National Academy Science Letters最新文献

Farming is the strength of a nation in terms of economy and survival of the people. Numerous methodologies based on plant leaf disease detection are developed with deep learning, but it does not precisely categorize the plant leaf disease. This research work introduces a plant leaf disease detection using an optimized evolutionary gravitational neocognitron neural network (EGNNN) for classifying the normal and diseased region of the plant image. Here, the EGNNN is utilized to categorize leaf images with their diseases. The Giza pyramids construction optimization algorithm (GPCOA) is utilized to maximize the accuracy of the network. The introduced approach is implemented in Python programming. The two standard datasets such as plant village datasets and augmented datasets are utilized to evaluate performance of the proposed techniques and achieve 99.92 and 99.98% of accuracy for both datasets. Also, Wilcoxon signed-rank test is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the introduced method.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aflatoxin B₁ and quercetin-enriched diets on histomorphological response of the liver, in freshwater fish Labeo rohita for 90 days. The fingerlings were divided into five groups (D1, control diet), AFB₁ 100 (D2), AFB₁ 25 QC (D3), AFB₁ 50 QC (D4), and AFB₁ 100 QC (D5). The study was carried out in fibre-reinforced plastic pools with three replicates for each group. After 90 days, fish from treatment were randomly caught, anaesthetized, and euthanized. Then, histological sections of the tissues were prepared. Results showed that fish exposed to 100 ppb AFB₁ showed cytoplasmic vacuolization in hepatocytes, hepatic tissue showing loss of membrane integrity resulting in the cell fusion along with diffused hepatocytes, hyperplasia, blood congestion, and invasion of nuclei in the central vein. However, fish diet supplementation of D3 led to a significant improvement in the histomorphological responses of the liver.

We develop a two-echelon supply chain inventory model with emission, isoelastic demand and multiple shipment policy. The quality of the manufactured items affects the production rate. Depending upon the production rate, a certain amount of the lot produced contains defective items. The numerical simulation and cost optimization via Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) have been done to facilitate the valuable insights of optimal investment in green technology to reduce the carbon emissions.

This paper outlines the composition of tamarind seed oil, the various applications for its use, the different solvents used to extract it, and the results of the response surface methodology (RSM-CCD) studies conducted to optimize the extraction process. It summarizes the results of the studies, which found that ethanol and isopropanol are the most promising solvents for oil extraction. The optimal extraction conditions are 52.5 °C and 8:1 ratio solvent to solid ratio for 6 h of reaction time, which yielded a maximum of 8.86% extractable oil.

This research offers a scientific, industry-driven approach to studying the impact of acceleration and displacement reactions on ride comfort, handling, and safety in automobile suspension design. Different suspension systems were tested at a maximum speed of 240 km/hr, with the Intelligent Control Suspension System (ICSS) and the Passive Suspension System (PSS) standing out. RMS acceleration and displacement data, as well as ride quality and comfort parameters, were used to make the comparisons. Acceleration attenuation studies reveal that the ICSS is superior than the PSS, with reductions ranging from 7.64 to 11.66% across different ICSS configurations. Displacement values improve significantly using ICSS, obtaining reductions ranging from 25.89 to 55.80%. With the application of ICSS, ride quality and comfort indices improve by 8.19 to 31.50%. These findings show that the ICSS is very successful in reducing discomfort caused by rail vibrations and improving passenger comfort. This research emphasizes the significance of acceleration and displacement responses in suspension design and advocates for the use of ICSS for more efficient and pleasant train travel. The adaptable nature of ICSS allows for real-time optimization of suspension settings, which contributes to the development of a sustainable and enjoyable railway sector.

The proper divisor graph (Upsilon _n) of a positive integer n is an induced subgraph of the zero divisor graph (Gamma (mathbb {Z}_n)) of the ring (mathbb {Z}_n) and also plays an important role in studying the Laplacian spectrum of (Gamma (mathbb {Z}_n)). The vertices of (Upsilon _n) are the proper divisors of n and two distinct vertices x, y are adjacent if and only if n divides xy. We determine the values of n for which (Upsilon _n) is split, co-graph, planar, outer-planar and ring graph. We also determine the decycling number, metric dimension, strong metric dimension and fixing number of the zero divisor graph of a monogenic semigroup.

There is a rapid growth in semiconductor technology as the need for digital application systems has  increased. Arithmetic operations such as addition and multiplication play a major role in DSP applications. As a result, there is thorough research on various methods to achieve high-speed and low-power DSP applications. In multipliers, the Vedic multiplier is considered as a fast multiplier because of its consistent structure resulting in low power consumption. Array multiplier is implemented with half and full adders. This kind of implementation of the array multiplier needs the previous output to provide the last word output, which leads to an increase in delay. In DSP applications, the key problem corresponds to carry generation delay. To overcome the delay, a carry-lookahead adder is used. In this work, a Vedic multiplier using a carry-lookahead adder is used with quaternary logic in the CMOS process. The width and length of the transistors are defined as 1.7 µm (PMOS), 850 nm (NMOS), and 180 nm for 1.8 V supply in 180 nm CMOS process. Simulation results show that the designed Vedic multiplier enhances the performance when compared with the conventional multiplier.

Virgin polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is widely used in numerous engineering and biomedical applications, hence requiring a scientific recycling solution to achieve the sustainable development goals of the United Nations. However, less has been stated on the effect of secondary (2°) recycling of PVDF to ensure the 3D printing of functional sensors. This study compares virgin and 2° recycled PVDF composite prepared by mechanical reinforcement (by wt.%) of 8% hydroxyapatite (HAp), and 2% chitosan (CS) with a single screw extruder (SSE) for the 3D printing of functional sensors. The 2° recycled PVDF composite was compared with virgin PVDF based on mechanical, flow, thermal, surface characteristics, and dielectric properties. The study outlines that 2° recycled PVDF composite may be used for the 3D printing of functional sensor prototypes with an improvement of Young’s modulus (E) (45%), viscosity (122.6%), and surface roughness (Ra) (6.79%) for the selected composition. However, the modulus of toughness (MOT) was significantly reduced (88.37%). Overall thermal and dielectric properties have shown little variation after 2° recycling.

DNA fragments in urine are a promising biomarker for non-invasive genetic analysis. In this study, a method was developed to capture DNA from urine by using a nylon membrane combined filter device. The nylon membranes were functionalized by chitosan which has high binding capacity for nucleic acids. The current method could capture DNA from 8 ml of standard solution with a DNA concentration as low as 0.05 ng/ml. Urine DNA was captured by this method from ten healthy people, and then, a nylon membrane with a diameter of 1.2 mm punched by a hole puncher was added in PCR to detect the leptin gene. The results showed that there were normal amplification curves after PCR, indicating that the method was feasible for detecting genes in urine. The method developed in this study is non-invasive, rapid, and simple for gene detection.