Q. Hong, Qian Ma, Xinxin Gao, Che Liu, Qiang Xiao, Shabab Iqbal, T. Cui
Recently, programmable metasurfaces have aroused great attention for various applications such as beam manipulation, wireless communication, and holograms by modulating the spatial phase or amplitude. However, programmable amplitude‐coding modulations have rarely been investigated due to the difficulty in realizing dynamic control of amplitude. Herein, a real‐time programmable amplitude‐coding metasurface with multifrequency modulation is proposed by integrating PIN diodes and chip attenuators to the metaelement. The element is encoded as “11,” “10,” and “00,” corresponding to the ON/OFF states of two diodes. By switching the two states of the PIN diode, the metaelement exhibits distinctly reflected amplitude responses in three frequencies (2.98, 4.11, and 5.73 GHz). For the whole metasurface, the magnitude of the reflected beam can be modulated with some specific coding patterns. To verify the performance, six coding patterns with 10 × 10 metaelements are designed, and four of them are measured. Experimental results are fundamentally consistent with theoretical designs and simulations. Further a wireless communication demonstration is designed and implemented to perform direct modulation of digital signals without using mixers required in the conventional wireless communication systems. It is envisioned that this work will find applications in new architecture encrypted communication and imaging systems.
{"title":"Programmable Amplitude‐Coding Metasurface with Multifrequency Modulations","authors":"Q. Hong, Qian Ma, Xinxin Gao, Che Liu, Qiang Xiao, Shabab Iqbal, T. Cui","doi":"10.1002/aisy.202000260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000260","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, programmable metasurfaces have aroused great attention for various applications such as beam manipulation, wireless communication, and holograms by modulating the spatial phase or amplitude. However, programmable amplitude‐coding modulations have rarely been investigated due to the difficulty in realizing dynamic control of amplitude. Herein, a real‐time programmable amplitude‐coding metasurface with multifrequency modulation is proposed by integrating PIN diodes and chip attenuators to the metaelement. The element is encoded as “11,” “10,” and “00,” corresponding to the ON/OFF states of two diodes. By switching the two states of the PIN diode, the metaelement exhibits distinctly reflected amplitude responses in three frequencies (2.98, 4.11, and 5.73 GHz). For the whole metasurface, the magnitude of the reflected beam can be modulated with some specific coding patterns. To verify the performance, six coding patterns with 10 × 10 metaelements are designed, and four of them are measured. Experimental results are fundamentally consistent with theoretical designs and simulations. Further a wireless communication demonstration is designed and implemented to perform direct modulation of digital signals without using mixers required in the conventional wireless communication systems. It is envisioned that this work will find applications in new architecture encrypted communication and imaging systems.","PeriodicalId":7187,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77227771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia A. Carpenter, T. Eberle, S. Schuerle, A. Rafsanjani, A. Studart
Magnetically driven soft actuators are unique because they are fast, remote‐controlled, conformal to rigid objects, and safe to interact with humans. Despite these multiple functionalities, a broader utilization of such actuators is hindered by the high cost and equipment‐intensive nature of currently available manufacturing processes. Herein, a simple fabrication route for magneto‐responsive soft actuators is described using cost‐effective and broadly available raw materials and equipment. The method utilizes castable silicone resins that are loaded with magnetic particles and subsequently magnetized under an external magnetic field. The experimental investigation of silicone‐based composites prepared with particles of distinct chemistries, sizes, and morphologies enables the identification of the raw materials and magnetization conditions required for the process. This leads to functional soft actuators with programmable magnetic patterns that are capable of performing pick‐and‐place, lifting, catching, and moving tasks under the remote action of an external magnetic field. By removing manufacturing hurdles associated with costly raw materials and equipment, the proposed approach is expected to facilitate the design, implementation, and exploitation of the unique functionalities of magneto‐controlled soft actuators in a wider number of applications.
{"title":"Facile Manufacturing Route for Magneto‐Responsive Soft Actuators","authors":"Julia A. Carpenter, T. Eberle, S. Schuerle, A. Rafsanjani, A. Studart","doi":"10.1002/aisy.202000283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000283","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetically driven soft actuators are unique because they are fast, remote‐controlled, conformal to rigid objects, and safe to interact with humans. Despite these multiple functionalities, a broader utilization of such actuators is hindered by the high cost and equipment‐intensive nature of currently available manufacturing processes. Herein, a simple fabrication route for magneto‐responsive soft actuators is described using cost‐effective and broadly available raw materials and equipment. The method utilizes castable silicone resins that are loaded with magnetic particles and subsequently magnetized under an external magnetic field. The experimental investigation of silicone‐based composites prepared with particles of distinct chemistries, sizes, and morphologies enables the identification of the raw materials and magnetization conditions required for the process. This leads to functional soft actuators with programmable magnetic patterns that are capable of performing pick‐and‐place, lifting, catching, and moving tasks under the remote action of an external magnetic field. By removing manufacturing hurdles associated with costly raw materials and equipment, the proposed approach is expected to facilitate the design, implementation, and exploitation of the unique functionalities of magneto‐controlled soft actuators in a wider number of applications.","PeriodicalId":7187,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87461121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liquid‐crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are considered ideal soft actuator materials for a wide range of applications, especially the thriving soft robotics. However, 3D LCE actuators capable of precisely controllable stepwise actuation, which can enhance functionality and versatility of LCE robots for multifarious complicated applications, are still in urgent need for the reported LCE actuators mainly exploit the one‐step actuation upon the liquid‐crystallin (LC)‐isotropic phase transition temperature (Ti). Herein, a catalyst‐free LC‐vitrimer actuator with supercritical behavior is designed, which can perform precisely controllable stepwise actuation with extraordinary shape stability over a broad temperature range of about 70 °C. Moreover, supercritical behavior enables the actuator to be used in nematic phase, imparting the actuator with some extra advantages, such as higher mechanical strength and actuation stability, over the one used above Ti. Furthermore, the LCE can be reprogrammable into arbitrary 3D actuators, which can further be integrated into single‐material actuators with complex stepwise actuation, offering a generalized strategy of LCE actuators for sophisticated practical soft robots.
{"title":"Reprogrammable 3D Liquid‐Crystalline Actuators with Precisely Controllable Stepwise Actuation","authors":"Qiaomei Chen, Weiwei Li, Yen Wei, Yan Ji","doi":"10.1002/aisy.202000249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000249","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid‐crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are considered ideal soft actuator materials for a wide range of applications, especially the thriving soft robotics. However, 3D LCE actuators capable of precisely controllable stepwise actuation, which can enhance functionality and versatility of LCE robots for multifarious complicated applications, are still in urgent need for the reported LCE actuators mainly exploit the one‐step actuation upon the liquid‐crystallin (LC)‐isotropic phase transition temperature (Ti). Herein, a catalyst‐free LC‐vitrimer actuator with supercritical behavior is designed, which can perform precisely controllable stepwise actuation with extraordinary shape stability over a broad temperature range of about 70 °C. Moreover, supercritical behavior enables the actuator to be used in nematic phase, imparting the actuator with some extra advantages, such as higher mechanical strength and actuation stability, over the one used above Ti. Furthermore, the LCE can be reprogrammable into arbitrary 3D actuators, which can further be integrated into single‐material actuators with complex stepwise actuation, offering a generalized strategy of LCE actuators for sophisticated practical soft robots.","PeriodicalId":7187,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82668309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Min Pan, Chenggang Yuan, Tom Pickford, Jeff Tian, Christopher Ellingford, Ning Zhou, C. Bowen, C. Wan
Soft robots and devices exploit highly deformable materials that are capable of changes in shape to allow conformable physical contact for controlled manipulation. While soft robots are resilient to mechanical impact, they are susceptible to mechanical damage, such as tears and punctures. The development of self‐healing materials and actuators continues to attract increasing interest, in particular, with respect to integrating self‐healing polymers to create bioinspired soft self‐healing devices. Herein, a novel piezoelectric‐driven self‐healing leaf‐motion mimic actuator is designed by combining a thermoplastic methyl thioglycolate–modified styrene–butadiene–styrene (MGSBS) elastomer with a piezoelectric macrofiber composite (MFC) for self‐sensing applications. This article is the first demonstration of a self‐sensing and self‐healing actuator‐sensor system, which is driven by a piezoelectric actuator and can mimic leaf motion. The leaf‐motion actuator combines built‐in dynamic sensing and room‐temperature self‐healing capabilities to restore macroscale cutting damage with an intrinsically high bandwidth of up to 10 kHz. The feasibility and potential of the new actuator for use in complex soft autonomous systems are demonstrated. These new results help to address the emerging influence of self‐healing soft actuators and the challenges of sensing, actuation, and damage resistance in soft robotics.
{"title":"Piezoelectric‐Driven Self‐Sensing Leaf‐Mimic Actuator Enabled by Integration of a Self‐Healing Dielectric Elastomer and a Piezoelectric Composite","authors":"Min Pan, Chenggang Yuan, Tom Pickford, Jeff Tian, Christopher Ellingford, Ning Zhou, C. Bowen, C. Wan","doi":"10.1002/aisy.202000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000248","url":null,"abstract":"Soft robots and devices exploit highly deformable materials that are capable of changes in shape to allow conformable physical contact for controlled manipulation. While soft robots are resilient to mechanical impact, they are susceptible to mechanical damage, such as tears and punctures. The development of self‐healing materials and actuators continues to attract increasing interest, in particular, with respect to integrating self‐healing polymers to create bioinspired soft self‐healing devices. Herein, a novel piezoelectric‐driven self‐healing leaf‐motion mimic actuator is designed by combining a thermoplastic methyl thioglycolate–modified styrene–butadiene–styrene (MGSBS) elastomer with a piezoelectric macrofiber composite (MFC) for self‐sensing applications. This article is the first demonstration of a self‐sensing and self‐healing actuator‐sensor system, which is driven by a piezoelectric actuator and can mimic leaf motion. The leaf‐motion actuator combines built‐in dynamic sensing and room‐temperature self‐healing capabilities to restore macroscale cutting damage with an intrinsically high bandwidth of up to 10 kHz. The feasibility and potential of the new actuator for use in complex soft autonomous systems are demonstrated. These new results help to address the emerging influence of self‐healing soft actuators and the challenges of sensing, actuation, and damage resistance in soft robotics.","PeriodicalId":7187,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74021852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minyung Song, K. Daniels, A. Kiani, Sahar Rashidnadimi, M. Dickey
Herein, this progress report summarizes recent studies of electrochemical oxidation to modulate the interfacial tension of gallium‐based alloys. These liquid alloys have the largest interfacial tension of any liquid at room temperature. The ability to modulate the tension offers the possibility to create forces that change the shape and position of small volumes of liquid metal. It has been known since the late 1800s that electrocapillarity—the use of potential to modulate the electric double layer on the surface of metals in electrolyte—lowers the interfacial tension of liquid metals. This phenomenon, however, can only achieve modest changes in interfacial tension since it is limited to potentials that avoid Faradaic reactions. A recent discovery suggests reactions driven by the electrochemical oxidation of gallium alloys cause the interfacial tension to decrease from ≈500 mN m−1 at 0 V to ≈0 mN m−1 at less than 1 V. This change in interfacial tension is reversible, controllable, and goes well‐beyond what is possible via conventional electrocapillarity or surfactants. This report aims to introduce beginners to this field and address misconceptions. The report discusses applications that utilize modulations in interfacial tension of liquid metal and concludes with remaining opportunities and challenges needing further investigation.
{"title":"Interfacial Tension Modulation of Liquid Metal via Electrochemical Oxidation","authors":"Minyung Song, K. Daniels, A. Kiani, Sahar Rashidnadimi, M. Dickey","doi":"10.1002/aisy.202100024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202100024","url":null,"abstract":"Herein, this progress report summarizes recent studies of electrochemical oxidation to modulate the interfacial tension of gallium‐based alloys. These liquid alloys have the largest interfacial tension of any liquid at room temperature. The ability to modulate the tension offers the possibility to create forces that change the shape and position of small volumes of liquid metal. It has been known since the late 1800s that electrocapillarity—the use of potential to modulate the electric double layer on the surface of metals in electrolyte—lowers the interfacial tension of liquid metals. This phenomenon, however, can only achieve modest changes in interfacial tension since it is limited to potentials that avoid Faradaic reactions. A recent discovery suggests reactions driven by the electrochemical oxidation of gallium alloys cause the interfacial tension to decrease from ≈500 mN m−1 at 0 V to ≈0 mN m−1 at less than 1 V. This change in interfacial tension is reversible, controllable, and goes well‐beyond what is possible via conventional electrocapillarity or surfactants. This report aims to introduce beginners to this field and address misconceptions. The report discusses applications that utilize modulations in interfacial tension of liquid metal and concludes with remaining opportunities and challenges needing further investigation.","PeriodicalId":7187,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82513749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the external environment depends heavily on vision, audition, and touch. Like vision and audition, the human sense of touch is complex. Tactile perception is composed of multiple fundamental and physical experiences felt as changes in stiffness, texture, shape, size, temperature, and weight by the skin. While researchers and industries have made continuous efforts to abstract and recreate these haptic experiences, haptic devices are still limited in invoking intricate and rich sensations. Herein, the design, model, and experimental validation of a wearable skin‐like interface, able to recreate the roughness, shape, and size of a perceived object is presented; a platform for an interactive “physical” experience. The cogency of immersion through tactile feedback on moldable clay by the user response from the active haptic feedback, is examined. For the experimental test, a soft pneumatic actuator (SPA)‐skin interface (90 Hz bandwidth) with a complex actuation pattern is prototyped. The SPA‐skin's performance using three sets of simulated textures (<300 μm) and for reconstructing simulated contours (of a rectangle, circle, or trapezoid) in the virtual reality (VR) platform is investigated. The experimental results demonstrated for the first time how artificially created tactile feedback can indeed simulate physical interaction, with 83% average accuracy for contour reconstruction.
{"title":"Soft Touch using Soft Pneumatic Actuator–Skin as a Wearable Haptic Feedback Device","authors":"H. Sonar, Jian-Lin Huang, J. Paik","doi":"10.1002/aisy.202000168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000168","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the external environment depends heavily on vision, audition, and touch. Like vision and audition, the human sense of touch is complex. Tactile perception is composed of multiple fundamental and physical experiences felt as changes in stiffness, texture, shape, size, temperature, and weight by the skin. While researchers and industries have made continuous efforts to abstract and recreate these haptic experiences, haptic devices are still limited in invoking intricate and rich sensations. Herein, the design, model, and experimental validation of a wearable skin‐like interface, able to recreate the roughness, shape, and size of a perceived object is presented; a platform for an interactive “physical” experience. The cogency of immersion through tactile feedback on moldable clay by the user response from the active haptic feedback, is examined. For the experimental test, a soft pneumatic actuator (SPA)‐skin interface (90 Hz bandwidth) with a complex actuation pattern is prototyped. The SPA‐skin's performance using three sets of simulated textures (<300 μm) and for reconstructing simulated contours (of a rectangle, circle, or trapezoid) in the virtual reality (VR) platform is investigated. The experimental results demonstrated for the first time how artificially created tactile feedback can indeed simulate physical interaction, with 83% average accuracy for contour reconstruction.","PeriodicalId":7187,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83373854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oliver Ozioko, Prakash Karipoth, P. Escobedo, M. Ntagios, A. Pullanchiyodan, R. Dahiya
Herein, a novel tactile sensing device (SensAct) with a soft touch/pressure sensor seamlessly integrated on a flexible actuator is presented. The squishy touch sensor is developed with custom‐made graphite paste on a tiny permanent magnet, encapsulated in Sil‐Poxy, and the actuator (15 μ‐thick coil) is fabricated on polyimide by Lithographie Galvanoformung Abformung (LIGA) micromolding method. The actuator can operate in two modes (expansion and contraction/squeeze) and two states (vibration and nonvibration). The sensor was tested with up to 12 N applied forces and exhibited ≈70% average relative resistance variation (ΔR/Ro), ≈0.346 kPa−1 sensitivity, and ≈49 ms response time with excellent repeatability (≈12.7% coefficient of variation) at 5 N. During simultaneous sensing and actuation, the modulation of coil current, due to ΔR/Ro (≈14% at 2 N force) in the sensor, allows the close loop control (ΔI/Io ≈385%) of expansion/contraction (≈69.8 μm expansion in nonvibration state and ≈111.5 μm peak‐to‐peak in the vibration state). Finally, the soft sensor is embedded in the 3D‐printed fingertip of a robotic hand to demonstrate its use for pressure mapping along with remote vibrotactile stimulation using SensAct device. The self‐controllable actuation of SensAct could provide eSkin the ability to tune stiffness and the vibration states could be utilized for controlled haptic feedback.
{"title":"SensAct: The Soft and Squishy Tactile Sensor with Integrated Flexible Actuator","authors":"Oliver Ozioko, Prakash Karipoth, P. Escobedo, M. Ntagios, A. Pullanchiyodan, R. Dahiya","doi":"10.1002/aisy.201900145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900145","url":null,"abstract":"Herein, a novel tactile sensing device (SensAct) with a soft touch/pressure sensor seamlessly integrated on a flexible actuator is presented. The squishy touch sensor is developed with custom‐made graphite paste on a tiny permanent magnet, encapsulated in Sil‐Poxy, and the actuator (15 μ‐thick coil) is fabricated on polyimide by Lithographie Galvanoformung Abformung (LIGA) micromolding method. The actuator can operate in two modes (expansion and contraction/squeeze) and two states (vibration and nonvibration). The sensor was tested with up to 12 N applied forces and exhibited ≈70% average relative resistance variation (ΔR/Ro), ≈0.346 kPa−1 sensitivity, and ≈49 ms response time with excellent repeatability (≈12.7% coefficient of variation) at 5 N. During simultaneous sensing and actuation, the modulation of coil current, due to ΔR/Ro (≈14% at 2 N force) in the sensor, allows the close loop control (ΔI/Io ≈385%) of expansion/contraction (≈69.8 μm expansion in nonvibration state and ≈111.5 μm peak‐to‐peak in the vibration state). Finally, the soft sensor is embedded in the 3D‐printed fingertip of a robotic hand to demonstrate its use for pressure mapping along with remote vibrotactile stimulation using SensAct device. The self‐controllable actuation of SensAct could provide eSkin the ability to tune stiffness and the vibration states could be utilized for controlled haptic feedback.","PeriodicalId":7187,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73237203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wataru Akashi, H. Kambara, Yousuke Ogata, Y. Koike, L. Minati, N. Yoshimura
Recent advances in brain imaging technology have furthered our knowledge of the neural basis of auditory and speech processing, often via contributions from invasive brain signal recording and stimulation studies conducted intraoperatively. Herein, an approach for synthesizing vowel sounds straightforwardly from scalp‐recorded electroencephalography (EEG), a noninvasive neurophysiological recording method is demonstrated. Given cortical current signals derived from the EEG acquired while human participants listen to and recall (i.e., imagined) two vowels, /a/ and /i/, sound parameters are estimated by a convolutional neural network (CNN). The speech synthesized from the estimated parameters is sufficiently natural to achieve recognition rates >85% during a subsequent sound discrimination task. Notably, the CNN identifies the involvement of the brain areas mediating the “what” auditory stream, namely the superior, middle temporal, and Heschl's gyri, demonstrating the efficacy of the computational method in extracting auditory‐related information from neuroelectrical activity. Differences in cortical sound representation between listening versus recalling are further revealed, such that the fusiform, calcarine, and anterior cingulate gyri contributes during listening, whereas the inferior occipital gyrus is engaged during recollection. The proposed approach can expand the scope of EEG in decoding auditory perception that requires high spatial and temporal resolution.
{"title":"Vowel Sound Synthesis from Electroencephalography during Listening and Recalling","authors":"Wataru Akashi, H. Kambara, Yousuke Ogata, Y. Koike, L. Minati, N. Yoshimura","doi":"10.1002/aisy.202000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000164","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in brain imaging technology have furthered our knowledge of the neural basis of auditory and speech processing, often via contributions from invasive brain signal recording and stimulation studies conducted intraoperatively. Herein, an approach for synthesizing vowel sounds straightforwardly from scalp‐recorded electroencephalography (EEG), a noninvasive neurophysiological recording method is demonstrated. Given cortical current signals derived from the EEG acquired while human participants listen to and recall (i.e., imagined) two vowels, /a/ and /i/, sound parameters are estimated by a convolutional neural network (CNN). The speech synthesized from the estimated parameters is sufficiently natural to achieve recognition rates >85% during a subsequent sound discrimination task. Notably, the CNN identifies the involvement of the brain areas mediating the “what” auditory stream, namely the superior, middle temporal, and Heschl's gyri, demonstrating the efficacy of the computational method in extracting auditory‐related information from neuroelectrical activity. Differences in cortical sound representation between listening versus recalling are further revealed, such that the fusiform, calcarine, and anterior cingulate gyri contributes during listening, whereas the inferior occipital gyrus is engaged during recollection. The proposed approach can expand the scope of EEG in decoding auditory perception that requires high spatial and temporal resolution.","PeriodicalId":7187,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74174372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Shu, S. Sansare, Di Jin, Xiang-Hui Zeng, K. Tong, Rishikesh Pandey, R. Zhou
Leukocyte differential test is a widely carried out clinical procedure for screening infectious diseases. Existing hematology analyzers require labor‐intensive work and a panel of expensive reagents. Herein, an artificial‐intelligence‐enabled reagent‐free imaging hematology analyzer (AIRFIHA) modality is reported that can accurately classify subpopulations of leukocytes with minimal sample preparation. AIRFIHA is realized through training a two‐step residual neural network using label‐free images of isolated leukocytes acquired from a custom‐built quantitative phase microscope. By leveraging the rich information contained in quantitative phase images, not only high accuracy is achieved in differentiating B and T lymphocytes, but also CD4 and CD8 T cells are classified, therefore outperforming the classification accuracy of most current hematology analyzers. The performance of AIRFIHA in a randomly selected test set is validated and is cross‐validated across all blood donors. Due to its easy operation, low cost, and accurate discerning capability of complex leukocyte subpopulations, AIRFIHA is clinically translatable and can also be deployed in resource‐limited settings, e.g., during pandemic situations for the rapid screening of infectious diseases.
{"title":"Artificial‐Intelligence‐Enabled Reagent‐Free Imaging Hematology Analyzer","authors":"Xin Shu, S. Sansare, Di Jin, Xiang-Hui Zeng, K. Tong, Rishikesh Pandey, R. Zhou","doi":"10.1002/aisy.202000277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000277","url":null,"abstract":"Leukocyte differential test is a widely carried out clinical procedure for screening infectious diseases. Existing hematology analyzers require labor‐intensive work and a panel of expensive reagents. Herein, an artificial‐intelligence‐enabled reagent‐free imaging hematology analyzer (AIRFIHA) modality is reported that can accurately classify subpopulations of leukocytes with minimal sample preparation. AIRFIHA is realized through training a two‐step residual neural network using label‐free images of isolated leukocytes acquired from a custom‐built quantitative phase microscope. By leveraging the rich information contained in quantitative phase images, not only high accuracy is achieved in differentiating B and T lymphocytes, but also CD4 and CD8 T cells are classified, therefore outperforming the classification accuracy of most current hematology analyzers. The performance of AIRFIHA in a randomly selected test set is validated and is cross‐validated across all blood donors. Due to its easy operation, low cost, and accurate discerning capability of complex leukocyte subpopulations, AIRFIHA is clinically translatable and can also be deployed in resource‐limited settings, e.g., during pandemic situations for the rapid screening of infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":7187,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Intelligent Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82302942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kameel Abdel-latif, Robert W. Epps, Fazel Bateni, Suyong Han, Kristofer G. Reyes, M. Abolhasani
Identifying the optimal formulation of emerging inorganic lead halide perovskite quantum dots (LHP QDs) with their vast colloidal synthesis universe and multiple synthesis/postsynthesis processing parameters is a challenging undertaking for material‐ and time‐intensive, batch synthesis strategies. Herein, a modular microfluidic synthesis strategy, integrated with an artificial intelligence (AI)‐guided decision‐making agent for intelligent navigation through the complex colloidal synthesis universe of LHP QDs with 10 individually controlled synthesis parameters and an accessible parameter space exceeding 2 × 107, is introduced. Utilizing the developed autonomous microfluidic experimentation strategy within a global learning framework, the optimal formulation of LHP QDs is rapidly identified through a two‐step colloidal synthesis and postsynthesis halide exchange reaction, for 10 different emission colors in less than 40 min per desired peak emission energy. Using two in‐series microfluidic reactors enables continuous bandgap engineering of LHP QDs via in‐line halide exchange reactions without the need for an intermediate washing step. Using an inert gas within a three‐phase flow format enables successful, self‐synchronized continuous delivery of halide salt precursor into moving droplets containing LHP QDs, resulting in accelerated closed‐loop formulation optimization and end‐to‐end continuous manufacturing of LHP QDs with desired optoelectronic properties.
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