Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000361
Tadele Shiberu, E. Getu
Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an important pest infesting Solanaceous plants all over the world. It became a problem on tomato crop since 2012 in Ethiopia. For enhancing the IPM control of this pest, very few studies have been conducted for assessing seasonal abundance and spatial distribution in Ethiopia. This study aims to monitor the population fluctuation and infestation rate of T. absoluta on tomato crop under glasshouse and open field conditions. Different stages of T. absoluta were investigated in glasshouse during three plantation periods in 2015-2016 and four plantation periods for open-field study in 2015-2017. Different stages of T. absoluta were investigated in glasshouse and open fields during 2015 to 2017 for six and four plantation periods, respectively. At August 2016 the highest populations of T. absoluta per plant were recorded under glasshouse whereas under open fields the highest populations of T. absoluta per plant were recorded at December and March during 2015-2016. Low number of T. absoluta was recorded in the first cropping cycle at December 2015 and 2016. The field study showed that T. absoluta population progress is increasing during tomato phenologic cycle, the period of peak activities of T. absoluta compromise at vegetative time with flowering and early fruit setting stages of the crop.
{"title":"Population Dynamics Study of T. absoluta in Western Shewa of Central Ethiopia","authors":"Tadele Shiberu, E. Getu","doi":"10.4172/2329-8863.1000361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000361","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an important pest infesting Solanaceous plants all over the world. It became a problem on tomato crop since 2012 in Ethiopia. For enhancing the IPM control of this pest, very few studies have been conducted for assessing seasonal abundance and spatial distribution in Ethiopia. This study aims to monitor the population fluctuation and infestation rate of T. absoluta on tomato crop under glasshouse and open field conditions. Different stages of T. absoluta were investigated in glasshouse during three plantation periods in 2015-2016 and four plantation periods for open-field study in 2015-2017. Different stages of T. absoluta were investigated in glasshouse and open fields during 2015 to 2017 for six and four plantation periods, respectively. At August 2016 the highest populations of T. absoluta per plant were recorded under glasshouse whereas under open fields the highest populations of T. absoluta per plant were recorded at December and March during 2015-2016. Low number of T. absoluta was recorded in the first cropping cycle at December 2015 and 2016. The field study showed that T. absoluta population progress is increasing during tomato phenologic cycle, the period of peak activities of T. absoluta compromise at vegetative time with flowering and early fruit setting stages of the crop.","PeriodicalId":7255,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Crop Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72752208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000352
A. Zeleke, G. Alemayehu, Yihenew Gs
In Ethiopia, different N-levels and planting densities were recommended based on the environmental conditions for maize production. However, the optimum nitrogen (N) requirements and planting density have not been yet well determined in the study area. A field experiment was conducted to determine N rate and planting density on maize yield in South Achefer district during 2014 cropping season at 3 locations. Three planting densities and four N levels were tested in randomized complete block design in the factorial arrangement with three replications. There were significant differences (P<0.05) among panting densities. Plant height, ear height, and leaf area index were significantly increased with increasing planting density from 44444 to 88888 plants ha-1. However, the cob diameters, cob length, numbers of kernels per cob were decreased with increasing plating density. The grain yield was increased by 65.16% on 88888 plants ha-1 with 161 kg N ha-1 as compared to 44444 plants ha-1 with 92 kg N ha-1 and it was the best economically (39746.9 birrrs) profitable treatment combination. Thus, it can be concluded that application of 88888 plants ha-1 with 161 kg N ha-1 was found to be superior both agronomical and economically for maize production in the study area.
在埃塞俄比亚，根据玉米生产的环境条件，推荐不同的施氮水平和种植密度。但研究区最佳氮素需要量和种植密度尚未确定。采用田间试验研究了2014年南阿切弗地区3个地点施氮量和种植密度对玉米产量的影响。试验采用随机完全区组设计，3个重复，试验3种种植密度和4个氮水平。不同喘息密度间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。株高、穗高和叶面积指数随着种植密度的增加而显著增加，从44444株/ m2增加到88888株/ m2。而随着镀膜密度的增加，芯直径、芯长、每芯粒数均呈下降趋势。88888株hm -1加161 kg N -1比44444株hm -1加92 kg N -1增产65.16%，是经济效益最好的处理组合(39746.9 birrrs)。综上所述，88888株hm -1配161 kg N hm -1对研究区玉米生产具有较好的农艺和经济效益。
{"title":"Effects of Planting Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate on Yield and Yield Related Traits of Maize ( Zea mays L.) in Northwestern, Ethiopia","authors":"A. Zeleke, G. Alemayehu, Yihenew Gs","doi":"10.4172/2329-8863.1000352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000352","url":null,"abstract":"In Ethiopia, different N-levels and planting densities were recommended based on the environmental conditions for maize production. However, the optimum nitrogen (N) requirements and planting density have not been yet well determined in the study area. A field experiment was conducted to determine N rate and planting density on maize yield in South Achefer district during 2014 cropping season at 3 locations. Three planting densities and four N levels were tested in randomized complete block design in the factorial arrangement with three replications. There were significant differences (P<0.05) among panting densities. Plant height, ear height, and leaf area index were significantly increased with increasing planting density from 44444 to 88888 plants ha-1. However, the cob diameters, cob length, numbers of kernels per cob were decreased with increasing plating density. The grain yield was increased by 65.16% on 88888 plants ha-1 with 161 kg N ha-1 as compared to 44444 plants ha-1 with 92 kg N ha-1 and it was the best economically (39746.9 birrrs) profitable treatment combination. Thus, it can be concluded that application of 88888 plants ha-1 with 161 kg N ha-1 was found to be superior both agronomical and economically for maize production in the study area.","PeriodicalId":7255,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Crop Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83744026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000359
A. M. Igué, I. Balogoun, A. Oga, A. Saidou, G. Ezui, S. Youl, A. Mando
Maize cultivation under soil conditions in Benin requires high quantity of nutrients. There is therefore a need to develop adequate fertilizer recommendations in order to achieve the level of productivity that could meet the needs of the increasing population in the rural area. The present study aims to update the mineral fertilizer formulas recommended for maize production in northern Benin. An experimental program was carried out in the year 2012 on tree main soil types: ferric Luvisols, gleyic Luvisols and eutric Gleysols in two agroecolological zones of Northern Benin. The experimental design was a randomized completed bloc with four replicates, installed in farmers’ fields with the specific objective to validate five N, P, K based fertilizer formulas. The maize variety EVDT-97 STRW was used. Biophysical and economic analyses completed using the seasonal stool of the DSSAT model allowed to identify a series of efficient options. The results of variance analyses relating to the effect of different fertilizer formulas on maize grain yields showed that the rate simulated by the DSSAT model (115-30-75) produced the highest grain yields regardless of the soil types and agro-ecological zones. The ratio of observed-to-simulated values are close to 1 and the mean standard prediction error (NRMSE) between the observed and the simulated yields was comprised between 11% and 20% for gleyic Luvisols but between 21% and 30% for the other soil types. The results of the biophysical and economic analysis showed that N80P30K35 was the most efficient fertilizer formula for sustainable maize production in Northern Benin.
{"title":"Recommendations of Fertilizer Formulas for the Maize Production in Northern Benin","authors":"A. M. Igué, I. Balogoun, A. Oga, A. Saidou, G. Ezui, S. Youl, A. Mando","doi":"10.4172/2329-8863.1000359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000359","url":null,"abstract":"Maize cultivation under soil conditions in Benin requires high quantity of nutrients. There is therefore a need to develop adequate fertilizer recommendations in order to achieve the level of productivity that could meet the needs of the increasing population in the rural area. The present study aims to update the mineral fertilizer formulas recommended for maize production in northern Benin. An experimental program was carried out in the year 2012 on tree main soil types: ferric Luvisols, gleyic Luvisols and eutric Gleysols in two agroecolological zones of Northern Benin. The experimental design was a randomized completed bloc with four replicates, installed in farmers’ fields with the specific objective to validate five N, P, K based fertilizer formulas. The maize variety EVDT-97 STRW was used. Biophysical and economic analyses completed using the seasonal stool of the DSSAT model allowed to identify a series of efficient options. The results of variance analyses relating to the effect of different fertilizer formulas on maize grain yields showed that the rate simulated by the DSSAT model (115-30-75) produced the highest grain yields regardless of the soil types and agro-ecological zones. The ratio of observed-to-simulated values are close to 1 and the mean standard prediction error (NRMSE) between the observed and the simulated yields was comprised between 11% and 20% for gleyic Luvisols but between 21% and 30% for the other soil types. The results of the biophysical and economic analysis showed that N80P30K35 was the most efficient fertilizer formula for sustainable maize production in Northern Benin.","PeriodicalId":7255,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Crop Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75319226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000358
Miheretu Fufa
Twenty Black Cumin genotypes were evaluated across locations to assess their agronomic performance, genotype by environment interaction and seed yield stability during 2011 and 2012 at Sinana, Goro and Ginir in randomized complete design with three replications. Except the number of capsules per plant, the analysis of variance indicated that there was highly significant variation (p<0.01) among the genotypes in days to flower, plant height, primary branches, days to maturity, biomass yield and seed yield. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the genotype x environment interaction was highly significant (p<0.01) indicating that there is a need to know which component of the interaction is contributing to the variation. The genotype by environment interaction explained contributed to the majority (79.16%) of the variation while the genotype and environment respectively explained 19.72 and 1.12% of the total sum of squares. The variation is majorly contributed by the genotype x environment interaction than genotype indicating that there was substantial difference in genotypic response across environments. AMMI stability analysis revealed that all the four AMMI components are highly significant. The first and second principal components contributed 70.85% and 17.0% of interaction sum of squares respectively. The PCA1 and PCA2 had sum of squares greater than that of genotypes and cumulatively contributed to 87.86% of the total GEI. Based on the calculated AMMI stability value, BC-DM-9 was the most stable genotypes followed by ACBC- 6 and AC-BC-19. On the other hand, genotype AC-BC-10 was the most unstable followed by MAB-057, ACBC- 8, Local and AC-BC-4. AMMI biplot of seed yield indicated that BC-DM-11 Xereta-1, AC-BC-9 and MAB-018 expressed a highly interactive behavior while genotype 394640-539 showed low interaction and thus stable in its seed yield (kg/ha).
{"title":"Agronomic Performance, Genotype X Environment Interaction and Stability of Black Cumin Genotypes Grown in Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia","authors":"Miheretu Fufa","doi":"10.4172/2329-8863.1000358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000358","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty Black Cumin genotypes were evaluated across locations to assess their agronomic performance, genotype by environment interaction and seed yield stability during 2011 and 2012 at Sinana, Goro and Ginir in randomized complete design with three replications. Except the number of capsules per plant, the analysis of variance indicated that there was highly significant variation (p<0.01) among the genotypes in days to flower, plant height, primary branches, days to maturity, biomass yield and seed yield. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the genotype x environment interaction was highly significant (p<0.01) indicating that there is a need to know which component of the interaction is contributing to the variation. The genotype by environment interaction explained contributed to the majority (79.16%) of the variation while the genotype and environment respectively explained 19.72 and 1.12% of the total sum of squares. The variation is majorly contributed by the genotype x environment interaction than genotype indicating that there was substantial difference in genotypic response across environments. AMMI stability analysis revealed that all the four AMMI components are highly significant. The first and second principal components contributed 70.85% and 17.0% of interaction sum of squares respectively. The PCA1 and PCA2 had sum of squares greater than that of genotypes and cumulatively contributed to 87.86% of the total GEI. Based on the calculated AMMI stability value, BC-DM-9 was the most stable genotypes followed by ACBC- 6 and AC-BC-19. On the other hand, genotype AC-BC-10 was the most unstable followed by MAB-057, ACBC- 8, Local and AC-BC-4. AMMI biplot of seed yield indicated that BC-DM-11 Xereta-1, AC-BC-9 and MAB-018 expressed a highly interactive behavior while genotype 394640-539 showed low interaction and thus stable in its seed yield (kg/ha).","PeriodicalId":7255,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Crop Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79940242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000383
Y. Shewaye, Wuletaw Taddesse
Stripe (yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the major diseases of wheat in the world. Development and use of resistant wheat cultivars is the most economical and environmentally friendly solution in combating wheat stripe rust. Field experiments were carried out at two sites in Ethiopia (Kulumsa and Meraro) and seedling tests were conducted at KARC green house during the 2015 cropping season to evaluate the response of 198 elite spring bread wheat genotypes and two checks to the prevailing races of stripe rust at adult plant and seedling stages. The genetic profile of the 198 genotypes was assessed using 13006 SNP markers and an Association mapping was explored to determine marker-trait association. About 72.5% and 42.5% of the lines exhibited resistance to stripe rust during the field screening at Kulumsa and Meraro, respectively. Only 8,966 of the SNPs were polymorphic and hence used for association mapping analysis. Almost half of these markers were on known chromosomes but had no position on the consensus map of bread wheat. Analysis of population structure revealed the existence of three clusters. Fifty-three SNPs and 21 SNP markers in ten genomic regions were significantly associated with yellow rust resistance at adult plant st and seedling stages, respectively. The locus on chromosome 1 AL appeared to be a novel quantitative trait locus (QTL) not reported so far. The locus on chromosome 1 AL appeared to be a novel quantitative trait locus (QTL) not reported so far there are different markers that are associated to resistance like, BS00022733_51, wsnp_Ex_rep_c69738_68695568, wsnp_Ex_rep_c108951_9195419, CAP12_c1906_217 and TA003955-1138.
{"title":"Association Mapping of Seedling and Adult Plant Resistance for Stripe Rust Resistance in Spring Bread Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)","authors":"Y. Shewaye, Wuletaw Taddesse","doi":"10.4172/2329-8863.1000383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000383","url":null,"abstract":"Stripe (yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the major diseases of wheat in the world. Development and use of resistant wheat cultivars is the most economical and environmentally friendly solution in combating wheat stripe rust. Field experiments were carried out at two sites in Ethiopia (Kulumsa and Meraro) and seedling tests were conducted at KARC green house during the 2015 cropping season to evaluate the response of 198 elite spring bread wheat genotypes and two checks to the prevailing races of stripe rust at adult plant and seedling stages. The genetic profile of the 198 genotypes was assessed using 13006 SNP markers and an Association mapping was explored to determine marker-trait association. About 72.5% and 42.5% of the lines exhibited resistance to stripe rust during the field screening at Kulumsa and Meraro, respectively. Only 8,966 of the SNPs were polymorphic and hence used for association mapping analysis. Almost half of these markers were on known chromosomes but had no position on the consensus map of bread wheat. Analysis of population structure revealed the existence of three clusters. Fifty-three SNPs and 21 SNP markers in ten genomic regions were significantly associated with yellow rust resistance at adult plant st and seedling stages, respectively. The locus on chromosome 1 AL appeared to be a novel quantitative trait locus (QTL) not reported so far. The locus on chromosome 1 AL appeared to be a novel quantitative trait locus (QTL) not reported so far there are different markers that are associated to resistance like, BS00022733_51, wsnp_Ex_rep_c69738_68695568, wsnp_Ex_rep_c108951_9195419, CAP12_c1906_217 and TA003955-1138.","PeriodicalId":7255,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Crop Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86513979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000402
Frank Charles Kasonga
{"title":"Gross Margin Analysis of Irrigated Beans: A Case of Khosolo Extension Planning Area","authors":"Frank Charles Kasonga","doi":"10.4172/2329-8863.1000402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000402","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7255,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Crop Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76786258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000328
Sangar Khan, R. Hayat, M. Farooq, Q. Hussain, Noshen Arab Ali
Loss of soil fertility, reduction in soil productivity and water scarcity is the major limitation of rain fed area of Pakistan. Applications of biochar on low fertile and degraded soil enhance soil fertility, nutrients uptake and water retention thus improves soil productivity. Field study was conducted to examine the effect of biochar on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by mash bean (Vigna mungo. L), soil nutrients availability and soil water retention. Biochar was applied at 0, 0.25 and 0.5 t ha-1 along with and without chemical fertilizer (20, 50, 50 kg ha-1 NPK) with four replications. Crop was harvested at maturity and soil samples were collected from each experimental plot before sowing and after harvesting and was analyzed for soil ECe, soil pH, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, soil infiltration rate, soil aggregate stability, soil water retention and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Biological nitrogen fixation was determined by xylem-sap method and xylem sap was extracted at pod filling stage. Soil treated with biochar @ 0.5 t ha-1+chemical fertilizer (NPK 20, 50, 50 kg ha-1 respectively) showed maximum pH (7.78) and soil electrical conductivity (0.67 ds m-1). Application of biochar and chemical fertilizer to soil (0.5 t ha-1+NPK 20,50,50 kg ha-1) increases total N from 3.9 mg kg-1 to 18 mg kg-1, Phosphorus from 4 mg kg-1 to 18.5 mg kg-1, potassium from 98 mg kg-1 to 143 mg kg-1 and soil CEC from 6.6 Cmolc kg-1 to 11.2 Cmolc kg-1. Biochar @ 0.5 t ha-1 stabilized soil aggregates (34%) and improves soil infiltration rates (164 mm h-1) without impacting any significant effect on soil water retention. Biochar applied @ 0.5 t ha-1 along with chemical fertilizer (NPK 20, 50, 50 kg ha-1 respectively) showed maximum increase in BNF (24 kg N ha-1), biomass yield (2.7 t ha-1) and grain yield (1.8 t ha-1). The study concluded that biochar application (0.5 t ha-1) along with chemical fertilizer increase availability of nutrients (NPK), soil pH and ECe where as sole application of biochar (0.5 t ha-1) promoted aggregation and infiltration rate. The significant increase was observed in case of BNF (40%), grain yield (77%) and biomass yield (64%) of mash bean. It is recommended that biochar application to soil along with chemical fertilizer improve soil productivity and BNF by mash bean.
土壤肥力丧失、土壤生产力下降和水资源短缺是巴基斯坦雨养地区的主要限制因素。在低肥力和退化土壤上施用生物炭可提高土壤肥力、养分吸收和保水能力，从而提高土壤生产力。通过田间试验研究了生物炭对土豆泥(Vigna mungo)生物固氮的影响。L)、土壤养分有效性和土壤保水能力。生物炭按0、0.25和0.5 t hm -1施用，同时施用和不施用化肥(20、50、50 kg hm -1 NPK)，共4个重复。作物成熟后收获，各试验田在播种前和收获后采集土壤样品，分析土壤ECe、pH、全氮、全磷、全钾、土壤入渗速率、土壤团聚体稳定性、土壤保水力和阳离子交换容量(CEC)。采用木质部液法测定生物固氮作用，在荚果灌浆阶段提取木质部液。生物炭@ 0.5 t hm -1+化肥(NPK分别为20、50、50 kg hm -1)处理的土壤pH值最高(7.78)，土壤电导率最高(0.67 ds m-1)。在土壤中施用生物炭和化肥(0.5 t hm -1+NPK 20、50、50 kg hm -1)，总氮从3.9 mg kg-1增加到18 mg kg-1，磷从4 mg kg-1增加到18.5 mg kg-1，钾从98 mg kg-1增加到143 mg kg-1，土壤CEC从6.6 Cmolc kg-1增加到11.2 Cmolc kg-1。0.5 t hm -1的生物炭稳定了土壤团聚体(34%)，提高了土壤入渗速率(164 mm h-1)，而不影响任何显著的土壤保水效果。生物炭与化肥(NPK分别为20、50、50 kg ha-1)配施0.5 t ha-1，最大限度地提高了BNF (24 kg N -1)、生物量产量(2.7 t ha-1)和籽粒产量(1.8 t ha-1)。研究表明，生物炭(0.5 t hm -1)与化肥配合施用可提高氮磷钾(NPK)、土壤pH和ECe的有效性，而单独施用生物炭(0.5 t hm -1)可促进土壤团聚和入渗速率。土豆泥的生物量、籽粒产量和生物量均显著增加(分别为40%、77%和64%)。建议生物炭与化肥配合施用可提高土豆泥土壤生产力和生物固氮。
{"title":"Interactive Use of Biochar and Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Nutrients (NPK), Soil Water Retention and Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Mash Bean","authors":"Sangar Khan, R. Hayat, M. Farooq, Q. Hussain, Noshen Arab Ali","doi":"10.4172/2329-8863.1000328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000328","url":null,"abstract":"Loss of soil fertility, reduction in soil productivity and water scarcity is the major limitation of rain fed area of Pakistan. Applications of biochar on low fertile and degraded soil enhance soil fertility, nutrients uptake and water retention thus improves soil productivity. Field study was conducted to examine the effect of biochar on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by mash bean (Vigna mungo. L), soil nutrients availability and soil water retention. Biochar was applied at 0, 0.25 and 0.5 t ha-1 along with and without chemical fertilizer (20, 50, 50 kg ha-1 NPK) with four replications. Crop was harvested at maturity and soil samples were collected from each experimental plot before sowing and after harvesting and was analyzed for soil ECe, soil pH, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, soil infiltration rate, soil aggregate stability, soil water retention and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Biological nitrogen fixation was determined by xylem-sap method and xylem sap was extracted at pod filling stage. Soil treated with biochar @ 0.5 t ha-1+chemical fertilizer (NPK 20, 50, 50 kg ha-1 respectively) showed maximum pH (7.78) and soil electrical conductivity (0.67 ds m-1). Application of biochar and chemical fertilizer to soil (0.5 t ha-1+NPK 20,50,50 kg ha-1) increases total N from 3.9 mg kg-1 to 18 mg kg-1, Phosphorus from 4 mg kg-1 to 18.5 mg kg-1, potassium from 98 mg kg-1 to 143 mg kg-1 and soil CEC from 6.6 Cmolc kg-1 to 11.2 Cmolc kg-1. Biochar @ 0.5 t ha-1 stabilized soil aggregates (34%) and improves soil infiltration rates (164 mm h-1) without impacting any significant effect on soil water retention. Biochar applied @ 0.5 t ha-1 along with chemical fertilizer (NPK 20, 50, 50 kg ha-1 respectively) showed maximum increase in BNF (24 kg N ha-1), biomass yield (2.7 t ha-1) and grain yield (1.8 t ha-1). The study concluded that biochar application (0.5 t ha-1) along with chemical fertilizer increase availability of nutrients (NPK), soil pH and ECe where as sole application of biochar (0.5 t ha-1) promoted aggregation and infiltration rate. The significant increase was observed in case of BNF (40%), grain yield (77%) and biomass yield (64%) of mash bean. It is recommended that biochar application to soil along with chemical fertilizer improve soil productivity and BNF by mash bean.","PeriodicalId":7255,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Crop Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76794399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000375
Miheretu Fufa
Though Ethiopia is a center of diversity coriander that cultivated for its income generation and local consumption, there is little information on its genetic variation. For a true assessment of the diversity of coriander, characterization and evaluation for its component traits should be considered essential. Twenty-five accessions of coriander were collected from potential growing areas of Arsi-Bale districts and evaluated for the variation of vegetative traits during 2012 at Sinana Agricultural Research Center in single plot of four rows. The result of the analysis revealed that there was a large variation among the accessions for most of the traits under study. The most variable was the number of basal leaf per plant ranging from 55 to 4 with a variance of 113.34 and a mean of 17.52. On the other hand, branching of the plant showed least variation ranging from 2 to 1 with a variance of 0.08. Next to the number of basal leaf, the accessions showed large variation with respect to the length of the longest basal leaf and the basal leaf with a range of 52 to 27 and 45.80 to 23.60 and a variance of 43.56 and 38.95 respectively. Foliation (9 to 1), habitus of the basal leaves (4 to 1), Blade Shape of Upper Stem Length (6 to 4), blade shape of the longest basal leaves (5 to 4) and Branching of the plant (2 to 1) showed a decreasing range of variation. The present study focused on the vegetative traits for the assessment of variation in coriander accessions. Including the generative traits in the characterization work is considered essential for assessment of the diversity of coriander.
{"title":"Variation of Yield Components in Some Coriander Accessions (Coriandrum sativam L.) of Ethiopia","authors":"Miheretu Fufa","doi":"10.4172/2329-8863.1000375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000375","url":null,"abstract":"Though Ethiopia is a center of diversity coriander that cultivated for its income generation and local consumption, there is little information on its genetic variation. For a true assessment of the diversity of coriander, characterization and evaluation for its component traits should be considered essential. Twenty-five accessions of coriander were collected from potential growing areas of Arsi-Bale districts and evaluated for the variation of vegetative traits during 2012 at Sinana Agricultural Research Center in single plot of four rows. The result of the analysis revealed that there was a large variation among the accessions for most of the traits under study. The most variable was the number of basal leaf per plant ranging from 55 to 4 with a variance of 113.34 and a mean of 17.52. On the other hand, branching of the plant showed least variation ranging from 2 to 1 with a variance of 0.08. Next to the number of basal leaf, the accessions showed large variation with respect to the length of the longest basal leaf and the basal leaf with a range of 52 to 27 and 45.80 to 23.60 and a variance of 43.56 and 38.95 respectively. Foliation (9 to 1), habitus of the basal leaves (4 to 1), Blade Shape of Upper Stem Length (6 to 4), blade shape of the longest basal leaves (5 to 4) and Branching of the plant (2 to 1) showed a decreasing range of variation. The present study focused on the vegetative traits for the assessment of variation in coriander accessions. Including the generative traits in the characterization work is considered essential for assessment of the diversity of coriander.","PeriodicalId":7255,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Crop Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87892530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000362
R. Kamanga, E. Mbega, P. Ndakidemi
Drought is among the top largest causes of agricultural productivity losses globally. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a commercially important crop considerably hampered by drought. It is considered a drought sensitive crop with a yield response factor (Ky) 1.05. Although advancements in molecular research and plant breeding have led to release of drought tolerant cultivars in most developed countries, breeding efforts have focused on yield as the core selection index particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with less regard for drought tolerance. Several studies, however, have documented various physiological, morphological and biochemical adaptive drought tolerance and avoidance strategies in tomatoes and other crop species. It is argued that selection efficiency for drought tolerance breeding programs would be improved if physiological traits linked to drought tolerance are considered. This review presents an overview of previous research efforts in understanding physiological responses to drought, in crop species with particular attention to Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato). It further highlights research gaps, identifying unexplored domains and suggesting recommendations for future investigation.
{"title":"Drought Tolerance Mechanisms in Plants: Physiological Responses Associated with Water Deficit Stress in Solanum lycopersicum","authors":"R. Kamanga, E. Mbega, P. Ndakidemi","doi":"10.4172/2329-8863.1000362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000362","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is among the top largest causes of agricultural productivity losses globally. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a commercially important crop considerably hampered by drought. It is considered a drought sensitive crop with a yield response factor (Ky) 1.05. Although advancements in molecular research and plant breeding have led to release of drought tolerant cultivars in most developed countries, breeding efforts have focused on yield as the core selection index particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with less regard for drought tolerance. Several studies, however, have documented various physiological, morphological and biochemical adaptive drought tolerance and avoidance strategies in tomatoes and other crop species. It is argued that selection efficiency for drought tolerance breeding programs would be improved if physiological traits linked to drought tolerance are considered. This review presents an overview of previous research efforts in understanding physiological responses to drought, in crop species with particular attention to Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato). It further highlights research gaps, identifying unexplored domains and suggesting recommendations for future investigation.","PeriodicalId":7255,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Crop Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73769979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000345
Ofosu Akb, Ofosu-Budu Gk, Norman Jc, P. Amoah
The use of quality growth medium can enhance growth and development of oil palm seedlings as the continual use of soil alone in oil palm nursery operations is becoming environmentally unsustainable. Organic materials such as biochar and compost have been found not only to reduce the amount of top soil used in the nursery but also have the potential to provide adequate nutrients for oil palm seedling growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate different growing media (soil only, soil amended with rice husk biochar (RHB) and compost (CO); at different ratios (1:1), (1:1:1), (1:1:2) and (1:2:1). The effect of type of growing media on the physico-chemical properties were monitored. In addition, the vegetative growth parameters, dry weight of seedlings and plant nutrient uptake of the seedlings were measured. Water holding capacity of the media increased with an increase in compost while increasing the RHB did not reflect any direct pattern in the water holding capacity of the growing medium. Generally, organic materials (biochar, compost) based growth media treatments recorded higher and significant differences in the parameters monitored compared to the treatment that did not receive any organic amendments. The soil+RHB +CO, 1:1:2 growth media recorded the highest vegetative growth and nutrient uptake compared to the control (Soil only).
{"title":"Growth, Dry Matter Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Oil Palm Seedlings ( Elaies guineensis Jacq.) as Affected by Different Soil Ammendments","authors":"Ofosu Akb, Ofosu-Budu Gk, Norman Jc, P. Amoah","doi":"10.4172/2329-8863.1000345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000345","url":null,"abstract":"The use of quality growth medium can enhance growth and development of oil palm seedlings as the continual use of soil alone in oil palm nursery operations is becoming environmentally unsustainable. Organic materials such as biochar and compost have been found not only to reduce the amount of top soil used in the nursery but also have the potential to provide adequate nutrients for oil palm seedling growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate different growing media (soil only, soil amended with rice husk biochar (RHB) and compost (CO); at different ratios (1:1), (1:1:1), (1:1:2) and (1:2:1). The effect of type of growing media on the physico-chemical properties were monitored. In addition, the vegetative growth parameters, dry weight of seedlings and plant nutrient uptake of the seedlings were measured. Water holding capacity of the media increased with an increase in compost while increasing the RHB did not reflect any direct pattern in the water holding capacity of the growing medium. Generally, organic materials (biochar, compost) based growth media treatments recorded higher and significant differences in the parameters monitored compared to the treatment that did not receive any organic amendments. The soil+RHB +CO, 1:1:2 growth media recorded the highest vegetative growth and nutrient uptake compared to the control (Soil only).","PeriodicalId":7255,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Crop Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73420204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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