Additive manufacturing letters最新文献_第5页

Influence of aging time to achieve tensile build direction heat treated T74 forging properties in lubricant free AFSD AA7050 时效时间对在无润滑油AFSD AA7050中实现拉伸构建方向热处理T74锻件性能的影响

IF 4.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing letters

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100296

I. Liu , J. Hoarston , N. Zhu , A. Birt , N. Palya , B.J. Phillips , D.Z. Avery , P.G. Allison , J.B. Jordon

The need for long-lead time aluminum alloy casting and forging replacements requires innovative solutions such as Additive Friction Stir Deposition (AFSD), a solid-state additive manufacturing technique that uses frictional heat and severe plastic deformation to create metallurgical bonds through layer-by-layer deposition. While AFSD has demonstrated isotropic mechanical properties in the as-deposited condition, post-deposition heat treatment (PDHT) of precipitation hardened aluminum alloys processed by AFSD has led to poor ductility, particularly in the build direction. In this feasibility study, a lubricant-free twin rod AFSD (TR-AFSD) approach printed a 100 millimeter tall AA7050 build. Mechanical properties in the build direction were determined for a range of artificial aging times. Experimental results showed that a one hour aging time following a 24-hour solution treatment produced tensile yield, ultimate tensile strength, and strain to failure results of 360 ± 5.5 MPa, 463 ± 10.3 MPa, and 7.55 ± 2.00 %, respectively. Our feasibility study shows that forging-like tensile properties can be achieved in the build direction from TR-AFSD prints using a featureless tool coupled with a temperature control lubricant-free round feedstock approach and a custom PDHT schedule.

长周期铝合金铸造和锻造替代品的需求需要创新的解决方案，例如添加剂搅拌摩擦沉积（AFSD），这是一种固态增材制造技术，利用摩擦热量和严重的塑性变形，通过逐层沉积形成冶金键。虽然AFSD在沉积状态下表现出各向同性的力学性能，但经AFSD处理的沉淀硬化铝合金的沉积后热处理（PDHT）导致其延展性较差，尤其是在构建方向上。在这项可行性研究中，一种无润滑油双棒AFSD （TR-AFSD）方法打印了一个100毫米高的AA7050结构。在一定的人工老化时间范围内测定了构建方向上的力学性能。实验结果表明，24小时固溶处理后时效1小时，拉伸屈服、极限抗拉强度和应变破坏率分别为360±5.5 MPa、463±10.3 MPa和7.55±2.00 %。我们的可行性研究表明，在TR-AFSD打印的构建方向上，使用无特征的工具，再加上温度控制、无润滑剂的圆料方法和定制的PDHT计划，可以实现类似锻造的拉伸性能。

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引用次数: 0

On joining additive manufactured metals via friction welding technology: a comprehensive mechanical and microstructural study on 316 L stainless steel components 用摩擦焊技术连接增材制造金属：316l不锈钢构件力学和显微组织的综合研究

IF 4.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing letters

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100309

Fatma Nur Depboylu , Loïc Jegou , Luciana Tavares , Andrei-Alexandru Popa

Rotational Friction Welding (RFW) is a solid-state joining technique that enables the assembly of metallic components below their melting temperature, while also avoiding harmful gas emissions commonly associated with fusion-based methods. Despite their high mechanical strength, parts manufactured by RFW often struggle to meet the industrial demand for complex geometries beyond their typical cylindrical and disc shapes. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M) allows fabrication of geometrically intricate parts with high precision and mechanical reliability. However, it faces challenges such as high production costs and dimensional limitations. Combining PBF-LB/M with RFW enables the production of larger and complex metal parts. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of this hybrid approach for 316 L stainless steel (SS). To accomplish this, 316 L SS parts were initially fabricated using PBF-LB/M and then joined by RFW. The joints were analyzed to evaluate weld integrity, microstructural evolution, phase stability, and mechanical performance. The analysis reveals three distinct microstructural zones: the weld zone, the thermo-mechanically affected zone, and the base metal zone. Grain refinement is observed in the weld zone, whereas coarser grains appear toward the base metal zone. Phase analysis exhibits a fully austenitic structure without any detrimental secondary phases. Mechanical testing shows increased hardness in the weld zone associated with grain refinement. Tensile tests reveal that the fracture occurred outside the welding region, specifically in the base metal zone. These findings highlight a finer, defect-free weld zone without secondary phases in RFW joined PBF-LB/M 316 L SS components.

旋转摩擦焊（RFW）是一种固态连接技术，可以使金属部件的组装低于其熔化温度，同时也避免了通常与基于熔合的方法相关的有害气体排放。尽管RFW制造的零件具有很高的机械强度，但它们通常难以满足工业对复杂几何形状的需求，而不是典型的圆柱形和圆盘形状。激光粉末床融合（PBF-LB/M）可以制造几何复杂的零件，具有高精度和机械可靠性。然而，它面临着诸如高生产成本和尺寸限制等挑战。将PBF-LB/M与RFW相结合，可以生产更大、更复杂的金属零件。本研究的目的是证明这种混合方法对316l不锈钢（SS）的可行性和效益。为了实现这一目标，316 L SS零件最初使用PBF-LB/M制造，然后通过RFW连接。对接头进行了分析，以评估焊缝完整性、显微组织演变、相稳定性和力学性能。分析显示了三个不同的显微组织区：焊接区、热机械影响区和母材区。焊缝区晶粒细化，而母材区晶粒粗化。相分析显示其为完全的奥氏体结构，无任何有害的二次相。力学测试表明，随着晶粒细化，焊接区硬度增加。拉伸试验表明，断裂发生在焊接区之外，特别是在母材区。这些研究结果表明，在PBF-LB/ m316l SS组件的RFW中，没有二次相的焊缝区域更细、无缺陷。

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引用次数: 0

Processing of Thermoelectric Fe2VAl Heusler-compounds by laser powder bed fusion: From single scan tracks to bulk material 热电Fe2VAl heusler化合物的激光粉末床熔合加工：从单一扫描轨迹到块状材料

IF 4.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing letters

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100305

M. Delcroix, G. Roy, C. van der Rest, V. Marchal-Marchant, P.J. Jacques

In the present study, the n-type Fe

_{2}

VAl_0.9 Si_0.1 was printed by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) for the first time. This work highlights the complexity of processing non-metallic materials by L-PBF and the need for advanced optimization strategies. A Single Scan Tracks (SSTs) analysis was conducted as usually done for materials newly processed by L-PBF as well as a top-down approach based on printing parameters of stainless steel. Process parameter sets based on SST analysis led to overheating while the stainless-steel-based strategy successfully produced bulk samples. Printed samples transitioned rapidly from cold defects (i.e. lack-of-fusion) to overheating as the printing parameters were varied. Moreover, high density samples were printed with parameters that would produce insufficient melting in the case of SSTs. Successive parallel tracks were printed and revealed a transition from unmelting to balling to continuous densification, demonstrating the critical role of heat accumulation. The microstructure of printed samples was analyzed, and their thermoelectric properties were measured. Transverse cold cracks, perpendicular to the scanning direction were observed. Statistical analysis on SST demonstrated that these cracks were insensitive to laser parameter variations, significantly decreasing the thermoelectric performance of bulk samples.

本研究首次采用激光粉末床熔融（L-PBF）技术打印了n型Fe2 VAl0.9 Si0.1。这项工作突出了L-PBF加工非金属材料的复杂性和对先进优化策略的需求。对L-PBF新加工的材料进行了单扫描径迹（SSTs）分析，并基于不锈钢的打印参数进行了自上而下的分析。基于SST分析的工艺参数设置导致过热，而基于不锈钢的策略成功地生产了大量样品。随着打印参数的变化，打印样品从冷缺陷（即缺乏融合）迅速过渡到过热。此外，高密度样品的打印参数在SSTs的情况下不会产生充分的熔化。连续的平行轨迹被打印出来，揭示了从未熔化到成球再到连续致密化的转变，证明了热积累的关键作用。对印刷样品的微观结构进行了分析，并对其热电性能进行了测试。观察到垂直于扫描方向的横向冷裂纹。SST的统计分析表明，这些裂纹对激光参数的变化不敏感，显著降低了大块样品的热电性能。

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引用次数: 0

Rapid exploration of nanoparticle-modified alloys in metal additive manufacturing by combining inkjet printing and laser powder bed fusion 结合喷墨打印和激光粉末床熔接技术在金属增材制造中纳米颗粒改性合金的快速探索

IF 4.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing letters

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100315

Emre Tekoglu , Shuheng Liao , Zachary Kutschke , Alexander D. O’Brien , Bethany Lettiere , Ju Li , A. John Hart

The development of new metal alloys is key to the continued advances in critical technologies such as jet engines operating at higher temperatures, rocket engines with longer lifetime and reusability, and reactors for fusion and fission energy generation. While additive manufacturing (AM) is attractive for both prototyping and production of advanced alloys and components, the experimental screening and validation of new alloys typically requires costly synthesis of custom powder feedstocks. We present a technique for high-throughput screening of nanoparticle-enhanced alloys for AM, combining inkjet printing and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Alloyed specimens are prepared on metal substrates with shallow machined cavities; a nanoparticle-containing ink is printed into the cavities via inkjet deposition; powder is manually spread into the wells; and then the material is melted by scanning of a laser as in traditional LPBF. We exercise this workflow using Niobium as the base metal and with custom-formulated inks containing Si and/or Ti nanoparticles. The alloyed specimens exhibit locally defined composition, microstructure, and hardness. We demonstrate control of minority element composition of <1 % to >10 % over <1 mm distances, and along with the capability to create multi-material gradients exhibiting complex microstructural effects.

新型金属合金的开发是高温喷气发动机、长寿命和可重复使用的火箭发动机、聚变和裂变发电反应堆等关键技术持续进步的关键。虽然增材制造（AM）对于先进合金和部件的原型设计和生产都很有吸引力，但新合金的实验筛选和验证通常需要昂贵的定制粉末原料合成。我们提出了一种结合喷墨打印和激光粉末床熔融（LPBF）的高通量筛选纳米颗粒增强合金的增材制造技术。在具有浅加工腔的金属基底上制备合金试样；通过喷墨沉积将含有纳米颗粒的油墨打印到空腔中；粉末由人工撒入井中；然后像传统的LPBF一样，通过激光扫描将材料熔化。我们使用铌作为基本金属，并使用含有Si和/或Ti纳米颗粒的定制配方墨水来执行此工作流程。合金试样具有局部定义的成分、微观结构和硬度。我们展示了在1毫米距离上控制1%到10%的少数元素组成，并具有创建具有复杂微观结构效应的多材料梯度的能力。

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引用次数: 0

Insights into crack prevention and property improvement for additively manufactured ultra-high-strength steel structures with complex geometries 复杂几何形状的增材制造超高强度钢结构的裂缝预防和性能改进

IF 4.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing letters

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100307

Jun Wang , Mark Taylor , Chenglei Diao , Ed Pickering , Jian Qin , Yao Lu , Sonia Martins Meco , Jialuo Ding , Stewart Williams

Hybrid wire-arc directed energy deposition (WDED), in which complex features are deposited onto a forged base, offers a cost-effective solution for manufacturing geometrically complex ultra-high-strength steel components, particularly for aerospace applications. However, cracking at the base forging/build interface during post-build heat treatment limits its widespread application. This study investigates the underlying causes of interfacial cracking, highlighting microstructural inhomogeneity, elemental segregation and transformation stresses as likely key contributing factors. A modified three-step post-build heat treatment incorporating a normalisation step was developed to mitigate some of these issues. The optimised process successfully suppressed cracking by refining prior-austenite grains before the application of a conventional quenching step. This enhanced tensile performance beyond AMS6419K standards, supporting the industrial implementation of hybrid WDED in aerospace structures.

混合线弧定向能沉积（WDED）技术将复杂的特征沉积在锻造底座上，为制造几何形状复杂的超高强度钢部件，特别是航空航天应用，提供了一种经济高效的解决方案。然而，在锻后热处理过程中，基锻/铸模界面的开裂限制了其广泛应用。本研究探讨了界面开裂的根本原因，强调微观结构的不均匀性、元素偏析和相变应力可能是主要的影响因素。一种改进的三步后热处理纳入了正火步骤，以减轻这些问题。优化后的工艺在应用常规淬火步骤之前，通过细化先验奥氏体晶粒成功地抑制了裂纹。这种增强的拉伸性能超出了AMS6419K标准，支持混合WDED在航空航天结构中的工业实施。

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引用次数: 0

Toward sustainable additive manufacturing of PEKK/Martian regolith composite for lightweight structural applications on Mars PEKK/火星风化层复合材料的可持续增材制造，用于火星上的轻型结构应用

IF 4.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing letters

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100297

Farshad Malekpour , Marjan Abdali , Mehdi Hojjati , Krzysztof Skonieczny

Advances in sustainable resource utilization and innovative manufacturing techniques are driving efforts toward the prospect of human settlement on Mars, led by programs such as SpaceX’s Occupy Mars initiative. One promising approach involves the development of materials and processes that leverage in-situ Martian resources. In this study, we investigate the fabrication and characterization of a composite material consisting of Polyether-Ketone-Ketone (PEKK) incorporated with Martian Regolith Simulant (MRS), targeting sustainable applications in outer space. Amorphous PEKK was pulverized and mixed with sieved MRS particles, followed by extrusion through a twin-screw extruder to produce a filament with a consistent diameter suitable for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (MEAM). A post-processing protocol, including annealing, was implemented to optimize the degree of crystallinity and improve mechanical properties. The filament quality and dispersion of regolith within the matrix were evaluated, and the composite was characterized through mechanical and thermomechanical analyses. Based on the material properties achieved, a conceptual Mars rover wheel featuring a lightweight graded structure was designed and successfully fabricated. These results demonstrate the early-stage feasibility of producing high-quality, mechanically robust 3D-printed components from regolith-based composites, highlighting the potential of integrating additive manufacturing with local resources as a step toward sustainable extraterrestrial exploration.

在SpaceX的“占领火星”计划等项目的引领下，可持续资源利用和创新制造技术的进步正在推动人类在火星上定居的前景。一种有希望的方法是开发利用火星就地资源的材料和工艺。在这项研究中，我们研究了一种由聚醚酮酮（PEKK）和火星风化层模拟剂（MRS）组成的复合材料的制备和表征，目标是在外层空间的可持续应用。将非晶PEKK粉碎并与筛选过的MRS颗粒混合，然后通过双螺杆挤出机挤出，生产出适合材料挤出增材制造（MEAM）的直径一致的长丝。采用后处理方案，包括退火，以优化结晶度和提高力学性能。通过力学和热力学分析，对复合材料进行了表征。基于所获得的材料特性，设计并成功制造了具有轻量化分级结构的概念火星漫游车车轮。这些结果证明了用风化层基复合材料生产高质量、机械坚固的3d打印部件的早期可行性，突出了将增材制造与当地资源相结合的潜力，这是迈向可持续地外探索的一步。

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引用次数: 0

Towards fully 3D printed dielectric elastomer actuators—A mini review 迈向完全3D打印的介电弹性体致动器-一个小型回顾

IF 4.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing letters

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100304

Rollo Pattinson , Nathan Ellmer , Mokarram Hossain , Rogelio Ortigosa , Jesús Martínez-Frutos , Antonio J. Gil , Anil Bastola

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have attracted the interest of researchers in soft robotics and biomimetics, due to their versatile capabilities, explored through numerical analysis and experimentation. Advances in computational simulation techniques have accelerated numerical studies on DEAs, enabling even design optimisation for improved performance. However, as computational models grow in sophistication, the fabrication methods required often exceed the capabilities of traditional manufacturing. Additive manufacturing, in particular 3D printing, offers a promising solution to the challenges of realising intricate multi-functional designs developed through topology optimisation. Its precision and ability to create complex geometries make it well-suited for translating computational designs into functional DEA devices. This mini-review examines recent progress in 3D printing for DEA fabrication, emphasising its role in bridging the gap between computational design and physical devices. It also highlights emerging technologies and key challenges that must be addressed to fully realise topologically optimised DEA designs.

介电弹性体致动器（dea）由于其多用途的性能，通过数值分析和实验进行了探索，引起了软机器人和仿生学研究人员的兴趣。计算模拟技术的进步加速了dea的数值研究，甚至可以优化设计以提高性能。然而，随着计算模型越来越复杂，所需的制造方法往往超过传统制造的能力。增材制造，特别是3D打印，为实现通过拓扑优化开发的复杂多功能设计的挑战提供了一个有前途的解决方案。它的精度和创建复杂几何形状的能力使其非常适合将计算设计转化为功能DEA设备。这篇迷你评论研究了DEA制造3D打印的最新进展，强调了其在弥合计算设计和物理设备之间差距方面的作用。它还强调了必须解决的新兴技术和关键挑战，以充分实现拓扑优化DEA设计。

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引用次数: 0

Superior mechanical properties of a high temperature Co-based superalloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion 激光粉末床熔合制备的高温钴基高温合金具有优异的力学性能

IF 4.7 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing letters

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100311

Liuhao Miao , Huiliang Wei , Jiashun Yue , Rong Chen , Yuanhong Qian , Xiaopeng Li , Zhiguang Zhu , Tingting Liu , Wenhe Liao

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of high temperature superalloys with superior mechanical properties are highly desired. However, the correlations between the process, microstructure and ambient/high temperature mechanical properties for the typical Co-based superalloy Haynes 188 remain unclear. In this work, the process development, the ambient and high temperature mechanical properties for LPBF of Haynes 188 were systematically explored. Samples with relative density over 99.9 % were achieved. Unprecedented ambient temperature strength-ductility were obtained, with yield strength of 756 MPa, tensile strength of 1067 MPa, and elongation of 60.2 %, respectively. Moreover, high temperature mechanical properties such as the steady-state creep rate of 1.04×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ at 750 °C and 270 MPa were firstly reported. Additionally, the yield strength of Haynes 188 at 980 °C reached 276 MPa. Microstructural analysis revealed that nano-scale M₆C/M₂₃C₆ carbides pinned dislocations, while dense dislocation networks and refined sub-grains suppressed dynamic recovery. The obtained achievements can provide valuable insights for additive manufacturing of complex and high-performance Haynes 188 components.

激光粉末床熔合（LPBF）是一种具有优良力学性能的高温合金。然而，典型co基高温合金Haynes 188的工艺、显微组织与环境/高温力学性能之间的相关性尚不清楚。本文系统地探讨了haynes188 LPBF的工艺发展、环境力学性能和高温力学性能。样品的相对密度在99.9%以上。获得了前所未有的室温强度-塑性，屈服强度为756 MPa，抗拉强度为1067 MPa，伸长率为60.2%。此外，还首次报道了在750℃和270 MPa下的稳态蠕变速率1.04×10−4 s⁻¹等高温力学性能。Haynes 188在980℃时的屈服强度达到276 MPa。显微组织分析表明，纳米尺度的M6C/M23C6碳化物固定了位错，而密集的位错网络和细化的亚晶粒抑制了动态恢复。所获得的成果可以为复杂高性能Haynes 188部件的增材制造提供有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Dual-matrix interface strength of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced composites: Quantitative assessment methodology and critical influencing factors 3D打印连续碳纤维增强复合材料双基体界面强度：定量评估方法及关键影响因素

IF 4.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing letters

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100303

Xiaofei Lou , Lei Dong , Xin'an Tang , Xiaohui Nan , Teng Zhang , Li Zhao

In 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced dual-matrix composites, the resin matrix in the carbon fiber prepreg filament is not the same with the matrix in the composite, and the dual-matrix interface plays an important role on the mechanical properties of structures. In this paper, a method for testing the interface shear strength (IFSS) of the dual-matrix is proposed. The interfaces between carbon fiber reinforced polyamide-6 prepreg filament and different polylactic acid matrices are selected, and the strengths of the dual-matrix interface are investigated under different printing temperatures, printing speeds, layer thicknesses, and prepreg filament volume fractions. The results show that the polylactic acid matrix with lower crystallinity is capable to form stronger interface with the polyamide-6 material. The printing temperature and printing speed need to be controlled within a certain range to ensure a reasonable viscosity range and printing quality, which will achieve a higher dual-matrix IFSS. The increase of prepreg filament volume fraction and the decrease of layer thickness are conducive to the improvement of dual-matrix interfacial properties. In addition, finite element analysis based on the cohesive model is used to analyze the interface debonding behavior, which validates the test method proposed in this paper.

在3D打印连续碳纤维增强双基复合材料中，碳纤维预浸长丝中的树脂基体与复合材料中的基体不相同，双基体界面对结构的力学性能起着重要作用。本文提出了一种双基体界面抗剪强度测试方法。选择了碳纤维增强聚酰胺-6预浸丝与不同聚乳酸基体的界面，研究了不同打印温度、打印速度、层厚和预浸丝体积分数下双基体界面的强度。结果表明，结晶度较低的聚乳酸基质能与聚酰胺-6材料形成较强的界面。印刷温度和印刷速度需要控制在一定的范围内，以保证合理的粘度范围和印刷质量，这将实现更高的双矩阵IFSS。预浸丝体积分数的增加和层厚的减小有利于双基体界面性能的改善。此外，采用基于内聚模型的有限元分析方法对界面脱粘行为进行了分析，验证了本文提出的试验方法的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

A new approach to laser DED as a repair technology with laser mesh deposition 用激光网状沉积技术修复激光DED的新方法

IF 4.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing letters

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100301

Thomas Girerd , Richard Adamson , Andres Gameros , Marco Simonelli , Andy Norton , Adam Thomas Clare

Controlling the heat input and exploring alternate feedstocks for DED is necessary to improve the versatility of DED as a repair technique. In this research, a new DED method using metallic mesh feedstocks and laser beam oscillations. This method is shown to have good stability, repeatability and good bonding with the substrate comparable to other DED processes. The best depositions show a dilution above 40 % and a height of >1.2 mm. The deposits show similar results to wire DED and powder DED with low dilution levels producing dense clads with no large pores and some grain refinements at the edges of the tracks. This then manifests as a potentially viable repair process with the advantage of a more flexible material input facilitating the delivering of the feedstock material for hard to access repair operations.

Furthermore, this process has shown its capability to be used with various energy profiles and mesh density paving the way for a better control of the microstructure for complex repair operations. This new DED alternative method has shown its capability to run efficiently with various scan strategies and feedstocks. Hence, laser mesh deposition could be used to deposit material on inhomogeneous surfaces by using carefully designed scanning strategies and mesh density during the process increasing the repair capabilities of DED.

控制热输入和探索DED的替代原料是提高DED作为一种修复技术的通用性所必需的。本文研究了一种利用金属网格原料和激光束振荡的DED方法。与其他DED工艺相比，该方法具有良好的稳定性、可重复性和与衬底的良好结合。最好的沉积表现为稀释度在40%以上，高度为1.2 mm。该沉积的结果与低稀释水平的线状DED和粉末DED相似，形成致密的包层，没有大的孔隙，在轨迹边缘有一些晶粒细化。这是一种潜在可行的维修工艺，其优点是材料输入更灵活，便于为难以进入的维修作业提供原料材料。此外，该工艺已显示出可用于各种能量分布和网格密度的能力，为复杂修复操作中更好地控制微观结构铺平了道路。这种新的DED替代方法已经显示出其在各种扫描策略和给料下有效运行的能力。因此，激光网格沉积可以通过精心设计的扫描策略和网格密度在非均匀表面上沉积材料，从而提高DED的修复能力。

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引用次数: 0