The purpose of this article is to discuss the contributions of longitudinal community studies to health research in Africa as well the challenges faced by the scientists and decision makers who rely o them to guide health policy and practice. The authors begin with an overview of the DSS concept and turn to a discussion of the history of its use in sub-Saharan Africa the contribution of this legacy to the science of demographic surveillance and the technical challenges that are motivating DSS methodological initiatives in Africa. Particular attention is devoted to the emergence and function of the INDEPTH Network an international network of DSS sites involved in demographic and health research; the network is based in Accra.
{"title":"Longitudinal community studies in Africa: challenges and contributions to health research.","authors":"C. Mbacké, J. Phillips","doi":"10.18356/FE15DEE0-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/FE15DEE0-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to discuss the contributions of longitudinal community studies to health research in Africa as well the challenges faced by the scientists and decision makers who rely o them to guide health policy and practice. The authors begin with an overview of the DSS concept and turn to a discussion of the history of its use in sub-Saharan Africa the contribution of this legacy to the science of demographic surveillance and the technical challenges that are motivating DSS methodological initiatives in Africa. Particular attention is devoted to the emergence and function of the INDEPTH Network an international network of DSS sites involved in demographic and health research; the network is based in Accra.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"23-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67780782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Yoddumnern-attig, P. Guest, Thongthai, S. Punpuing, C. Sethaput
Longitudinal research which includes panel research is the term used to differentiate the methodology and utility of prospective studies from that of cross-sectional research. It describes not a single method but a family of methods that measure change by linking individual data across time. In this article the authors provide an overview of longitudinal research design and utility in the Asian and Pacific region which is partly based on the articles presented at the International Conference on Understanding Health and Population over time which was organized in Bangkok on 24 and 25 May 2007 by the Institute for Population and Social Research.
{"title":"Longitudinal research designs and utility in the Asian and Pacific region.","authors":"B. Yoddumnern-attig, P. Guest, Thongthai, S. Punpuing, C. Sethaput","doi":"10.18356/9e93658d-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9e93658d-en","url":null,"abstract":"Longitudinal research which includes panel research is the term used to differentiate the methodology and utility of prospective studies from that of cross-sectional research. It describes not a single method but a family of methods that measure change by linking individual data across time. In this article the authors provide an overview of longitudinal research design and utility in the Asian and Pacific region which is partly based on the articles presented at the International Conference on Understanding Health and Population over time which was organized in Bangkok on 24 and 25 May 2007 by the Institute for Population and Social Research.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"9-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67730915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Database management plays an important role in KDSS: it provides data from the longitudinal data set that can be analyzed and improves data quality. The operation and access of the initial database system used in KDSS was costly and time-consuming. Therefore a new system based on relational database management system was developed to overcome these disadvantages. RDBMS operates by using structured English query language which is reliable and sufficiently flexible for operating a longitudinal database. In addition the KDSS relational database was developed based on the INDEPTH model; therefore it is compatible for sharing data among other sites in the Network. To formulate an RDBMS technical issues must be incorporated within the system: in particular an identification system should be specified clearly for every unit of analysis. Each unit must hold the same identification until the demographic surveillance system is terminated. Although RDBMS has no advanced statistical analysis functions it is powerful and able to manipulate the data into formats that are accessible to users. RDBMS is able to update data history and back up and recover data. These features minimize data damage in case the system crashes. The experience of IPSR in creating the RDBMS database for KDSS is useful for other research projects that are developing longitudinal database systems. Our experience indicates that it is essential when creating any longitudinal database to invest in the development of systems that maintain confidentiality while affording the basis for numerous data linkages that are required for longitudinal data analysis.
{"title":"Managing the Kanchanaburi demographic surveillance system: creation of a relational database management system.","authors":"Jongjit Rittirong","doi":"10.18356/A7C67B99-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/A7C67B99-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Database management plays an important role in KDSS: it provides data from the longitudinal data set that can be analyzed and improves data quality. The operation and access of the initial database system used in KDSS was costly and time-consuming. Therefore a new system based on relational database management system was developed to overcome these disadvantages. RDBMS operates by using structured English query language which is reliable and sufficiently flexible for operating a longitudinal database. In addition the KDSS relational database was developed based on the INDEPTH model; therefore it is compatible for sharing data among other sites in the Network. To formulate an RDBMS technical issues must be incorporated within the system: in particular an identification system should be specified clearly for every unit of analysis. Each unit must hold the same identification until the demographic surveillance system is terminated. Although RDBMS has no advanced statistical analysis functions it is powerful and able to manipulate the data into formats that are accessible to users. RDBMS is able to update data history and back up and recover data. These features minimize data damage in case the system crashes. The experience of IPSR in creating the RDBMS database for KDSS is useful for other research projects that are developing longitudinal database systems. Our experience indicates that it is essential when creating any longitudinal database to invest in the development of systems that maintain confidentiality while affording the basis for numerous data linkages that are required for longitudinal data analysis.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"107-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67735877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sirirassamee, P. Guest, W. Polprasert, T. Sirirassamee, O. Pitakmahaket
The longitudinal data collected by the ITC Project have enabled a close examination of the impact of the tobacco-control policies in Thailand. Although there are several promising signs of success in the attempts by the Government of hailand to reduce the use of tobacco the study also indicates some concerns. The study found that the proportion smoking hand-rolled cigarettes had increased probably as a result of the tax increases on cigarettes which made factory-produced cigarettes more expensive. Because hand-rolled cigarettes made with local tobacco do not have the associated warning labelling that factory-made cigarettes must display the shift in the type of tobacco consumption may be reducing the exposure of smokers to information about the health dangers of smoking. This suggests that there is a need to formulate policies and develop regulations that attempt to reduce smoking and raise awareness of the dangers of tobacco use among the smokers who smoke hand-rolled cigarettes. Further rounds of the project will monitor whether the changes observed in smoking behaviour continue. Most of the sample approved of the prohibition on smoking in hospitals offices restaurants and other public places. The proportions agreeing with these bans increased between wave I and wave 2. The increasing public acceptance of placing restrictions on smoking provides the Government with the opportunity to aggressively promote tougher anti-smoking regulations. The policy to place graphic warning labels on cigarette packets has met with success. Knowledge of the health impacts of smoking increased and most smokers reported that the graphic warning labels were most effective in making them think about the health dangers of smoking. The success of this policy suggests that the Government should increase the number of warning graphics that are used on cigarette packets. However there is also concern that as smokers and indeed non-smokers become more used to these warnings their impact will diminish. Therefore it is essential to collect longitudinal data to monitor the impacts of warning labels. (excerpt)
{"title":"Evaluation of the Thai tobacco control policy.","authors":"B. Sirirassamee, P. Guest, W. Polprasert, T. Sirirassamee, O. Pitakmahaket","doi":"10.18356/2734CC23-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/2734CC23-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The longitudinal data collected by the ITC Project have enabled a close examination of the impact of the tobacco-control policies in Thailand. Although there are several promising signs of success in the attempts by the Government of hailand to reduce the use of tobacco the study also indicates some concerns. The study found that the proportion smoking hand-rolled cigarettes had increased probably as a result of the tax increases on cigarettes which made factory-produced cigarettes more expensive. Because hand-rolled cigarettes made with local tobacco do not have the associated warning labelling that factory-made cigarettes must display the shift in the type of tobacco consumption may be reducing the exposure of smokers to information about the health dangers of smoking. This suggests that there is a need to formulate policies and develop regulations that attempt to reduce smoking and raise awareness of the dangers of tobacco use among the smokers who smoke hand-rolled cigarettes. Further rounds of the project will monitor whether the changes observed in smoking behaviour continue. Most of the sample approved of the prohibition on smoking in hospitals offices restaurants and other public places. The proportions agreeing with these bans increased between wave I and wave 2. The increasing public acceptance of placing restrictions on smoking provides the Government with the opportunity to aggressively promote tougher anti-smoking regulations. The policy to place graphic warning labels on cigarette packets has met with success. Knowledge of the health impacts of smoking increased and most smokers reported that the graphic warning labels were most effective in making them think about the health dangers of smoking. The success of this policy suggests that the Government should increase the number of warning graphics that are used on cigarette packets. However there is also concern that as smokers and indeed non-smokers become more used to these warnings their impact will diminish. Therefore it is essential to collect longitudinal data to monitor the impacts of warning labels. (excerpt)","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"91-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67685435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mehryar, M. Naghavi, S. Ahmad-Nia, S. Kazemipour
Despite their importance longitudinal methods of data collection are complex time-consuming and expensive. With longer periods of observation the problems of population movement and loss to follow-up become important. This is particularly the case in developing countries with high rates of rural-to-urban migration and residential mobility within major urban centres. A more practical alternative involves repeated data collection on well-defined communities on a regular monthly or annual basis. Combining such data-gathering exercises with a practical programme of intervention or service delivery can justify the expense involved and ensure the viability of the project.Since its establishment in 1985 the Primary Health Care (PHC) Network of the Islamic Republic of Iran has provided a unique opportunity for longitudinal data collection concerning the total population of a large number of rural communities (villages) on an annual basis (Naghavi and others 2005). This article strives to describe this PHC-based management information system and show the type of longitudinal information collected by it. To achieve this aim the article begins with a description of the sophisticated but simple management information system developed to support the PHC Network the most innovative component of which is the "vital horoscope" which is described at some length in the article. Finally the trends of changes in basic demographic and health indicators of the rural population of the Islamic Republic of Iran as revealed by an analysis of vital horoscope data collected between 1993 and 2003 are presented. The combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal data afforded by the vital horoscope is important for obtaining a nuanced and comprehensive picture of the demographic and health status of the population nationally and in different provinces and districts and for providing valuable information on the reach and effectiveness of the public health services. (excerpt)
{"title":"Vital horoscope: longitudinal data collection in the Iranian primary health care system.","authors":"A. Mehryar, M. Naghavi, S. Ahmad-Nia, S. Kazemipour","doi":"10.18356/EA6AEC90-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/EA6AEC90-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Despite their importance longitudinal methods of data collection are complex time-consuming and expensive. With longer periods of observation the problems of population movement and loss to follow-up become important. This is particularly the case in developing countries with high rates of rural-to-urban migration and residential mobility within major urban centres. A more practical alternative involves repeated data collection on well-defined communities on a regular monthly or annual basis. Combining such data-gathering exercises with a practical programme of intervention or service delivery can justify the expense involved and ensure the viability of the project.Since its establishment in 1985 the Primary Health Care (PHC) Network of the Islamic Republic of Iran has provided a unique opportunity for longitudinal data collection concerning the total population of a large number of rural communities (villages) on an annual basis (Naghavi and others 2005). This article strives to describe this PHC-based management information system and show the type of longitudinal information collected by it. To achieve this aim the article begins with a description of the sophisticated but simple management information system developed to support the PHC Network the most innovative component of which is the \"vital horoscope\" which is described at some length in the article. Finally the trends of changes in basic demographic and health indicators of the rural population of the Islamic Republic of Iran as revealed by an analysis of vital horoscope data collected between 1993 and 2003 are presented. The combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal data afforded by the vital horoscope is important for obtaining a nuanced and comprehensive picture of the demographic and health status of the population nationally and in different provinces and districts and for providing valuable information on the reach and effectiveness of the public health services. (excerpt)","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"55-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67768729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the likelihood of countries in Asia and the Pacific in reaching their 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MGDs). It touches on malnourishment the reduction of child mortality and the improvement of maternal health and stresses that the benefits of development must serve everyone and not just favor the wealthy.
{"title":"Are the goals set by the Millennium Declaration and the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development within reach by 2015","authors":"M. Concepción","doi":"10.18356/528BDC33-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/528BDC33-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the likelihood of countries in Asia and the Pacific in reaching their 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MGDs). It touches on malnourishment the reduction of child mortality and the improvement of maternal health and stresses that the benefits of development must serve everyone and not just favor the wealthy.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67702853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most of the studies on the relationship between child health and physical violence against mothers have been conducted in developed countries. Few studies on this topic have been conducted in developing countries such as India. Most of these studies are small-scale and have established an association between wife beating and child mortality at the state level or at an even lower level. None of these studies have tried to establish an association between the two for the country as a whole. Wife beating coupled with high levels of poverty womens having less access to money and other resources and womens powerlessness in decision-making in the household can have more severe consequences in developing countries compared with those in developed countries. Therefore the present study tries to examine the relationship between wife beating and infant and child mortality in India. India is a developing country and the problem of wife beating has been prevalent in this society for a long time. The study further explores the association between wife beating and the nutritional status of women and children wife beating and the reporting of pregnancy intendedness and wife beating and the utilization of mate mal and child health services in India.
{"title":"Spousal abuse and infant and child mortality in India.","authors":"Abhishek Singh, B. Mahapatra, S. Dutta","doi":"10.18356/99F41309-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/99F41309-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the studies on the relationship between child health and physical violence against mothers have been conducted in developed countries. Few studies on this topic have been conducted in developing countries such as India. Most of these studies are small-scale and have established an association between wife beating and child mortality at the state level or at an even lower level. None of these studies have tried to establish an association between the two for the country as a whole. Wife beating coupled with high levels of poverty womens having less access to money and other resources and womens powerlessness in decision-making in the household can have more severe consequences in developing countries compared with those in developed countries. Therefore the present study tries to examine the relationship between wife beating and infant and child mortality in India. India is a developing country and the problem of wife beating has been prevalent in this society for a long time. The study further explores the association between wife beating and the nutritional status of women and children wife beating and the reporting of pregnancy intendedness and wife beating and the utilization of mate mal and child health services in India.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"33-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67728225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The move from a centrally controlled economy to a market-driven economy has had strong political implications for family planning and fertility in Mongolia. Under socialist rule Mongolia had a strong pronatalist population policy under which those families having children were provided with generous benefits. The changes made to these policies have had a considerable impact on fertility and family formation in Mongolia. In the mid-1970s the country started to experience a dramatic decrease in the level of fertility which intensified when the country moved towards a market economy. The country experienced a drop in its total fertility rate (TFR) from 7.2 children per woman (of reproductive age) in 1975 to about 3 children in 1995 and it has remained constant at about 2.3 children since that time. Relatively few studies have been carried out on fertility changes in Mongolia with explanations about their causes primarily owing to a lack of data sources. The aim of this paper is to examine fertility changes in Mongolia with respect to the changes in population policies and changes in the proximate determinants of fertility that have occurred since the mid-1970s.
{"title":"Dramatic fertility transition in Mongolia and its determinants: the demise of the pronatalist state.","authors":"A. Gereltuya","doi":"10.18356/9F80BB93-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/9F80BB93-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The move from a centrally controlled economy to a market-driven economy has had strong political implications for family planning and fertility in Mongolia. Under socialist rule Mongolia had a strong pronatalist population policy under which those families having children were provided with generous benefits. The changes made to these policies have had a considerable impact on fertility and family formation in Mongolia. In the mid-1970s the country started to experience a dramatic decrease in the level of fertility which intensified when the country moved towards a market economy. The country experienced a drop in its total fertility rate (TFR) from 7.2 children per woman (of reproductive age) in 1975 to about 3 children in 1995 and it has remained constant at about 2.3 children since that time. Relatively few studies have been carried out on fertility changes in Mongolia with explanations about their causes primarily owing to a lack of data sources. The aim of this paper is to examine fertility changes in Mongolia with respect to the changes in population policies and changes in the proximate determinants of fertility that have occurred since the mid-1970s.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"81-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67731483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides a general overview of population ageing in the context of fertility transition in Asia and the Pacific. Focusing on low-fertility countries it highlights the implications of low fertility for the ageing process. Indicators of population ageing such as changes in age structure potential support ratio and the feminization of the elderly population are presented to provide a better understanding of the overall situation. As the region is home to over 60 per cent of the global population and has been experiencing a rapid decline in fertility the absolute size of the older population is a cause for major concern. While the overall population growth rate has been declining over time the number of older persons is increasing at a faster rate. In addition to the increase in the number of older persons gender disparity in improvements in life expectancy at birth is likely to result in a much higher percent age of females in the older age groups particularly in the age group 80 years and older. It is therefore important for countries in the region to recognize the significance of ageing problems and to start formulating policies for the elderly given that it takes several decades for Government old-age pension schemes to mature and to operate at full scale.
{"title":"Fertility transition and population ageing in the Asian and Pacific region.","authors":"B. Gubhaju","doi":"10.18356/CB75822F-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/CB75822F-EN","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a general overview of population ageing in the context of fertility transition in Asia and the Pacific. Focusing on low-fertility countries it highlights the implications of low fertility for the ageing process. Indicators of population ageing such as changes in age structure potential support ratio and the feminization of the elderly population are presented to provide a better understanding of the overall situation. As the region is home to over 60 per cent of the global population and has been experiencing a rapid decline in fertility the absolute size of the older population is a cause for major concern. While the overall population growth rate has been declining over time the number of older persons is increasing at a faster rate. In addition to the increase in the number of older persons gender disparity in improvements in life expectancy at birth is likely to result in a much higher percent age of females in the older age groups particularly in the age group 80 years and older. It is therefore important for countries in the region to recognize the significance of ageing problems and to start formulating policies for the elderly given that it takes several decades for Government old-age pension schemes to mature and to operate at full scale.","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"55-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67754920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Women's empowerment, sociocultural contexts, and reproductive behaviour in Nepal","authors":"B. Gubhaju, S. Matthews","doi":"10.18356/3BAD31F7-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/3BAD31F7-EN","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72317,"journal":{"name":"Asia-Pacific population journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"25-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67694853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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