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Intraindividual Fluctuation in Optimism Under Daily Life Circumstances: A Longitudinal Study 日常生活环境下乐观情绪的个体内波动:纵向研究
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00224-y
Kanji Shimomura, Kenji Morita, Yuki Nishiguchi, Jeff C. Huffman, Rachel A. Millstein

Optimism is typically conceptualized as a relatively static tendency regarding positive expectations about one’s future. However, recent studies suggest that optimism may meaningfully fluctuate within individuals over time. To date, little is known about the characteristics of such state optimism and potential cultural difference in state optimism. Accordingly, we developed a Japanese version of the State Optimism Measure (J-SOM) and examined its validity and the nature of intraindividual state optimism fluctuations; we also examined relationships between the J-SOM and other measures of mental health, including trait optimism. We conducted two online longitudinal surveys with different time intervals (weekly, n = 97; monthly, n = 99) targeting university students. Results were largely consistent between the two surveys. We confirmed high factor validity and internal consistency of the J-SOM. The J-SOM showed significant correlations in expected directions with other measures such as depressive mood and subjective happiness. In addition, intraindividual changes in the J-SOM were associated with changes in mood and quality of daily life. Importantly, these associations between intraindividual change in optimism and in other variables were minimal for trait optimism. We also found that state optimism, compared with trait optimism, tended to show larger intraindividual changes over 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks. In summary, this study developed a translated version of the SOM and validated it, and then showed, for the first time, that state optimism can fluctuate within individuals in daily life over a span of several weeks.

乐观主义通常被概念化为一种相对静态的倾向,是对自己未来的积极预期。然而,最近的研究表明,乐观情绪可能会随着时间的推移在个体内部发生有意义的波动。迄今为止,人们对这种状态乐观的特点以及状态乐观的潜在文化差异知之甚少。因此,我们开发了日语版的状态乐观测量(J-SOM),并研究了其有效性和个体内部状态乐观波动的性质;我们还研究了 J-SOM 与其他心理健康测量(包括特质乐观)之间的关系。我们针对大学生进行了两次不同时间间隔的在线纵向调查(每周,n = 97;每月,n = 99)。两次调查的结果基本一致。我们证实了 J-SOM 具有较高的因子效度和内部一致性。J-SOM与其他测量指标(如抑郁情绪和主观幸福感)在预期方向上显示出明显的相关性。此外,J-SOM 的个体内部变化与情绪和日常生活质量的变化相关。重要的是,个体内部乐观情绪的变化与其他变量之间的关联对于特质乐观情绪来说是最小的。我们还发现,与特质乐观相比,状态乐观在 1 周、2 周、3 周、4 周和 8 周内的个体内部变化往往更大。总之,本研究开发了一个 SOM 的翻译版本,并对其进行了验证,然后首次表明,在日常生活中,个体的状态乐观情绪会在几周内发生波动。
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引用次数: 0
Mapping Interpersonal Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life 绘制日常生活中的人际情绪调节图
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00223-z
Anh Tran, Katharine H. Greenaway, Joanne Kostopoulos, Sarah T. O’Brien, Elise K. Kalokerinos

The growing literature on interpersonal emotion regulation has largely focused on the strategies people use to regulate. As such, researchers have little understanding of how often people regulate in the first place, what emotion regulation goals they have when they regulate, and how much effort they invest in regulation. To better characterize features of the regulation process, we conducted two studies using daily diary (N = 171) and experience sampling methods (N = 239), exploring interpersonal emotion regulation in the context of everyday social interactions. We found people regulated others’ emotions nearly twice a day, regulated their own emotions through others around once a day, and regulated both their own and others’ emotions in the same interaction roughly every other day. Furthermore, not only did people regulate others’ emotions more often than regulating their own emotions through others, but they also put in more effort to do so. The goals of regulation were primarily to make themselves or others feel better, most often through increasing positive emotions, rather than decreasing negative emotions. Together, these findings provide a foundational picture of the interpersonal emotion regulation landscape, and lay the groundwork for future exploration into this emerging subfield of affective science.

关于人际情绪调节的文献越来越多,主要集中在人们使用的调节策略上。因此,研究人员对人们调节情绪的频率、调节时的情绪调节目标以及调节时所投入的精力知之甚少。为了更好地描述情绪调节过程的特征,我们使用每日日记法(171 人)和经验取样法(239 人)进行了两项研究,探讨了日常社会交往背景下的人际情绪调节。我们发现,人们几乎每天两次调节他人的情绪,大约每天一次通过他人调节自己的情绪,大约每隔一天在同一互动中同时调节自己和他人的情绪。此外,与通过他人调节自己的情绪相比,人们不仅更经常调节他人的情绪,而且为此付出了更多努力。调节的目的主要是让自己或他人感觉更好,最常见的方式是增加积极情绪,而不是减少消极情绪。总之,这些发现为人际情绪调节提供了一幅基础性的图景,并为今后探索这一新兴的情感科学子领域奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
The Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Broadening Our Field of View 情绪调节研究的未来:拓宽我们的视野
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-02 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00222-0
Kate Petrova, James J. Gross

Over the past few decades, emotion regulation research has matured into a vibrant and rapidly growing field (in 2022 alone, more than 30 thousand papers were published on emotion regulation). Taking stock of our progress, we ask “What does the future hold?” In this manuscript, we offer a roadmap for the next generation of research on emotion regulation. We begin by painting a picture of the field’s journey so far. We then outline a forward-looking agenda for broadening our field of view along three key dimensions: (1) increasing our resolution to see how regulatory strategies are flexibly and dynamically translated into tactics; (2) widening our viewing angle to embrace interpersonal emotion regulation; and (3) extending the timescale of emotion regulation research to examine how regulatory efforts are fine-tuned across the regulatory cycle and in the context of a broader range of affective experiences. In doing so, we highlight empirical studies that exemplify these three areas of focus and discuss the opportunities that lie before us. We close by offering a set of concrete practical and methodological recommendations for how the field can accomplish the goals we have outlined.

在过去的几十年里,情绪调节研究已经发展成熟,成为一个充满活力、快速发展的领域(仅在 2022 年,就发表了 3 万多篇关于情绪调节的论文)。总结我们的进步,我们不禁要问:"未来会怎样?在本手稿中,我们为下一代情绪调节研究提供了一个路线图。首先,我们描绘了该领域迄今为止的发展历程。然后,我们概述了一个前瞻性议程,以沿着三个关键维度拓宽我们的视野:(1)提高我们的分辨率,以观察调控策略是如何灵活、动态地转化为战术的;(2)拓宽我们的观察角度,以涵盖人际情绪调控;以及(3)扩展情绪调控研究的时间尺度,以考察调控努力是如何在整个调控周期和更广泛的情感体验背景下进行微调的。在此过程中,我们将重点介绍这三个重点领域的实证研究,并讨论摆在我们面前的机遇。最后,我们将就该领域如何实现我们概述的目标提出一系列具体的实践和方法建议。
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引用次数: 0
Habitual Expressive Suppression of Positive, but not Negative, Emotions Consistently Predicts Lower Well-being across Two Culturally Distinct Regions 对积极情绪(而非消极情绪)的习惯性表达性抑制能一致预测两个文化差异区域的较低幸福指数
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00221-1
Chen-Wei Felix Yu, Claudia M. Haase, Jen-Ho Chang

Habitual expressive suppression (i.e., a tendency to inhibit the outward display of one's emotions; hereafter suppression) is often conceptualized as a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy. Yet, is this equally true for suppression of positive and of negative emotions? Across three studies and seven samples (total N > 1300 people) collected in two culturally distinct regions (i.e., Taiwan and the US), we examined the separability and distinct well-being effects of suppressing positive vs. negative emotions. Results consistently showed that (a) people suppressed their positive (vs. negative) emotions less, (b) the construct of suppression of positive (vs. negative) emotions was conceptually farther away from that of suppression of emotions in general, (c) suppression of positive and of negative emotions were only moderately correlated, and (d) only suppression of positive, but not negative, emotions, predicted lower well-being. An internal meta-analysis (k = 52 effect sizes) showed that these associations were robust to the inclusion of age, gender, and region as covariates. Future research may further probe the respective links between suppression of positive and of negative emotions and well-being across more cultural regions and across the life-span.

习惯性表达压抑(即抑制自己情绪外露的倾向,以下简称压抑)通常被视为一种适应不良的情绪调节策略。然而,对积极情绪和消极情绪的抑制是否同样如此呢?我们通过在两个不同文化背景的地区(即台湾和美国)收集的三项研究和七个样本(总人数为 1300 人),考察了压抑积极情绪与压抑消极情绪的可分离性和不同的幸福感效应。结果一致表明:(a) 人们压抑积极(与消极)情绪的程度较低;(b) 压抑积极(与消极)情绪的概念与压抑一般情绪的概念相去甚远;(c) 压抑积极情绪与压抑消极情绪仅有适度的相关性;(d) 只有压抑积极情绪(而非消极情绪)才能预测较低的幸福感。一项内部荟萃分析(k = 52 个效应大小)显示,将年龄、性别和地区作为协变量时,这些关联是稳健的。未来的研究可能会在更多的文化区域和整个生命周期中进一步探究抑制积极情绪和消极情绪与幸福感之间各自的联系。
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引用次数: 0
The Future of Affective Science: Introduction to the Special Issue 情感科学的未来:特刊导论。
Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00220-2
Michelle N. Shiota, Linda A. Camras, Ralph Adolphs

Modern affective science—the empirical study of emotional responding and affective experience—has been active for a half-century. The Future of Affective Science special issue considers the history of this field and proposes new directions for the decades ahead. Contributors represent diverse theoretical perspectives, methodological expertise, and domains of study, and the special issue includes both literature reviews and new empirical studies as illustrations. This introductory article synthesizes the contributions, articulating the broader context of the current status of our field and highlighting common themes across articles as well as gaps notable even in this special issue. Sections of the article address theoretical and conceptual issues, research methodology, the questions we ask, and translation of basic affective science to applied domains. We conclude that much has been learned from the first 50 years of affective science, and it is now time for new theories, new research questions, and innovative methods for the decades ahead.

现代情感科学对情感反应和情感体验的实证研究已经活跃了半个世纪。情感科学的未来特刊回顾了这一领域的历史,并为未来几十年提出了新的方向。贡献者代表了不同的理论视角、方法论专业知识和研究领域,特刊包括文献综述和新的实证研究作为例证。这篇介绍性文章综合了这些贡献,阐明了我们领域现状的更广泛背景,并强调了文章中的共同主题以及即使在本特刊中也值得注意的差距。文章的章节涉及理论和概念问题,研究方法,我们提出的问题,以及基础情感科学到应用领域的翻译。我们得出的结论是,从情感科学的前50年中学到了很多东西,现在是时候为未来几十年提出新的理论、新的研究问题和创新方法了。
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引用次数: 0
The Future of Immersive Mood Induction in Affective Science: Using Virtual Reality to Test Effects of Mood Context on Task Performance 情感科学中沉浸式情绪诱导的未来:利用虚拟现实测试情绪情境对任务表现的影响。
Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00213-1
Nadia Kako, Christian E. Waugh, Kateri McRae

A fundamental premise of affective and clinical science is that fluctuations in mood drive meaningful changes in cognition and behavior. These theories are often tested via laboratory mood induction procedures followed by performing an established task. Despite advances in understanding the temporal dynamics of emotions, it is still unclear whether it is the enduring mood that impacts subsequent task performance. Additionally, this design requires task switching, which may limit the impact of mood and affect task performance. We suggest that virtual reality (VR) offers a more powerful, immersive alternative to traditional mood induction methods and effectively addresses these limitations because it can be used to create mood contexts that occur simultaneously with task performance. VR creates an immersive, real-world experience while benefiting from a well-controlled laboratory setting (Diniz Bernardo et al., 2021). We first summarize the literature on mood induction methodologies, including evidence that VR creates a more immersive environment, leading to mood inductions that are greater in magnitude than other methods. We then report a novel empirical study on the feasibility of utilizing VR to create a mood context that occurs simultaneously with a gold-standard emotion regulation task. Our results indicate that VR was a powerful and enduring positive mood induction tool, resulting in immediate changes in mood and greater trial-by-trial positivity ratings during the concurrent task. Portions of this study were pre-registered on August 3, 2020, on the Clinical Trials website (project citation: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04496258).

情感和临床科学的一个基本前提是,情绪的波动会导致认知和行为发生有意义的变化。这些理论通常通过实验室情绪诱导程序进行测试,然后执行既定任务。尽管在理解情绪的时间动态方面取得了进展,但仍不清楚是否是持久的情绪影响了后续的任务表现。此外,这种设计需要任务切换,这可能会限制情绪的影响并影响任务性能。我们认为,虚拟现实(VR)为传统的情绪诱导方法提供了一种更强大、更身临其境的替代方案,并有效地解决了这些局限性,因为它可以用于创建与任务执行同时发生的情绪情境。VR创造了身临其境的真实世界体验,同时受益于控制良好的实验室环境(Diniz-Bernardo等人,2021)。我们首先总结了关于情绪诱导方法的文献,包括VR创造了一个更具沉浸感的环境的证据,导致情绪诱导的幅度比其他方法更大。然后,我们报告了一项新颖的实证研究,研究了利用虚拟现实创建情绪情境的可行性,该情境与金标准情绪调节任务同时发生。我们的研究结果表明,虚拟现实是一种强大而持久的积极情绪诱导工具,在同时进行的任务中,可以立即改变情绪,并提高逐个试验的积极性评级。本研究的部分内容于2020年8月3日在临床试验网站上预先注册(项目引文:https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04496258).补充信息:在线版本包含补充材料,可访问10.1007/s42761-023-00213-1。
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引用次数: 1
Affective Science Research: Perspectives and Priorities from the National Institutes of Health 情感科学研究:美国国立卫生研究院的观点和优先事项。
Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00218-w
Janine M. Simmons, Andrew Breeden, Rebecca A. Ferrer, Arielle S. Gillman, Holly Moore, Paige Green, Vani Pariyadath, Erin B. Quinlan, Aleksandra Vicentic

Affective science is a broad and burgeoning field, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support research on a similarly broad range of topics. Across NIH, funding is available for basic, translational, and intervention research, including research in non-human animals, healthy populations, and those with or at risk for disease. Multiple NIH Institutes and Centers have specific programs devoted to topics within the affective science umbrella. Here, we introduce the funding priorities of these six: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD). We then discuss overlapping themes and offer a perspective on promising research directions.

情感科学是一个广泛而新兴的领域,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)支持对类似广泛主题的研究。在整个美国国立卫生研究院,资金可用于基础、转化和干预研究,包括对非人类动物、健康人群以及有疾病或有疾病风险的人群的研究。美国国立卫生研究院的多个研究所和中心都有专门针对情感科学保护伞内主题的项目。在此,我们介绍了这六个机构的资金优先事项:国家癌症研究所(NCI)、国家补充和综合健康中心(NCCIH)、国家心理健康研究所(NIMH)、国家老龄化研究所(NIA)、国家药物滥用研究所(NIDA)和国家少数民族健康和健康差异研究所(nitority Health and Health Disparities Institute)。然后,我们讨论了重叠的主题,并对有前景的研究方向提供了一个视角。
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引用次数: 1
How Male and Female Literary Authors Write About Affect Across Cultures and Over Historical Periods 男女文学作家如何在不同文化和历史时期书写情感
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00219-9
Giada Lettieri, Giacomo Handjaras, Erika Bucci, Pietro Pietrini, Luca Cecchetti

A wealth of literature suggests the existence of sex differences in how emotions are experienced, recognized, expressed, and regulated. However, to what extent these differences result from the put in place of stereotypes and social rules is still a matter of debate. Literature is an essential cultural institution, a transposition of the social life of people but also of their intimate affective experiences, which can serve to address questions of psychological relevance. Here, we created a large corpus of literary fiction enriched by authors’ metadata to measure the extent to which culture influences how men and women write about emotion. Our results show that even though before the twenty-first century and across 116 countries women more than men have written about affect, starting from 2000, this difference has diminished substantially. Also, in the past, women’s narratives were more positively laden and less arousing. While the difference in arousal is ubiquitous and still present nowadays, sex differences in valence vary as a function of culture and have dissolved in recent years. Altogether, these findings suggest that historic evolution is associated with men and women writing similarly about emotions and reveal a sizable impact of culture on the affective characteristics of the lexicon.

大量文献表明,在如何体验、认识、表达和调节情绪方面存在性别差异。然而,这些差异在多大程度上是由陈规定型观念和社会规则造成的,这仍然是一个争论不休的问题。文学是一种重要的文化机构,它不仅是人们社会生活的转述,也是他们亲密情感体验的转述,可以用来解决与心理学相关的问题。在此,我们创建了一个由作者元数据充实的大型文学小说语料库,以衡量文化在多大程度上影响了男性和女性如何书写情感。我们的研究结果表明,尽管在二十一世纪之前,在 116 个国家中,女性比男性更多地书写情感,但从 2000 年开始,这种差异已大大缩小。此外,在过去,女性的叙述更多的是正面的,较少唤起人们的情感。虽然唤起性方面的差异无处不在,而且如今依然存在,但情感方面的性别差异却因文化而异,而且近年来已经消失。总之,这些研究结果表明,历史的演变与男性和女性对情感的相似描述有关,并揭示了文化对词汇情感特征的巨大影响。
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引用次数: 0
We (Still!) Need to Talk About Valence: Contemporary Issues and Recommendations for Affective Science 我们(仍然!)需要谈谈Valence:情感科学的当代问题和建议。
Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00217-x
Eric A. Walle, Daniel Dukes

Valence is central to the experience of emotion. However, to the detriment of affective science, it is often ill-defined and poorly operationalized. Being more precise about what is meant by valence would make for more readily comparable emotion stimuli, methodologies, and results, and would promote consideration of the diversity, complexity, and function of discrete emotions. This brief review uses prior literature and an informal survey of affective scientists to illustrate disagreements in conceptualizing valence. Next, we describe issues of valence in affective science, particularly as they pertain to the emotion process, the functions of emotion, and precision in empirical research. We conclude by providing recommendations for the future of valence in affective science.

Valence是情感体验的核心。然而,对情感科学不利的是,它往往定义不清,操作性差。对效价的含义更加精确将使情绪刺激、方法和结果更容易进行比较,并将促进对离散情绪的多样性、复杂性和功能的考虑。这篇简短的综述使用了先前的文献和对情感科学家的非正式调查来说明在概念化合价方面的分歧。接下来,我们将描述情感科学中的效价问题,特别是与情感过程、情感功能和实证研究准确性有关的问题。最后,我们为情感科学中效价的未来提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
Daily Affective Dynamics in Major Depressive Disorder: The Role of Daily Stressors and Positive Events 重度抑郁症的日常情感动态:日常压力和积极事件的作用
IF 2.1 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00209-x
Dahlia Mukherjee, Sun Ah Lee, David Almeida

This study examined daily affective dynamic indices among individuals with a major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis in the past one year at the time of the interview, focusing on affective variability and change in affect in response to daily events (affective reactivity). Data were from the main survey and daily diary project of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Participants (N = 1,970; nMDD = 202; nnon-MDD = 1,768) completed structured clinical interviews on mental health and telephone interviews about their daily experiences spanning eight consecutive days. Multilevel models revealed that the MDD group experienced greater positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) variability than the non-MDD group. On days that at least one stressful event was reported, the MDD group experienced a greater decrease in PA and a greater increase in NA. On days that at least one positive event was reported, the MDD group experienced a greater increase in PA and a greater decrease in NA. Changes in affect to daily events, particularly the mood brightening effect, may be indicators of depression and potential targets for intervention. Limitations of the study include a community sample, reliance on self-reported measures of daily stressors and positive events, inclusion of remitted and current MDD participants, and the DSM-III-R based criteria for MDD diagnosis.

本研究对过去一年中被诊断为重度抑郁障碍(MDD)的人在接受访谈时的日常情感动态指数进行了研究,重点关注情感的可变性以及情感对日常事件的反应(情感反应性)。数据来自美国中年(MIDUS)研究的主要调查和每日日记项目。参与者(N = 1,970; nMDD = 202; nnon-MDD = 1,768)完成了有关心理健康的结构化临床访谈和有关其连续八天日常经历的电话访谈。多层次模型显示,与非 MDD 组相比,MDD 组经历了更大的积极情感(PA)和消极情感(NA)变化。在报告了至少一个压力事件的日子里,MDD 组的 PA 下降幅度更大,NA 上升幅度更大。在至少报告了一个积极事件的日子里,MDD 组的 PA 增加得更多,NA 减少得更多。对日常事件的影响变化,尤其是心情开朗效应,可能是抑郁症的指标和潜在的干预目标。该研究的局限性包括:研究对象为社区样本、依赖于对日常压力和积极事件的自我报告测量、纳入了已缓解和正在缓解的 MDD 参与者,以及基于 DSM-III-R 的 MDD 诊断标准。
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引用次数: 0
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Affective science
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