species for environmental oxidative assessment.

The release of pharmaceutical and synthetic dye pollutants into aquatic ecosystems presents a significant environmental concern due to their toxicity, persistence, and potential to promote antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to assess the potential of Chlorella vulgaris for bioremediating Congo Red (CR), a toxic azo dye, and oxytetracycline (OTC), a commonly used antibiotic. Chlorella vulgaris was characterized before and after adsorption using different techniques such as FTIR, SEM and XRD. The optimal removal conditions were determined by using the batch adsorption method to investigate various parameters, including pH, initial contaminant concentration, biomass dosage, and contact time. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were best fitted using Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, with maximum adsorption capacities reaching 75.26 mg/g for CR and 69.55 mg/g for OTC. The spent biomass was successfully converted to biodiesel via transesterification, with GC analysis showing a high content of palmitic acid methyl esters. The economic evaluation estimated a biomass production cost of USD 1.16/g, while green chemistry metrics confirmed the environmental sustainability of the process. These findings support the feasibility of using C. vulgaris as a dual-purpose system for phycoremediation and biofuel production.

This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Eryngium caucasicum (ECE) on Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes. Forty male rats were divided into four groups (n = 10): healthy controls, diabetic controls, and diabetic groups treated with either 250 or 500 mg/kg of ECE for 28 days. GC-MS analysis revealed 12 compounds, with beta-D-glucopyranose (11.6%) and lethene (9.37%) being most prevalent. ECE significantly and dose-dependently reduced fasting blood glucose levels (from 583.1 ± 15.2 mg/dL in diabetic controls to 310.5 ± 12.1 mg/dL and 208.6 ± 10.4 mg/dL at 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively; P < 0.001). In brain tissue, ECE increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (P < 0.01), decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P < 0.05), and had minimal effect on total thiols. qRT-PCR analysis of pancreatic tissue showed significant downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes (Ctnnb1, Tcf7, Wnt2b; P < 0.05) and upregulation of insulin pathway genes (Ins1 and Glut2; P < 0.01) in ECE-treated diabetic rats. Strong correlations were observed between improved antioxidant levels and glycemic control (e.g., GPx vs. glucose: r = -0.82, P < 0.001), with ROC analysis showing high biomarker potential (AUC > 0.85). These results indicate that ECE reduces hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes by boosting antioxidant defenses and modulating Wnt/β-catenin and insulin pathways, highlighting its potential as a phytotherapeutic agent.