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Age Differences in Physiological Reactivity to Daily Emotional Experiences 对日常情绪体验的生理反应的年龄差异。
Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00207-z
Yoobin Park, Amie M. Gordon, Wendy Berry Mendes

How does physiological reactivity to emotional experiences change with age? Previous studies addressing this question have mostly been conducted in laboratory settings during which emotions are induced via pictures, films, or relived memories, raising external validity questions. In the present research, we draw upon two datasets collected using ecological momentary assessment methods (totaling 134,723 daily reports from 14,436 individuals) to examine age differences in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) reactivity to naturally occurring emotional experiences. We first examined how older and younger individuals differ in the prevalence of emotions varying in valence and arousal. On average, people reported experiencing positive emotions (high or low arousal) more than 70% of the time they were asked, and older (vs. younger) individuals tended to report positive emotions more frequently. In terms of physiological reactivity, we found that age was associated with reduced HR and BP reactivity. Some evidence was also found that the magnitude of such age differences may depend on the valence or arousal of the experienced emotion. The present findings have implications for understanding how emotions can contribute to physical health across the lifespan.

对情绪体验的生理反应如何随着年龄的增长而变化?以前针对这个问题的研究大多是在实验室环境中进行的,在实验室环境下,情绪是通过图片、电影或重温记忆诱发的,这引发了外部有效性问题。在本研究中,我们利用生态瞬时评估方法收集的两个数据集(14436人的134723份每日报告)来检查心率(HR)和血压(BP)对自然发生的情绪体验反应的年龄差异。我们首先研究了老年人和年轻人在情绪效价和唤醒方面的普遍性差异。平均而言,人们在被问及的70%以上的时间里都表现出了积极的情绪(高或低唤醒),而老年人(与年轻人相比)往往更频繁地表现出积极的情绪。在生理反应性方面,我们发现年龄与HR和BP反应性降低有关。一些证据还发现,这种年龄差异的大小可能取决于所经历的情绪的效价或唤醒程度。目前的研究结果对理解情绪如何在一生中促进身体健康有着重要意义。补充信息:在线版本包含补充材料,可访问10.1007/s42761-023-00207-z。
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引用次数: 2
Multimodal, Idiographic Ambulatory Sensing Will Transform our Understanding of Emotion 多模态、特有的动态感知将改变我们对情绪的理解。
Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00206-0
Katie Hoemann, Jolie B. Wormwood, Lisa Feldman Barrett, Karen S. Quigley

Emotions are inherently complex – situated inside the brain while being influenced by conditions inside the body and outside in the world – resulting in substantial variation in experience. Most studies, however, are not designed to sufficiently sample this variation. In this paper, we discuss what could be discovered if emotion were systematically studied within persons ‘in the wild’, using biologically-triggered experience sampling: a multimodal and deeply idiographic approach to ambulatory sensing that links body and mind across contexts and over time. We outline the rationale for this approach, discuss challenges to its implementation and widespread adoption, and set out opportunities for innovation afforded by emerging technologies. Implementing these innovations will enrich method and theory at the frontier of affective science, propelling the contextually situated study of emotion into the future.

情绪本质上是复杂的——位于大脑内部,同时受到身体内部和世界外部条件的影响——导致体验的巨大变化。然而,大多数研究的设计并没有充分地对这种变异进行采样。在这篇论文中,我们讨论了如果使用生物学触发的经验采样,在“野外”的人身上系统地研究情绪,会发现什么:这是一种多模式且非常具体的动态感知方法,它将身体和心理跨上下文和随时间联系起来。我们概述了这种方法的基本原理,讨论了其实施和广泛采用的挑战,并阐述了新兴技术提供的创新机会。实施这些创新将丰富情感科学前沿的方法和理论,推动情感情境研究走向未来。
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引用次数: 1
Py-Feat: Python Facial Expression Analysis Toolbox Py-Feat:Python 面部表情分析工具箱
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00191-4
Jin Hyun Cheong, Eshin Jolly, Tiankang Xie, Sophie Byrne, Matthew Kenney, Luke J. Chang

Studying facial expressions is a notoriously difficult endeavor. Recent advances in the field of affective computing have yielded impressive progress in automatically detecting facial expressions from pictures and videos. However, much of this work has yet to be widely disseminated in social science domains such as psychology. Current state-of-the-art models require considerable domain expertise that is not traditionally incorporated into social science training programs. Furthermore, there is a notable absence of user-friendly and open-source software that provides a comprehensive set of tools and functions that support facial expression research. In this paper, we introduce Py-Feat, an open-source Python toolbox that provides support for detecting, preprocessing, analyzing, and visualizing facial expression data. Py-Feat makes it easy for domain experts to disseminate and benchmark computer vision models and also for end users to quickly process, analyze, and visualize face expression data. We hope this platform will facilitate increased use of facial expression data in human behavior research.

研究面部表情是一项出了名的困难工作。情感计算领域的最新进展在自动检测图片和视频中的面部表情方面取得了令人瞩目的进展。然而,这项工作的大部分成果尚未在心理学等社会科学领域得到广泛传播。当前最先进的模型需要大量的专业领域知识,而这些知识传统上并没有纳入社会科学培训计划。此外,目前明显缺乏用户友好的开源软件,来提供一整套支持面部表情研究的工具和功能。在本文中,我们将介绍 Py-Feat,这是一个开源 Python 工具箱,可为面部表情数据的检测、预处理、分析和可视化提供支持。Py-Feat 可使领域专家轻松传播计算机视觉模型并对其进行基准测试,也可使终端用户快速处理、分析和可视化面部表情数据。我们希望这个平台能促进在人类行为研究中更多地使用面部表情数据:在线版本包含补充材料,可查阅 10.1007/s42761-023-00191-4。
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引用次数: 0
The Affective Dynamics of Everyday Digital Life: Opening Computational Possibility 日常数字生活的情感动力学:开放的计算可能性。
Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00202-4
Maia L. Rocklin, Anna Angelina Garròn Torres, Byron Reeves, Thomas N. Robinson, Nilam Ram

Up to now, there was no way to observe and track the affective impacts of the massive amount of complex visual stimuli that people encounter “in the wild” during their many hours of digital life. In this paper, we propose and illustrate how recent advances in AI—trained ensembles of deep neural networks—can be deployed on new data streams that are long sequences of screenshots of study participants’ smartphones obtained unobtrusively during everyday life. We obtained affective valence and arousal ratings of hundreds of images drawn from existing picture repositories often used in psychological studies, and a new screenshot repository chronicling individuals’ everyday digital life from both N = 832 adults and an affect computation model (Parry & Vuong, 2021). Results and analysis suggest that (a) our sample rates images similarly to other samples used in psychological studies, (b) the affect computation model is able to assign valence and arousal ratings similarly to humans, and (c) the resulting computational pipeline can be deployed at scale to obtain detailed maps of the affective space individuals travel through on their smartphones. Leveraging innovative methods for tracking the emotional content individuals encounter on their smartphones, we open the possibility for large-scale studies of how the affective dynamics of everyday digital life shape individuals’ moment-to-moment experiences and well-being.

到目前为止,还没有办法观察和跟踪人们在数字生活的许多小时里“在野外”遇到的大量复杂视觉刺激的情感影响。在本文中,我们提出并说明了如何将人工智能训练的深度神经网络集合的最新进展部署在新的数据流上,这些数据流是研究参与者在日常生活中不引人注目地获得的智能手机的长序列截图。我们获得了数百张图片的情感效价和唤醒评级,这些图片来自心理学研究中常用的现有图片库,以及一个新的截图库,记录了832名成年人的日常数字生活和一个情感计算模型(Parry&Vuong,2021)。结果和分析表明,(a)我们的样本对图像的评分与心理学研究中使用的其他样本相似,(b)情感计算模型能够与人类相似地分配效价和唤醒评级,(c)由此产生的计算管道可以大规模部署,以获得个人在智能手机上所经历的情感空间的详细地图。利用创新的方法来跟踪个人在智能手机上遇到的情感内容,我们为大规模研究日常数字生活的情感动态如何塑造个人的即时体验和幸福开辟了可能性。补充信息:在线版本包含补充材料,可访问10.1007/s42761-023-00202-4。
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引用次数: 1
Lab Meets World: the Case for Use-Inspired Basic Research in Affective Science 实验室与世界相遇:情感科学基础研究的使用启发案例。
Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00200-6
Christine D. Wilson-Mendenhall, Kevin J. Holmes

We join others in envisioning a future for affective science that addresses society’s most pressing needs. To move toward this vision, we consider a research paradigm that emerged in other disciplines: use-inspired basic research. This paradigm transcends the traditional basic-applied dichotomy, which pits the basic goal of fundamental scientific understanding against the applied goal of use in solving social problems. In reality, these goals are complementary, and use-inspired basic research advances them simultaneously. Here, we build a case for use-inspired basic research—how it differs from traditional basic science and why affective scientists should engage in it. We first examine how use-inspired basic research challenges problematic assumptions of a strict basic-applied dichotomy. We then discuss how it is consistent with advances in affective science that recognize context specificity as the norm and consider ethical issues of use being a complementary goal. Following this theoretical discussion, we differentiate the implementation of use-inspired basic research from that of traditional basic science. We draw on examples from recent research to illustrate differences: social problems as a starting point, stakeholder and community engagement, and integration of research and service. In conclusion, we invite affective scientists to embrace the “lab meets world” perspective of use-inspired basic research as a promising pathway to real-world impact.

我们和其他人一起展望情感科学的未来,以满足社会最紧迫的需求。为了实现这一愿景,我们考虑了其他学科中出现的一种研究范式:使用启发的基础研究。这种范式超越了传统的基本应用二分法,即将基本科学理解的基本目标与解决社会问题的应用目标对立起来。事实上,这些目标是互补的,受使用启发的基础研究同时推进了它们。在这里,我们为使用启发的基础研究建立了一个案例,它与传统的基础科学有何不同,以及为什么情感科学家应该参与其中。我们首先考察了使用启发的基本研究如何挑战严格的基本应用二分法的有问题的假设。然后,我们讨论了它如何与情感科学的进步相一致,情感科学将情境特异性视为规范,并将使用的伦理问题视为一个补充目标。在这一理论讨论之后,我们将使用启发基础研究的实施与传统基础科学的实施区分开来。我们引用了最近研究的例子来说明差异:以社会问题为起点,利益相关者和社区参与,以及研究和服务的整合。最后,我们邀请情感科学家接受“实验室与世界相遇”的观点,将受使用启发的基础研究作为一种有希望产生现实世界影响的途径。
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引用次数: 1
Vicarious Emotions of Fear and Pain in Rodents 啮齿动物对恐惧和疼痛的模仿情绪
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00198-x
Christian Keysers, Valeria Gazzola

Affective empathy, the ability to share the emotions of others, is an important contributor to the richness of our emotional experiences. Here, we review evidence that rodents show signs of fear and pain when they witness the fear and pain of others. This emotional contagion creates a vicarious emotion in the witness that mirrors some level of detail of the emotion of the demonstrator, including its valence and the vicinity of threats, and depends on brain regions such as the cingulate, amygdala, and insula that are also at the core of human empathy. Although it remains impossible to directly know how witnessing the distress of others feels for rodents, and whether this feeling is similar to the empathy humans experience, the similarity in neural structures suggests some analogies in emotional experience across rodents and humans. These neural homologies also reveal that feeling distress while others are distressed must serve an evolutionary purpose strong enough to warrant its stability across ~ 100 millions of years. We propose that it does so by allowing observers to set in motion the very emotions that have evolved to prepare them to deal with threats — with the benefit of triggering them socially, by harnessing conspecifics as sentinels, before the witness personally faces that threat. Finally, we discuss evidence that rodents can engage in prosocial behaviors that may be motivated by vicarious distress or reward.

情感共鸣,即分享他人情感的能力,是丰富我们情感体验的重要因素。在这里,我们回顾了啮齿动物在目睹他人的恐惧和痛苦时会表现出恐惧和痛苦的迹象的证据。这种情绪传染会在目击者身上产生一种替代情绪,这种替代情绪在某种程度上反映了示范者情绪的细节,包括情绪的价位和威胁的邻近程度,并且依赖于扣带回、杏仁核和岛叶等脑区,而这些脑区也是人类移情的核心。虽然我们还无法直接知道啮齿类动物目睹他人痛苦的感受,也无法知道这种感受是否与人类的移情相似,但神经结构的相似性表明,啮齿类动物和人类在情感体验方面存在一些相似之处。这些神经结构的相似性还揭示出,当他人感到痛苦时,这种痛苦的感觉必须具有足够强大的进化目的,以保证其在约 1 亿年的进化过程中保持稳定。我们认为,它的作用是让观察者启动进化出的情绪,使他们做好应对威胁的准备--在目击者亲自面对威胁之前,通过利用同类作为哨兵,在社会上触发这些情绪。最后,我们将讨论啮齿类动物可能会在替代性痛苦或奖励的驱使下做出亲社会行为的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Affect Across the Wake-Sleep Cycle 影响整个唤醒睡眠周期。
Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00204-2
Pilleriin Sikka, James J. Gross

Affective scientists traditionally have focused on periods of active wakefulness when people are responding to external stimuli or engaging in specific tasks. However, we live much of our lives immersed in experiences not related to the current environment or tasks at hand—mind-wandering (or daydreaming) during wakefulness and dreaming during sleep. Despite being disconnected from the immediate environment, our brains still generate affect during such periods. Yet, research on stimulus-independent affect has remained largely separate from affective science. Here, we suggest that one key future direction for affective science will be to expand our field of view by integrating the wealth of findings from research on mind-wandering, sleep, and dreaming to provide a more comprehensive account of affect across the wake-sleep cycle. In developing our argument, we address two key issues: affect variation across the wake-sleep cycle, and the benefits of expanding the study of affect across the full wake-sleep cycle. In considering these issues, we highlight the methodological and clinical implications for affective science.

传统上,情感科学家关注的是人们对外部刺激做出反应或从事特定任务时的主动清醒期。然而,我们一生中的大部分时间都沉浸在与当前环境或手头任务无关的经历中——清醒时走神(或做白日梦),睡眠时做梦。尽管我们的大脑与周围环境脱节,但在这段时间里,我们的大脑仍然会产生影响。然而,对刺激独立情感的研究在很大程度上仍然与情感科学分离。在这里,我们建议,情感科学未来的一个关键方向将是通过整合关于走神、睡眠和做梦的大量研究结果来扩大我们的视野,从而更全面地描述整个清醒-睡眠周期的影响。在发展我们的论点时,我们解决了两个关键问题:整个清醒-睡眠周期的影响变化,以及将影响研究扩展到整个清醒-睡觉周期的好处。在考虑这些问题时,我们强调了情感科学的方法论和临床意义。
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引用次数: 1
The Promise of Affective Language for Identifying and Intervening on Psychopathology 情感语言对心理病理学识别和干预的承诺。
Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00199-w
Erik C. Nook

We are in dire need of innovative tools for reducing the global burden of psychopathology. Emerging evidence suggests that analyzing language (i.e., the words people use) can grant insight into an individual's emotional experiences, their ability to regulate their emotions, and even their current experiences of psychopathology. As such, linguistic analyses of people’s everyday word use may be a diagnostic marker of emotional well-being, and manipulating the words people use could foster adaptive emotion regulation and mental health. Given the ubiquity of language in everyday life, such language-based tools for measuring and intervening in emotion and mental health can advance how we identify and treat mental illnesses at a large scale. In this paper, I outline the promise of this approach and identify key problems we must solve if we are to make it a reality. In particular, I summarize evidence connecting language, emotion, and mental health for three key constructs: sentiment (i.e., the valence of one’s language), linguistic distancing (i.e., using language to separate oneself from distressing stimuli), and emotion differentiation (i.e., using words to specifically identify one’s emotions). I also identify open questions in need of attention for each of these constructs and this area of research as a whole. Overall, I believe the future is bright for the application of psycholinguistic approaches to mental health detection and intervention.

我们迫切需要创新的工具来减轻全球精神病理学的负担。新出现的证据表明,分析语言(即人们使用的词语)可以深入了解个人的情绪体验、他们调节情绪的能力,甚至他们目前的精神病理学经历。因此,对人们日常用词的语言学分析可能是情绪健康的诊断标志,而操纵人们使用的词可以促进适应性情绪调节和心理健康。鉴于语言在日常生活中的普遍性,这种基于语言的测量和干预情绪和心理健康的工具可以促进我们如何大规模识别和治疗心理疾病。在本文中,我概述了这种方法的前景,并确定了如果我们要实现它,我们必须解决的关键问题。特别是,我总结了将语言、情绪和心理健康联系起来的三个关键结构的证据:情绪(即一个人语言的效价)、语言距离(即使用语言将自己与痛苦的刺激区分开来)和情绪分化(即使用词来具体识别自己的情绪)。我还确定了每一个结构和整个研究领域需要关注的开放性问题。总的来说,我相信心理语言学方法在心理健康检测和干预方面的应用前景光明。
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引用次数: 1
Heads of Worry, Hearts of Joy: Daily Diary Investigations of Self-Location and Well-Being 头顶忧虑,心怀喜悦:自我定位与幸福的每日日记调查
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00196-z
Roberta L. Irvin, Dongjie Wu, Adam K. Fetterman, Michael D. Robinson

When people are asked to locate the self, they frequently choose the head and heart regions of the body. These bodily regions, in turn, are linked to an extensive set of metaphors, including those that conceptualize the heart as the locus of authenticity, love, and passion. Based on such considerations as well as frameworks within the self and well-being literatures, four samples of participants in three studies (total N = 527) were asked whether, on particular days, they perceived themselves to be located in their head regions of their bodies or their heart regions. When the self was perceived to be in the heart to a greater extent, participants reported higher levels of affective and eudaimonic well-being, as mediated by processes related to reward perception (Study 1), savoring (Study 2), and social activity (Study 3). In terms of daily experiences, the heart-located self is a happier self.

当人们被要求定位自我时,通常会选择身体的头部和心脏区域。而这些身体区域又与一系列广泛的隐喻相关联,其中包括那些将心脏概念化为真实性、爱和激情之所在的隐喻。基于这些考虑以及自我和幸福感文献中的框架,三项研究中的四个参与者样本(总人数= 527)被问及,在特定的日子里,他们认为自己是位于身体的头部区域还是心脏区域。当自我感觉位于心脏区域的程度较高时,参与者会报告较高水平的情感和幸福感,这是由与奖赏感知(研究 1)、品味(研究 2)和社交活动(研究 3)相关的过程中介的。就日常体验而言,心之所在的自我是一个更快乐的自我。
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引用次数: 0
Breaking the Link Between Negative Emotion and Unhealthy Eating: the Role of Emotion Regulation 打破负面情绪与不健康饮食之间的联系:情绪调节的作用
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00190-5
Erika B. Langley, Daniel J. O’Leary, James J. Gross, Michelle N. Shiota

Stressful experiences frequently lead to increased consumption of unhealthy foods, high in sugar and fat yet low in nutrients. Can emotion regulation help break this link? In a laboratory experiment (N = 200), participants were encouraged to ruminate on a current, distressing personal problem, followed by instruction to use a specific emotion regulation strategy for managing feelings around that problem (challenge appraisal, relaxation/distraction, imagined social support, no-instruction control). Participants then spent 15 min on an anagram task in which 80% of items were unsolvable—a frustrating situation offering a second, implicit opportunity to use the regulation strategy. During the anagram task they had free access to a snack basket containing various options. Analyses revealed significant differences among regulation conditions in consumption of candy versus healthy snack options; challenge appraisal led to the healthiest snack choices, imagined social support to the least healthy snack choices.

压力往往会导致人们更多地食用高糖、高脂肪、低营养的不健康食品。情绪调节能帮助打破这种联系吗?在一项实验室实验中(N = 200),实验人员鼓励参与者反刍当前令人苦恼的个人问题,然后指导他们使用特定的情绪调节策略来管理围绕该问题的情绪(挑战评估、放松/分散注意力、想象社会支持、无指导控制)。然后,受试者花 15 分钟完成一项字谜任务,其中 80% 的题目无法解答--这种令人沮丧的情况为受试者提供了第二次使用调节策略的隐性机会。在猜字谜任务期间,他们可以自由取用装有各种选项的零食篮。分析表明,在不同的调节条件下,糖果和健康零食的消费量存在显著差异;挑战评估导致了最健康的零食选择,而想象中的社会支持则导致了最不健康的零食选择。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Affective science
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