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The evolving role of DNA damage response in overcoming therapeutic resistance in ovarian cancer. DNA损伤反应在克服卵巢癌治疗耐药中的作用。
Q1 ONCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.146
Sara Bouberhan, Liron Bar-Peled, Yusuke Matoba, Varvara Mazina, Lauren Philp, Bo R Rueda

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is treated in the first-line setting with combined platinum and taxane chemotherapy, often followed by a maintenance poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi). Responses to first-line treatment are frequent. For many patients, however, responses are suboptimal or short-lived. Over the last several years, multiple new classes of agents targeting DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms have advanced through clinical development. In this review, we explore the preclinical rationale for the use of ATR inhibitors, CHK1 inhibitors, and WEE1 inhibitors, emphasizing their application to chemotherapy-resistant and PARPi-resistant ovarian cancer. We also present an overview of the clinical development of the leading drugs in each of these classes, emphasizing the rationale for monotherapy and combination therapy approaches.

上皮性卵巢癌(EOC)的一线治疗是铂和紫杉烷联合化疗,通常随后使用维护性聚(adp -核糖)聚合酶抑制剂(PARPi)。对一线治疗的反应是常见的。然而,对许多患者来说,反应是次优的或短暂的。在过去的几年里,针对DNA损伤反应(DDR)机制的多种新型药物在临床开发中取得了进展。在这篇综述中,我们探讨了使用ATR抑制剂、CHK1抑制剂和WEE1抑制剂的临床前原理,重点介绍了它们在化疗耐药和parpi耐药卵巢癌中的应用。我们还概述了这些类别中主要药物的临床发展,强调了单药治疗和联合治疗方法的基本原理。
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引用次数: 1
Resistance to energy metabolism - targeted therapy of AML cells residual in the bone marrow microenvironment. 骨髓微环境中残留的AML细胞对能量代谢靶向治疗的抵抗。
Q1 ONCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.133
Yoko Tabe, Marina Konopleva

In response to the changing availability of nutrients and oxygen in the bone marrow microenvironment, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells continuously adjust their metabolic state. To meet the biochemical demands of their increased proliferation, AML cells strongly depend on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Recent data indicate that a subset of AML cells remains quiescent and survives through metabolic activation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), which causes uncoupling of mitochondrial OXPHOS and facilitates chemoresistance. For targeting these metabolic vulnerabilities of AML cells, inhibitors of OXPHOS and FAO have been developed and investigated for their therapeutic potential. Recent experimental and clinical evidence has revealed that drug-resistant AML cells and leukemic stem cells rewire metabolic pathways through interaction with BM stromal cells, enabling them to acquire resistance against OXPHOS and FAO inhibitors. These acquired resistance mechanisms compensate for the metabolic targeting by inhibitors. Several chemotherapy/targeted therapy regimens in combination with OXPHOS and FAO inhibitors are under development to target these compensatory pathways.

急性髓性白血病(AML)细胞根据骨髓微环境中营养物质和氧的可用性的变化,不断调整其代谢状态。为了满足其增殖增加的生化需求,AML细胞强烈依赖线粒体氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS)。最近的数据表明,AML细胞的一个子集保持静止,并通过脂肪酸氧化(FAO)的代谢激活存活,这导致线粒体OXPHOS解偶联并促进化学耐药。针对AML细胞的这些代谢脆弱性,OXPHOS和FAO的抑制剂已被开发并研究其治疗潜力。最近的实验和临床证据表明,耐药AML细胞和白血病干细胞通过与骨髓基质细胞的相互作用重新连接代谢途径,使它们能够获得对OXPHOS和FAO抑制剂的耐药性。这些获得性耐药机制补偿了抑制剂的代谢靶向作用。目前正在开发几种与OXPHOS和FAO抑制剂联合使用的化疗/靶向治疗方案,以针对这些代偿途径。
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引用次数: 1
Mechanisms involved in cancer stem cell resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. 头颈部鳞状细胞癌中肿瘤干细胞耐药的机制。
Q1 ONCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.107
Juliana Mota Siqueira, Daniele Heguedusch, Camila Oliveira Rodini, Fabio Daumas Nunes, Maria Fernanda Setúbal Destro Rodrigues

Despite scientific advances in the Oncology field, cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Molecular and cellular heterogeneity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a significant contributor to the unpredictability of the clinical response and failure in cancer treatment. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are recognized as a subpopulation of tumor cells that can drive and maintain tumorigenesis and metastasis, leading to poor prognosis in different types of cancer. CSCs exhibit a high level of plasticity, quickly adapting to the tumor microenvironment changes, and are intrinsically resistant to current chemo and radiotherapies. The mechanisms of CSC-mediated therapy resistance are not fully understood. However, they include different strategies used by CSCs to overcome challenges imposed by treatment, such as activation of DNA repair system, anti-apoptotic mechanisms, acquisition of quiescent state and Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, increased drug efflux capacity, hypoxic environment, protection by the CSC niche, overexpression of stemness related genes, and immune surveillance. Complete elimination of CSCs seems to be the main target for achieving tumor control and improving overall survival for cancer patients. This review will focus on the multi-factorial mechanisms by which CSCs are resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in HNSCC, supporting the use of possible strategies to overcome therapy failure.

尽管肿瘤学领域取得了科学进步,但癌症仍然是世界范围内导致死亡的主要原因。头颈部鳞状细胞癌(HNSCC)的分子和细胞异质性是导致临床反应不可预测性和癌症治疗失败的重要因素。肿瘤干细胞(Cancer stem cells, CSCs)是公认的肿瘤细胞亚群,能够驱动和维持肿瘤的发生和转移,导致不同类型的癌症预后不良。CSCs表现出高度的可塑性,能够快速适应肿瘤微环境的变化,并且对当前的化疗和放疗具有内在抗性。csc介导的治疗耐药机制尚不完全清楚。然而,它们包括CSCs用于克服治疗带来的挑战的不同策略,如DNA修复系统的激活、抗凋亡机制、静止状态和上皮-间质转化的获得、药物外排能力的增加、缺氧环境、CSC生态位的保护、干细胞相关基因的过表达和免疫监视。完全消除CSCs似乎是实现肿瘤控制和提高癌症患者总生存率的主要目标。本综述将重点关注HNSCC中csc对放疗和化疗耐药的多因素机制,支持使用可能的策略来克服治疗失败。
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引用次数: 4
Mitochondria in colorectal cancer stem cells - a target in drug resistance. 结直肠癌干细胞中的线粒体-耐药性的靶标。
Q1 ONCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.116
Mateus de Almeida Rainho, Priscyanne Barreto Siqueira, Ísis Salviano Soares de Amorim, Andre Luiz Mencalha, Alessandra Alves Thole

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed cancer and the second most deadly type of cancer worldwide. In late diagnosis, CRC can resist therapy regimens in which cancer stem cells (CSCs) are intimately related. CSCs are a subpopulation of tumor cells responsible for tumor initiation and maintenance, metastasis, and resistance to conventional treatments. In this scenario, colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are considered an important key for therapeutic failure and resistance. In its turn, mitochondria is an organelle involved in many mechanisms in cancer, including chemoresistance of cytotoxic drugs due to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, dynamics, and mitophagy. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mitochondrial role in CCSCs regarding CRC drug resistance. It has been shown that enhanced anti-apoptotic protein expression, mitophagy rate, and addiction to oxidative phosphorylation are the major strategies developed by CCSCs to avoid drug insults. Thus, new mitochondria-targeted drug approaches must be explored to mitigate CRC chemoresistance via the ablation of CCSCs.

结直肠癌(CRC)是世界上第三大诊断癌症和第二大致命癌症。在晚期诊断中,结直肠癌可以抵抗与癌症干细胞(CSCs)密切相关的治疗方案。CSCs是肿瘤细胞的一个亚群,负责肿瘤的发生、维持、转移和对常规治疗的抵抗。在这种情况下,结直肠癌干细胞(CCSCs)被认为是治疗失败和耐药性的重要关键。反过来,线粒体作为一种细胞器参与了癌症的许多机制,包括由于线粒体代谢、凋亡、动力学和线粒体自噬的改变而导致的细胞毒性药物的化疗耐药。因此,了解线粒体在CCSCs中对结直肠癌耐药的作用至关重要。研究表明,增强抗凋亡蛋白表达、线粒体自噬率和对氧化磷酸化的依赖性是CCSCs避免药物损伤的主要策略。因此,必须探索新的线粒体靶向药物方法,通过消融CCSCs来减轻结直肠癌的化疗耐药。
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引用次数: 2
Revisiting mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies in metastatic clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. 对转移性透明细胞肾细胞癌免疫治疗耐药机制的研究。
Q1 ONCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.09
Monica Sheila Chatwal, Jad Chahoud, Philippe E Spiess

Renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Though newer therapeutic combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies have greatly improved outcomes, resistance to these therapies is becoming a challenge for long-term control. Mechanisms of resistance have been explored in a variety of solid tumors, including RCC. Based upon our review of the current literature on the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies for the management of metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (mccRCC), the ensuing conclusions have been made: The management of mccRCC has progressed substantially with the advent of checkpoint inhibitors and targeted oral therapies, alone and/or in combination. Nevertheless, innate or developed resistance to these therapies remains an ongoing challenge, particularly to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Several of the known mechanisms of resistance have been well defined, but recent progression in cellular therapies helps to expand the armamentarium of potential combination options that may overcome these modes of resistance and improve long-term disease control and survival for an otherwise dismal disease. In the ensuing review and update of the literature on the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies in mccRCC, we have revisited the known resistance mechanisms of immunotherapies in metastatic clear-cell RCC and explored ongoing and future strategies to overcome them.

肾细胞癌(RCC)仍然是世界范围内癌症相关死亡的主要原因。尽管免疫检查点抑制剂和靶向治疗的新治疗组合大大改善了结果,但对这些疗法的耐药性正在成为长期控制的挑战。耐药机制已在多种实体肿瘤中被探索,包括肾细胞癌。基于我们对目前转移性透明细胞肾细胞癌(mccRCC)免疫治疗耐药机制的文献回顾,得出以下结论:随着检查点抑制剂和靶向口服治疗(单独和/或联合)的出现,mccRCC的治疗取得了实质性进展。然而,对这些疗法的先天或发展耐药性仍然是一个持续的挑战,特别是对免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)。一些已知的耐药机制已经得到了很好的定义,但最近细胞疗法的进展有助于扩大潜在的联合选择的范围,这些选择可能克服这些耐药模式,并改善长期的疾病控制和其他令人沮丧的疾病的生存。在随后的回顾和更新mccRCC免疫治疗耐药机制的文献中,我们重新审视了转移性透明细胞RCC免疫治疗的已知耐药机制,并探讨了目前和未来克服这些机制的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Remodeling the tumor microenvironment to overcome treatment resistance in HPV-negative head and neck cancer. 重塑肿瘤微环境克服hpv阴性头颈癌的治疗耐药。
Q1 ONCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.141
Sergi Benavente

Despite intensive efforts and refined techniques, overall survival in HPV-negative head and neck cancer remains poor. Robust immune priming is required to elicit a strong and durable antitumor immune response in immunologically cold and excluded tumors like HPV-negative head and neck cancer. This review highlights how the tumor microenvironment could be affected by different immune and stromal cell types, weighs the need to integrate metabolic regulation of the tumor microenvironment into cancer treatment strategies and summarizes the emerging clinical applicability of personalized immunotherapeutic strategies in HPV-negative head and neck cancer.

尽管付出了巨大的努力和完善的技术,hpv阴性头颈癌的总体生存率仍然很低。在免疫冷淡和排除的肿瘤如hpv阴性头颈癌中,需要强大的免疫启动来引发强烈和持久的抗肿瘤免疫反应。本文重点介绍了不同类型的免疫细胞和基质细胞如何影响肿瘤微环境,权衡了将肿瘤微环境的代谢调节纳入癌症治疗策略的必要性,并总结了个性化免疫治疗策略在hpv阴性头颈癌中的临床适用性。
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引用次数: 1
Major hurdles of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 免疫检查点抑制剂治疗胰腺导管腺癌的主要障碍。
Q1 ONCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.142
Liia Akhuba, Zhanna Tigai, Dmitrii Shek

In 2030, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) will become the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Unfortunately, neither conventional chemotherapy nor novel immunotherapeutic strategies can provide durable responses and the survival prognosis remains very low. PDAC is notorious for its immune-resistant features and unique genomic landscape facilitating tumor escape from immunosurveillance. Novel immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) failed to show promising efficacy and other multi-modal approaches are currently being validated in multiple clinical trials. In this paper, we provide our opinion on the major mechanisms responsible for PDAC resistance to ICI therapy and provide our view on future strategies which may overcome those barriers.

到2030年,胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)将成为全球癌症相关死亡的第二大原因。不幸的是,无论是传统的化疗还是新的免疫治疗策略都不能提供持久的反应,生存预后仍然很低。PDAC因其免疫抵抗特性和独特的基因组景观而臭名昭著,有助于肿瘤逃避免疫监视。新型免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)未能显示出有希望的疗效,其他多模式方法目前正在多个临床试验中进行验证。在本文中,我们对PDAC对ICI治疗产生耐药性的主要机制提出了我们的观点,并对未来可能克服这些障碍的策略提出了我们的看法。
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引用次数: 0
Recent advances in access to overcome cancer drug resistance by nanocarrier drug delivery system. 纳米载体给药系统攻克癌症耐药途径的最新进展。
Q1 ONCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.16
Xiangyu Sun, Ping Zhao, Jierou Lin, Kun Chen, Jianliang Shen

Cancer is currently one of the most intractable diseases causing human death. Although the prognosis of tumor patients has been improved to a certain extent through various modern treatment methods, multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells is still a major problem leading to clinical treatment failure. Chemotherapy resistance refers to the resistance of tumor cells and/or tissues to a drug, usually inherent or developed during treatment. Therefore, an urgent need to research the ideal drug delivery system to overcome the shortcoming of traditional chemotherapy. The rapid development of nanotechnology has brought us new enlightenments to solve this problem. The novel nanocarrier provides a considerably effective treatment to overcome the limitations of chemotherapy or other drugs resulting from systemic side effects such as resistance, high toxicity, lack of targeting, and off-target. Herein, we introduce several tumor MDR mechanisms and discuss novel nanoparticle technology applied to surmount cancer drug resistance. Nanomaterials contain liposomes, polymer conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, carbon-based, metal nanoparticles, and nucleotides which can be used to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs, photosensitizers, and small interfering RNA (siRNA). This review aims to elucidate the advantages of nanomedicine in overcoming cancer drug resistance and discuss the latest developments.

癌症是目前导致人类死亡的最棘手的疾病之一。尽管各种现代治疗手段在一定程度上改善了肿瘤患者的预后,但肿瘤细胞的多药耐药(MDR)仍然是导致临床治疗失败的主要问题。化疗耐药性是指肿瘤细胞和/或组织对药物的耐药性,通常是固有的或在治疗期间形成的。因此,迫切需要研究理想的给药系统来克服传统化疗的缺点。纳米技术的迅速发展给我们解决这一问题带来了新的启示。这种新型纳米载体提供了一种相当有效的治疗方法,克服了化疗或其他药物由于耐药、高毒性、缺乏靶向性和脱靶等全身副作用而造成的局限性。在此,我们介绍了几种肿瘤耐多药机制,并讨论了新的纳米颗粒技术应用于克服癌症耐药。纳米材料包含脂质体、聚合物偶联物、胶束、树状大分子、碳基、金属纳米颗粒和核苷酸,可用于输送化疗药物、光敏剂和小干扰RNA (siRNA)。本文旨在阐述纳米医学在克服癌症耐药方面的优势,并讨论其最新进展。
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引用次数: 4
Mechanisms and clinical implications in renal carcinoma resistance: narrative review of immune checkpoint inhibitors. 肾癌耐药的机制和临床意义:免疫检查点抑制剂的叙述性回顾。
Q1 ONCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.02
Sunil Samnani, Faraz Sachedina, Mehul Gupta, Edward Guo, Vishal Navani

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common histological subtype of renal cell carcinoma. The prognosis for patients with ccRCC has improved over recent years with the use of combination therapies with an anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) backbone. This has enhanced the quality of life and life expectancy of patients with this disease. Unfortunately, not all patients benefit; eventually, most patients will develop resistance to therapy and progress. Recent molecular, biochemical, and immunological research has extensively researched anti-angiogenic and immune-based treatment resistance mechanisms. This analysis offers an overview of the principles underpinning the resistance pathways related to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Additionally, novel approaches to overcome resistance that may be considered for the trial context are discussed.

透明细胞肾细胞癌(ccRCC)是肾细胞癌最常见的组织学亚型。近年来,随着抗程序性死亡-1 (PD-1)主干的联合治疗,ccRCC患者的预后有所改善。这提高了该病患者的生活质量和预期寿命。不幸的是,并非所有患者都能受益;最终,大多数患者会对治疗产生耐药性并取得进展。最近的分子、生化和免疫学研究广泛地研究了抗血管生成和免疫治疗的耐药机制。该分析概述了与免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)相关的耐药途径的基本原理。此外,本文还讨论了在试验环境中可能考虑的克服耐药性的新方法。
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引用次数: 0
Concomitant medications and circulating tumor cells: friends or foes? 伴随用药与循环肿瘤细胞:是友是敌?
Q1 ONCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.68
Serena Di Cosimo, Vera Cappelletti

The use of concomitant medications by patients with cancer is observed almost globally; however, little attention has been paid to this topic in the medical literature. Most clinical studies do not describe the type and duration of drugs used at the time of inclusion and during treatment or how these drugs may affect the experimental and/or standard therapy. Even less information has been published on the potential interaction between concomitant medications and tumor biomarkers. However, we do know that concomitant drugs can complicate cancer clinical trials and biomarker development, thus contributing to their interaction, leading to side effects, and resulting in suboptimal adherence to anticancer treatment. On the basis of these premises and moving from the study by Jurisova et al., which reported the effect of commonly used drugs on the prognosis of women with breast cancer and the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), we comment on the role of CTCs as an emerging diagnostic and prognostic tool for breast cancer. We also report the known and hypothesized mechanisms of CTC interplay with other tumor and blood components, possibly modulated by widespread drugs, including over-the-counter compounds, and discuss the possible implications of commonly used concomitant medications on CTC detection and clearance. After considering all these points, it is conceivable that concomitant drugs are not necessarily a problem, but on the contrary, their virtuous mechanisms can be exploited to reduce tumor spread and enhance the effect of anticancer therapies.

几乎在全球范围内都观察到癌症患者同时使用药物;然而,在医学文献中很少关注这一主题。大多数临床研究没有描述纳入时和治疗期间使用的药物的类型和持续时间,也没有描述这些药物如何影响实验和/或标准治疗。关于伴随药物与肿瘤生物标志物之间潜在相互作用的信息甚至更少。然而,我们确实知道,伴随药物会使癌症临床试验和生物标志物的开发复杂化,从而导致它们之间的相互作用,导致副作用,并导致抗癌治疗的依从性不理想。基于这些前提,并从Jurisova等人的研究出发,该研究报道了常用药物对乳腺癌女性预后的影响以及循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)的检测,我们评论了CTCs作为一种新兴的乳腺癌诊断和预后工具的作用。我们还报道了CTC与其他肿瘤和血液成分相互作用的已知和假设机制,可能受到广泛的药物(包括非处方药)的调节,并讨论了常用的伴随药物对CTC检测和清除的可能影响。综上所述,可以想象,伴随药物不一定是一个问题,相反,它们的良性机制可以被利用来减少肿瘤的扩散,增强抗癌治疗的效果。
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引用次数: 0
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