Advanced Powder Technology最新文献_第5页

Numerical study on ignition of pulverized coal and biomass co-firing flames with detailed chemistry 煤粉与生物质共燃火焰点火的数值研究与详细化学

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2026.105176

Jiangkuan Xing, Ryoichi Kurose

In this study, two-dimensional point-particle direct numerical simulations are performed using detailed chemistry to investigate ignition behavior of pulverized coal and biomass co-firing (CBCF) flames. Two biomass blending ratios are considered with a pure coal flame calculated as a reference. The time scales associated with particle physics and reactions are carefully analyzed to elucidate the effect of blending ratio on flame ignition behavior. The results indicate that coal particles exhibit shorter dispersion and heating delays, longer devolatilization delay, and shorter homogeneous volatile ignition delay compared to biomass particles. Three stages, including inert mixing/heating, pre-ignition, and ignition/flame propagation, are identified with different physics dominating each stage. As the blending ratio increases, CBCF flames demonstrate shorter inert mixing/heating times but comparable pre-ignition times due to shorter devolatilization delay of biomass particles, as well as comparable homogeneous ignition delays of blends of coal and biomass volatile. Devolatilization behavior plays a dominant role in the ignition process, and biomass volatile contributes more significantly. Furthermore, the classical concept that ignition kernels occur near the “most-reactive mixture fraction (

Z_{MR}

)” under low scalar dissipation rate remains valid for the CBCF flames. The

Z_{MR}

value is strongly affected by the devolatilization behavior and increases with the blending ratio.

在本研究中，采用二维点粒子直接数值模拟方法研究了煤粉和生物质共烧（CBCF）火焰的点火行为。以计算的纯煤火焰为参考，考虑了两种生物质混合比。详细分析了与粒子物理和反应相关的时间尺度，阐明了混合比例对火焰着火行为的影响。结果表明，与生物质颗粒相比，煤颗粒具有更短的分散和加热延迟、更长的脱挥发延迟和更短的均匀挥发性着火延迟。三个阶段，包括惰性混合/加热，预点火和点火/火焰传播，确定不同的物理控制每个阶段。随着混合比例的增加，CBCF火焰表现出较短的惰性混合/加热时间，但由于生物质颗粒的脱挥发延迟较短，以及煤和生物质挥发物混合物的均匀点火延迟相当。脱挥发行为在点火过程中起主导作用，生物质挥发性贡献更显著。此外，在低标量耗散率下，燃烧核发生在“最活跃混合分数（ZMR）”附近的经典概念仍然适用于CBCF火焰。ZMR值受脱挥发行为的影响较大，随掺合比的增大而增大。

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引用次数: 0

Microencapsulated phase-change materials for advanced anti-icing coatings 先进防冰涂料用微胶囊化相变材料

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2026.105180

Yongshun Huang , Ce Wang , Wen Li , Yong Zuo , Ping Che , Yongsheng Han

The ice formation on the wind turbine blade surface challenges the energy collection in the winter period. Hence, the anti-icing technique is highly required for energy collection in cold weather. Here, we report a solution to prevent ice formation by coating microencapsulated phase-change materials (MPCMs). In this study, melamine–formaldehyde microcapsules encapsulating n-tetradecane/n-hexadecane core mixtures were prepared via in-situ polymerization, enabling precise phase-change temperature regulation (−11.46°C to −0.47°C) through the composition tuning. Furthermore, these obtained MPCMs were compounded with polytetrafluoroethylene micropowder to fabricate a multifunctional coating. The composite coating not only maintains the temperature responsive property but also exhibits outstanding hydrophobicity (static contact angle 151.1°, sliding angle 5.2°). The coating keeps hydrophobicity (contact angle > 140°) even after 80 cycles of wear test. Compared with the uncoated blank surface, the coated surface delays the static icing time by 4.1-fold and 4.5-fold at −8°C and −15°C, respectively. Moreover, the coated surface exhibits self-cleaning capability requiring only trace amounts of water. This combination of MPCMs and superhydrophobic coating provides a promising approach to anti-icing for wind turbine blades.

在冬季，风力涡轮机叶片表面结冰对能量收集提出了挑战。因此，在寒冷天气下的能源收集对防冰技术有很高的要求。在这里，我们报告了一种通过涂层微胶囊相变材料（MPCMs）来防止冰形成的解决方案。本研究采用原位聚合法制备了包封正十四烷/正十六烷核心混合物的三聚氰胺甲醛微胶囊，通过组分调整实现了精确的相变温度调节（- 11.46°C至- 0.47°C）。此外，将得到的mpcm与聚四氟乙烯微粉复配制成多功能涂层。复合涂层不仅保持了温度响应性能，而且具有良好的疏水性（静接触角151.1°，滑动角5.2°）。经过80次循环磨损试验，涂层仍保持疏水性（接触角>； 140°）。与未涂覆的空白表面相比，涂覆后的空白表面在−8℃和−15℃时的静结冰时间分别延迟了4.1倍和4.5倍。此外，涂层表面表现出自清洁能力，只需要微量的水。这种mpcm和超疏水涂层的结合为风力涡轮机叶片的防冰提供了一种很有前途的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of solidification microstructure in TiAl alloy bars on particle size and composition of powders produced by plasma rotating electrode process TiAl合金棒材凝固组织对等离子体旋转电极法制备粉末粒度和成分的影响

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105146

Xingbo Yang , Liang Yang , Changshu Xiang , Hui Wang , Nianguang Sun , Weiwei He , Dong Liu , Shuai Xu

Alloy bars of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb with a hyperperitectic solidification microstructure and Ti-46Al-8Nb with a single β solidification microstructure were used as feedstock for the Plasma Rotating Electrode Process (PREP). Under identical conditions, Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb powders exhibited a mean particle size of 150.2 μm with a <150 μm yield of 50.2 %, showing decreasing Al and Cr contents and increasing Nb content with particle size. In contrast, Ti-46Al-8Nb powders showed a mean size of 69.6 μm, a <150 μm yield of 93 %, and negligible compositional variation. Feedstock microsegregation was first correlated with particle size and compositional variations. Inhomogeneous melting of hyperperitectic structures produces coarser particles with compositional gradients, while single β solidified alloys yield finer and more uniform powders. High-energy X-ray diffraction revealed the hexagonal structure as disordered α phase rather than ordered α₂ phase. Phase analysis showed γ phase increasing from 27.4 % to 73.2 % in Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb and B2 phase from 65.8 % to ∼0 % in Ti-46Al-8Nb with increasing particle size. The evolution of phase fractions and lattice parameters with particle size was systematically investigated. This study deepens the understanding of the PREP atomization mechanism and provides guidance for improving powder yield and exploring phase transformation behavior in rapidly solidified TiAl alloys.

采用高晶凝固组织的Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金棒和单一β凝固组织的Ti-46Al-8Nb合金棒作为等离子体旋转电极工艺（PREP）的原料。在相同条件下，Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb粉末的平均粒径为150.2 μm，产率<；150 μm为50.2%，Al和Cr含量随粒径的增大而减小，Nb含量随粒径的增大而增大。相比之下，Ti-46Al-8Nb粉末的平均尺寸为69.6 μm，产率为93%，成分变化可以忽略不计。原料微偏析首先与粒度和成分变化有关。高晶组织的不均匀熔炼产生的颗粒较粗，具有成分梯度，而单一β凝固合金产生的粉末更细，更均匀。高能x射线衍射显示，六方结构为无序α相而非有序α2相。相分析表明，随着粒径的增大，Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb的γ相从27.4%增加到73.2%，Ti-46Al-8Nb的B2相从65.8%增加到~ 0%。系统地研究了相分数和晶格参数随粒径的变化规律。该研究加深了对PREP雾化机理的认识，为提高粉末收率和探索快速凝固TiAl合金的相变行为提供了指导。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of side aerations on the initiation of solids circulation and energy supplied in a U-type loop seal of a fluidized bed reactor 侧曝气对流化床反应器u型环封固体循环启动及供能的影响

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105158

Krissada Namwong , Kritsadang Senawong , Chuan Paengpatsa , Atipong Armatsombat

The initiation of solids circulation is a critical aspect of fluidized bed reactor operation, governed by the performance of the loop seal. This study aimed to determine the optimal side aeration position in the supply chamber that affects the efficiency of circulation initiation, the solids circulation rate during the initiation phase, and the overall energy consumption of the loop seal. Experiments were conducted using a riser with a cross-sectional area of 100 × 100 mm² and a height of 4500 mm, coupled with a U-type loop seal of identical cross-section comprising supply and recycle chambers connected by a 50 mm horizontal passage. Three side aeration ports were installed on the side wall of the supply chamber at different positions: along the centerline of the horizontal passage, at the top wall level, and above the horizontal passage. Silica sand with an average particle diameter of 320 µm was used as the bed material. Results showed that the centerline port facilitated the initiation of solids circulation more effectively than the other positions and yielded the highest solids circulation rate under a constant side aeration flow. Furthermore, the U-type loop seal with both side and bottom aeration required a lower total aeration flow than the conventional loop seal with bottom aeration only, resulting in reduced energy consumption.

固体循环的启动是流化床反应器运行的一个关键方面，由回路密封的性能决定。本研究旨在确定影响循环启动效率、启动阶段固体循环速率和回路密封总能耗的最佳侧曝气位置。实验采用横截面积为100 × 100 mm2，高度为4500 mm的立管，以及由50 mm水平通道连接的供应室和回收室组成的相同横截面积的u型环形密封。在供气室侧壁不同位置安装3个侧曝气口：沿水平通道中心线、顶壁水平面、水平通道上方。床层材料选用平均粒径为320µm的硅砂。结果表明：在一定侧曝气流量条件下，中心线口比其他位置更有利于固相循环的启动，且产生的固相循环速率最高；此外，两侧和底部曝气的u型循环密封所需的总曝气流量比仅底部曝气的常规循环密封低，从而降低了能耗。

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引用次数: 0

Inside Front Cover (Aims & Scope, Editors) 内页封面（Aims & Scope，编辑）

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/S0921-8831(26)00003-8

引用次数: 0

Engineering oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene under visible light over novel Ag3PO4/g-C3N4/CuInS2 ternary S-scheme photocatalyst 新型Ag3PO4/g-C3N4/CuInS2三元S-scheme光催化剂在可见光下工程氧化脱硫二苯并噻吩

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105151

Giang T.T. Pham , Hoa T. Vu , Dinh Thai An , Dai Lam Tran , Thi Lan Pham , Tham Thi Pham , Thanh Ngoc Nguyen , Van Thuy Ngo , T.-Thanh-Bao Nguyen , Huan V. Doan , Manh B. Nguyen

Fuels containing sulfur compounds are considered the main cause of SO_x emissions leading to acid rain, so management policies are gradually being tightened to reduce sulfur content in fuels to below 10 ppm or even sulfur-free. However, aromatic compounds containing sulfur in fuels cannot be eliminated by conventional methods. In this study, a third-order S-scheme photocatalyst Ag₃PO₄/GCN/CuInS₂ integrated with carbon quantum dots (CQD, AGC-CQD) was successfully synthesized for the first time using an efficient microwave-assisted method. Influence of Ag₃PO₄ content on the surface area, visible light absorption, electron-hole recombination rate, electron separation ability, and charge transfer within the AGC-CQD was thoroughly investigated. 30 %AGC-CQD material shows the ability to 97.69 % of dibenzothiophene (DBT) removal after 100 min of visible light irradiation, with a reaction rate constant 2.17 times greater than that of the pure 30 %AGC. The impact of various factors, including the amount of Ag₃PO₄, O/S ratio, DBT concentration, photocatalyst dosage, and catalyst reusability, on the efficiency of the photocatalytic process was evaluated. The charge transport pathway is determined through electron density and reactive species trapping experiments. These findings demonstrate the high potential for effective application of AGC-CQD photocatalyst in the production process of low-sulfur fuel.

含硫化合物的燃料被认为是导致酸雨的硫氧化物排放的主要原因，因此管理政策逐渐收紧，将燃料中的硫含量降低到10ppm以下甚至无硫。然而，燃料中含硫的芳香族化合物不能用常规方法去除。本研究首次采用微波辅助的方法成功合成了碳量子点（CQD, AGC-CQD）集成的三阶S-scheme光催化剂Ag3PO4/GCN/CuInS2。研究了Ag3PO4含量对AGC-CQD的表面积、可见光吸收、电子-空穴复合速率、电子分离能力和电荷转移的影响。30% AGC- cqd材料在可见光照射100 min后，对二苯并噻吩（DBT）的去除率为97.69%，反应速率常数为纯30% AGC的2.17倍。考察了Ag3PO4用量、O/S比、DBT浓度、光催化剂用量、催化剂可重复使用性等因素对光催化效率的影响。通过电子密度和反应态捕获实验确定了电荷输运途径。这些发现表明AGC-CQD光催化剂在低硫燃料生产过程中具有很大的应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Research on the effect of P on the microstructure and crystallization mechanism of spherical FeSiBPNbCu nanocrystalline powder P对球形FeSiBPNbCu纳米晶粉末微观结构及结晶机理的影响研究

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105133

Haichen Yu , Wei Zheng , Hao Wang , Qian Zhang , Guangqiang Zhang , Bangshao Dong , Chuntao Chang , Chengliang Zhao , Shaoxiong Zhou

This study establishes a holistic strategy for high-performance Fe₈₀Si₅B_(11-x)P_xNb₃Cu₁ soft magnetic composites through phosphorus alloying design and low-pressure thermal encapsulation molding process. A spheroidization-solidification competition parameter η is proposed to quantify morphology evolution, revealing that η ≤ 0.6 achieves >92 % spherical powders, while η ≥ 1 induces dendritic defects. P addition tunes η by elevating undercooling and viscosity, enabling precise morphology control. The research indicate that the addition of P enhances glass forming ability by reducing the liquidus temperature and stabilizing the deep eutectic composition, achieving a completely amorphous structure and suppressing the crystallization of α-Fe (Si, B). P-induced Fe-P-B covalent clustering reduces coercivity but slightly lowers saturation magnetization due to disrupted exchange coupling. Annealing optimizes magnetic properties via dual-phase evolution: low-P systems (x ≤ 2) exhibit α-Fe(Si,B) coarsening-driven Hc spikes, while high-P alloys form amorphous/nanocrystalline composites with exchange-spring effects. Cu/Nb synergistically stabilize nanograins and suppress coarsening. Spherical powder combined with LHP enables defect-free monolithic inductors, achieving a 4-fold higher DC breakdown voltage (>1000 V) and 23.8 % improved saturation current compared to cold-pressed counterparts. LHP minimizes residual stress, restricting permeability fluctuations to ≤3 % under thermal stability testing, versus ≥10 % in cold-pressed processes.

本研究通过磷合金化设计和低压热封装成型工艺，建立了高性能Fe80Si5B(11-x)PxNb3Cu1软磁复合材料的整体策略。提出了球化-凝固竞争参数η来量化形貌演变，结果表明，η≤0.6可获得92%的球形粉末，而η≥1可产生枝晶缺陷。P的加入通过提高过冷度和粘度来调节η，从而实现精确的形貌控制。研究表明，P的加入降低了液相温度，稳定了深共晶成分，实现了完全非晶结构，抑制了α-Fe （Si， B）的结晶，从而提高了玻璃化能力。磷诱导的Fe-P-B共价团簇降低了矫顽力，但由于交换耦合中断而略微降低了饱和磁化强度。退火通过双相演化优化磁性能：低p体系（x≤2）表现出α-Fe（Si，B）粗化驱动的Hc峰，而高p合金形成具有交换弹簧效应的非晶/纳米晶复合材料。Cu/Nb协同稳定纳米晶粒，抑制粗化。球形粉末与LHP相结合，使单片电感无缺陷，与冷压电感相比，直流击穿电压（>1000 V）提高了4倍，饱和电流提高了23.8%。LHP使残余应力最小化，在热稳定性测试中将渗透率波动限制在≤3%，而在冷压过程中则限制在≥10%。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization of (FeCrNi)100-xCx medium-entropy alloys via powder plasma arc additive manufacturing: microstructure and property regulation by carbon content 粉末等离子体电弧增材制造优化（FeCrNi）100-xCx中熵合金：碳含量对合金组织和性能的影响

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105131

Ning Ou , Jiaxiang Xue , Qingkai Shen , Zehong Zheng , Xiaoyan Yu , Li Jin

Multi-principal element medium-entropy alloys have recently garnered significant attention due to their stable single-phase solid solution structure and superior mechanical properties. Adding carbon can form Cr₂₃C₆ carbide particles within single-phase face-centered cubic medium-entropy alloys, leading to second phase strengthening and, consequently, enhancing their strength. This study investigates the impact of carbon content in additive manufacturing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of FeCrNi medium-entropy alloys. (FeCrNi)_100-xC_x medium-entropy alloys (x = 0, 2, 3, 4) were prepared using powder plasma arc additive manufacturing, and their structure and properties were characterized in detail. The sample without carbon addition displayed a single-phase face-centered cubic structure, but internal defects such as cracks and pores led to poor mechanical performance. With the addition of carbon, carbide precipitation gradually became evident in the samples, significantly improving their mechanical properties. The hardness increased from 140.59HV to 262.75HV, and the ultimate tensile strength increased from 273.73 MPa to 759.74 MPa. The results indicate that adding an appropriate amount of carbon forms carbides within the alloy, significantly enhancing its mechanical properties.

多主元中熵合金以其稳定的单相固溶结构和优异的力学性能近年来引起了人们的广泛关注。添加碳可以在单相面心立方中熵合金中形成Cr23C6碳化物颗粒，导致合金的第二相强化，从而提高合金的强度。研究了增材制造中碳含量对FeCrNi中熵合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。采用粉末等离子弧增材制造技术制备了（FeCrNi）100-xCx中熵合金（x = 0,2,3,4），并对其结构和性能进行了详细表征。未添加碳的样品表现为单相面心立方结构，但内部存在裂纹、气孔等缺陷，导致力学性能较差。随着碳的加入，样品中碳化物析出逐渐明显，力学性能显著提高。硬度由140.59HV提高到262.75HV，极限抗拉强度由273.73 MPa提高到759.74 MPa。结果表明，适量的碳在合金内部形成碳化物，显著提高了合金的力学性能。

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引用次数: 0

High-efficiency dust control strategy for wind turbine blade flash processing: CFD-DEM simulation and experimental validation 风电叶片闪蒸处理高效粉尘控制策略：CFD-DEM仿真与实验验证

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105155

Ruwei Yao , Haixiang Huan , Guanggui Cheng , Wei Liu , Li Li , Jie Wu , Zehua Dai , Xinchao Wang , Zhong Dai

Flash structures formed during Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion impair wind turbine blade aerodynamics and require precision trimming of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) materials, generating respirable dust with peak concentrations reaching 12 mg/m³. To control dust dispersion, a suction hood was implemented. A coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) approach simulated gas–solid flow with fibrous and chunk-shaped non-spherical particles. Structural and process parameter impacts on capture efficiency were systematically evaluated. Capture efficiency critically depends on particle size and morphology: sub-50 µm particles achieve > 97 % capture via airflow entrainment, while particles > 50 µm exhibit significant efficiency loss due to kinetic energy amplification and trajectory instability—particularly fibrous particles (11.66–39.69 % lower efficiency than spherical equivalents). The system combines a 50-mm-diameter M1 pipeline layout (enhancing fibrous particle entrainment and mitigating blockages) with 372 m³/h airflow and 10,000 r/min saw blade rotational speed. This configuration suppresses blade-induced positive pressure zones and turbulent escape, balancing centrifugal effects and suction dynamics to maximize capture across particle types. Testing confirmed effectiveness in preventing dust escape, reducing workshop respirable dust mass concentration by 88.63 %. This work proposes a dust control system for more efficient and safer wind turbine blade manufacturing.

在真空辅助树脂注入过程中形成的闪光结构影响风力涡轮机叶片的空气动力学，需要对玻璃纤维增强塑料（GFRP）材料进行精密修整，产生的呼吸性粉尘峰值浓度可达12 mg/m3。为了控制粉尘的分散，采用了吸力罩。采用计算流体力学-离散元耦合方法（CFD-DEM）模拟了纤维状和块状非球形颗粒的气固流动。系统评价了结构参数和工艺参数对捕集效率的影响。捕获效率主要取决于颗粒的大小和形态：低于50µm的颗粒通过气流携带实现了97%的捕获，而50µm的颗粒由于动能放大和轨迹不稳定而表现出显著的效率损失，尤其是纤维颗粒（效率比球形当量低11.66 - 39.69%）。该系统采用直径为50mm的M1管道布局（增强纤维颗粒夹带并减轻堵塞），气流为372 m3/h，锯片转速为10,000 r/min。这种结构抑制了叶片引起的正压区和湍流逃逸，平衡了离心效应和吸力动力学，最大限度地捕获了不同类型的颗粒。试验证实有效防止粉尘逸出，使车间呼吸性粉尘质量浓度降低88.63%。本工作提出了一种更高效、更安全的风力发电机叶片制造粉尘控制系统。

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引用次数: 0

An improved meshfree approach for solving nonlinear multivariate models involving aggregation, breakage, growth and source 一种改进的无网格法求解包含聚集、断裂、生长和源的非线性多元模型

IF 4.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Advanced Powder Technology

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2025.105145

Amit Paswan , Jitraj Saha , Stefan Heinrich

The modeling of aggregation and collisional breakage phenomena remains largely unexplored due to nonlinearity and nonlocal nature of the model equation. This article discusses the performance and efficiency of a redefined homotopy-based method and generalized iteration method for solving bivariate aggregation-collision breakage model for several kinetic kernels. Solution for Brownian motion kernel and equi-partition of kinetic energy kernel are obtained to analyze the dynamics of bubble columns as well as the granular flow behavior. The iterative scheme is further extended to solve aggregation-breakage model with simultaneous growth and source terms. This model is also extended for solving bivariate cases.

由于模型方程的非线性和非局域性，聚集和碰撞破碎现象的建模在很大程度上仍未得到探索。讨论了基于重定义同伦法和广义迭代法求解多核二元聚集-碰撞破碎模型的性能和效率。得到了气泡柱的布朗运动核和动能核等配分解，分析了气泡柱的动力学和颗粒流动行为。将迭代方法进一步推广到求解同时具有生长项和源项的聚集-破碎模型。该模型也适用于求解二元情况。

引用次数: 0