Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4437
T. Sonmezocak, Serkan Kurt
. Today Electromyography (EMG) and accelerometer (MEMS) based signals can be used in the clinical diagnosis of physical states of muscle activities such as fatigue, muscle weakness, pain, and tremors and in external or wearable robotic exoskeletal systems used in rehabilitation areas. During the record-ing of these signals taken from the skin surface through non-invasive processes, analysis of the signal becomes difficult due to the electrodes attached to the skin not fully contacting, involuntary body movements, and noises from peripheral muscles. In addition, parameters such as age and skin structure of the subjects can also affect the signal. Considering these nega-tive factors, a new adaptive method based on Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF) model for more effective filtering of the muscle signals based on both EMG and MEMS is proposed in this study. Moreover, the accuracy of the parametric values determined by the filter automatically according to the most effective time and frequency features that represent noisy and filtered signals was determined by different machine learning and classification algorithms. It was verified that the filter performs adaptive filtering with 100 % effectiveness with Linear Discriminant.
{"title":"Adaptive Filtering of Accelerometer and Electromyography Signals Using Extended Kalman Filter for Chewing Muscle Activities","authors":"T. Sonmezocak, Serkan Kurt","doi":"10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4437","url":null,"abstract":". Today Electromyography (EMG) and accelerometer (MEMS) based signals can be used in the clinical diagnosis of physical states of muscle activities such as fatigue, muscle weakness, pain, and tremors and in external or wearable robotic exoskeletal systems used in rehabilitation areas. During the record-ing of these signals taken from the skin surface through non-invasive processes, analysis of the signal becomes difficult due to the electrodes attached to the skin not fully contacting, involuntary body movements, and noises from peripheral muscles. In addition, parameters such as age and skin structure of the subjects can also affect the signal. Considering these nega-tive factors, a new adaptive method based on Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF) model for more effective filtering of the muscle signals based on both EMG and MEMS is proposed in this study. Moreover, the accuracy of the parametric values determined by the filter automatically according to the most effective time and frequency features that represent noisy and filtered signals was determined by different machine learning and classification algorithms. It was verified that the filter performs adaptive filtering with 100 % effectiveness with Linear Discriminant.","PeriodicalId":7268,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47869025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4593
B. S. Premananda, Srivaths Sreedhar
. Wireless communication is a fast-growing industry and recent developments focus on improving certain aspects of the area and reducing the power consumption while maintaining the frequency of operation. Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is an integral part of communication circuits which operate at very high frequencies. Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) is the first block of PLL and is key in determining the computational capacity of the PLL. The power consumption of the PFD has to be reduced to minimize the overall power consumption of PLL. The PFD architecture used is based on Double Edged Triggered D Flip-Flop (DET-DFF), which is free of dead zone. Stack, LECTOR, AVLS and hybrid low-power approaches are implemented to reduce the power consumption of DET-DFF based PFD architectures. The PFDs power, delay and power delay product analysis is performed using Cadence Virtuoso and Spectre in CMOS 180 nm and 90 nm technology. A power reduction of upto 32 % has been observed while keeping the transistor count to a minimum.
{"title":"Low-Power Phase Frequency Detector Using Hybrid AVLS and LECTOR Techniques for Low-Power PLL","authors":"B. S. Premananda, Srivaths Sreedhar","doi":"10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4593","url":null,"abstract":". Wireless communication is a fast-growing industry and recent developments focus on improving certain aspects of the area and reducing the power consumption while maintaining the frequency of operation. Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is an integral part of communication circuits which operate at very high frequencies. Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) is the first block of PLL and is key in determining the computational capacity of the PLL. The power consumption of the PFD has to be reduced to minimize the overall power consumption of PLL. The PFD architecture used is based on Double Edged Triggered D Flip-Flop (DET-DFF), which is free of dead zone. Stack, LECTOR, AVLS and hybrid low-power approaches are implemented to reduce the power consumption of DET-DFF based PFD architectures. The PFDs power, delay and power delay product analysis is performed using Cadence Virtuoso and Spectre in CMOS 180 nm and 90 nm technology. A power reduction of upto 32 % has been observed while keeping the transistor count to a minimum.","PeriodicalId":7268,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46095213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4373
Divya Dutt, P. Mittal, B. Rawat, B. Kumar
. In the prominent era of the digital world and Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits, Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) provides a vital con-tribution to low-power and high-speed performance. Sense Amplifiers (SA) are a part of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) memories used to read the stored information. This paper indicates a Dual-Voltage, Dual-Tail Level Restoration Voltage Latch Sense Amplifier (DVDTLR-VLSA). The design has been implemented using the LT SPICE tool at 180 nm technology node with a 1 . 8 V supply. Performance comparison of existing SA presented in literature with the proposed SA is examined based on different parameters like power, energy, delay, and current. The proposed design maintains power at 2 . 167 µW that is decreased to half as against Dual Switch Transmission Gate Voltage SA (DTGVSA) and shows an appreciable depletion. Also, the current and delay results are improved. Dimensional analysis is also done for the proposed SA to examine the performance. After that, the effect of sleep transistors on the proposed SA examines the performance in comparison to delay and power parameters without sleep transistors. The DVDTLR-VLSA has minimal energy and power. Also, the delay is improved which may be de-termined more advisable for low-power operations.
{"title":"Design and Performance Analysis of High-Performance Low Power Voltage Mode Sense Amplifier for Static RAM","authors":"Divya Dutt, P. Mittal, B. Rawat, B. Kumar","doi":"10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4373","url":null,"abstract":". In the prominent era of the digital world and Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits, Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) provides a vital con-tribution to low-power and high-speed performance. Sense Amplifiers (SA) are a part of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) memories used to read the stored information. This paper indicates a Dual-Voltage, Dual-Tail Level Restoration Voltage Latch Sense Amplifier (DVDTLR-VLSA). The design has been implemented using the LT SPICE tool at 180 nm technology node with a 1 . 8 V supply. Performance comparison of existing SA presented in literature with the proposed SA is examined based on different parameters like power, energy, delay, and current. The proposed design maintains power at 2 . 167 µW that is decreased to half as against Dual Switch Transmission Gate Voltage SA (DTGVSA) and shows an appreciable depletion. Also, the current and delay results are improved. Dimensional analysis is also done for the proposed SA to examine the performance. After that, the effect of sleep transistors on the proposed SA examines the performance in comparison to delay and power parameters without sleep transistors. The DVDTLR-VLSA has minimal energy and power. Also, the delay is improved which may be de-termined more advisable for low-power operations.","PeriodicalId":7268,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48148421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4454
Brahim Deffaf, F. Hamoudi, Naamane Debdouche, Yacine Ayachi Amor, S. Medjmadj
This paper proposes a super-twisting sliding mode control for a multifunctional system that includes a Photovoltaic (PV) system connected to the grid through the Active Power Filter (APF). The latter is implemented to improve the power quality in the grid side, and injecting the provided photovoltaic power into the grid. Sliding mode control is known as a powerful control with good performance in transient and steady-state conditions. In this work, a Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Control (ST-SMC) is applied to extract the maximum power from the PV source, corresponding to the irradiation level, as well as to the threephase inverter-based-APF power control. For the system to inject the generated power from the PV source into the grid with respect to the international standards, fulfilling the active power filtering, synchronous reference frame theory is used to generate the appropriate reference signals for harmonic and reactive power compensation. To test the multi-functionality of the system (PV-APF), this one is connected to a grid supplying nonlinear loads that absorb non-sinusoidal currents. Through the simulation results, it has successfully achieved the multi-functionality of the proposed system under steady-state and dynamic conditions. The results also show the effectiveness and moderation of the proposed super-twisting sliding mode control. Furthermore, a comparative study has been established over the conventional PI controller, showing the clear superiority of the proposed control in every aspect.
{"title":"Super-twisting Sliding Mode Control for a Multifunctional Double Stage Grid-connected Photovoltaic System","authors":"Brahim Deffaf, F. Hamoudi, Naamane Debdouche, Yacine Ayachi Amor, S. Medjmadj","doi":"10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v20i3.4454","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a super-twisting sliding mode control for a multifunctional system that includes a Photovoltaic (PV) system connected to the grid through the Active Power Filter (APF). The latter is implemented to improve the power quality in the grid side, and injecting the provided photovoltaic power into the grid. Sliding mode control is known as a powerful control with good performance in transient and steady-state conditions. In this work, a Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Control (ST-SMC) is applied to extract the maximum power from the PV source, corresponding to the irradiation level, as well as to the threephase inverter-based-APF power control. For the system to inject the generated power from the PV source into the grid with respect to the international standards, fulfilling the active power filtering, synchronous reference frame theory is used to generate the appropriate reference signals for harmonic and reactive power compensation. To test the multi-functionality of the system (PV-APF), this one is connected to a grid supplying nonlinear loads that absorb non-sinusoidal currents. Through the simulation results, it has successfully achieved the multi-functionality of the proposed system under steady-state and dynamic conditions. The results also show the effectiveness and moderation of the proposed super-twisting sliding mode control. Furthermore, a comparative study has been established over the conventional PI controller, showing the clear superiority of the proposed control in every aspect.","PeriodicalId":7268,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45371910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v20i2.3848
Damian Vertal, I. Baronak, Jiri Hosek
{"title":"Options to Broadcast Information in VANET","authors":"Damian Vertal, I. Baronak, Jiri Hosek","doi":"10.15598/aeee.v20i2.3848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v20i2.3848","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7268,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48940016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4120
J. Marek, J. Kozarik, M. Minárik, A. Chvála, L. Stuchlíková
This paper investigates a degradation of three types of automotive power MOSFETs through repetitive Unclamped Inductive Switching (UIS) test typically used to evaluate the avalanche robustness of power devices. It is not uncommon in switching applications that greater than the planned voltage for voltage spikes can occur, so even the best electronic designs may encounter frequent avalanche events. Hence, there is a need to analyse the impact of repetitive avalanching on the electrical performance of power transistors. This article focused on the shift of main electrical parameters: on-resistance RON , breakdown voltage VBR, threshold voltage VTH , and corresponding characteristics, as well as capacitances. Analysis proved that DMOS transistors are less vulnerable to repetitive avalanching. The most impacted parameter was on-resistance RDSon, where a 14 % increase was observed after 6 · 10 stress pulses. The parameters shift is attributed to hot carrier injection in the space charge region of blocking PN junction and involves mainly defects generation/activation in the drain side region of the gate oxide. For the TrenchMOS transistor, a significant shift of I − V curves was observed with considerable impact on the RON where an increase of 22 % was observed. The trench corner is verified to be the mainly degraded region by Synopsys Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulations. Degradation of drain-gate capacitance CDG and input capacitance Cin was observed in all three types of analysed structures. DLTS was used to verify the generation/activation of defects invoked by stress. An increase of DLTS signal corresponding to energy levels of oxygen vacancies and impurities in SiO2 and on interfaces were detected on stressed samples.
{"title":"The Influence of Repetitive UIS on Electrical Properties of Advanced Automotive Power Transistors","authors":"J. Marek, J. Kozarik, M. Minárik, A. Chvála, L. Stuchlíková","doi":"10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4120","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates a degradation of three types of automotive power MOSFETs through repetitive Unclamped Inductive Switching (UIS) test typically used to evaluate the avalanche robustness of power devices. It is not uncommon in switching applications that greater than the planned voltage for voltage spikes can occur, so even the best electronic designs may encounter frequent avalanche events. Hence, there is a need to analyse the impact of repetitive avalanching on the electrical performance of power transistors. This article focused on the shift of main electrical parameters: on-resistance RON , breakdown voltage VBR, threshold voltage VTH , and corresponding characteristics, as well as capacitances. Analysis proved that DMOS transistors are less vulnerable to repetitive avalanching. The most impacted parameter was on-resistance RDSon, where a 14 % increase was observed after 6 · 10 stress pulses. The parameters shift is attributed to hot carrier injection in the space charge region of blocking PN junction and involves mainly defects generation/activation in the drain side region of the gate oxide. For the TrenchMOS transistor, a significant shift of I − V curves was observed with considerable impact on the RON where an increase of 22 % was observed. The trench corner is verified to be the mainly degraded region by Synopsys Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulations. Degradation of drain-gate capacitance CDG and input capacitance Cin was observed in all three types of analysed structures. DLTS was used to verify the generation/activation of defects invoked by stress. An increase of DLTS signal corresponding to energy levels of oxygen vacancies and impurities in SiO2 and on interfaces were detected on stressed samples.","PeriodicalId":7268,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42738150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4265
Bhawna Gupta, V. Khandelwal
{"title":"BEMD Based Cross Bilateral Filtering Technique for Speckle Reduction in Ultrasound Images","authors":"Bhawna Gupta, V. Khandelwal","doi":"10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4265","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7268,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42394151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4221
M. K. B. Boumegouas, K. Kouzi
. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are a promising al-ternative to conventional vehicles powered by internal combustion motors, offering the possibility of reduc-ing CO 2 , pollutants, and noise emissions. As known, the control of such an electric vehicle takes into ac-count several phenomena governing its behavior, which is a complicated problem because of the non-linearities, unmeasured disturbance, and parameters uncertainty of this system. This problem is one of the important challenges facing controller designers. Various control techniques have been proposed to enhance Ev’s performance. On this basis, in this research, a new synergetic scheme of electric vehicles propelled by Six-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSMs) is developed. The synthesis of the proposed Synergetic Controller (SC) is based on the selection of four-manifolds of stator current of PMSMs. The SC provides fast response, asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system in wide range operating condition, and decrease the size of modeled system. Also, the principal feature of SC is that it supports parameters variation. Furthermore, to illustrate the improvements and the performances of the proposed controller, a comparison study between various nonlinear controllers such as Integral Action in Sliding Mode (ISMC), Super Twisting Sliding Mode (STSM), using a dynamic model of the lightweight vehicle under New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) was done. The obtained simulation results under several operating conditions show the efficiency and superiority of the proposed control compared with nonlinear controllers; also, it demon-strates the feasibility of the proposed control approach for real systems.
{"title":"A New Synergetic Scheme Control of Electric Vehicle Propelled by Six-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor","authors":"M. K. B. Boumegouas, K. Kouzi","doi":"10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4221","url":null,"abstract":". Electric Vehicles (EVs) are a promising al-ternative to conventional vehicles powered by internal combustion motors, offering the possibility of reduc-ing CO 2 , pollutants, and noise emissions. As known, the control of such an electric vehicle takes into ac-count several phenomena governing its behavior, which is a complicated problem because of the non-linearities, unmeasured disturbance, and parameters uncertainty of this system. This problem is one of the important challenges facing controller designers. Various control techniques have been proposed to enhance Ev’s performance. On this basis, in this research, a new synergetic scheme of electric vehicles propelled by Six-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSMs) is developed. The synthesis of the proposed Synergetic Controller (SC) is based on the selection of four-manifolds of stator current of PMSMs. The SC provides fast response, asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system in wide range operating condition, and decrease the size of modeled system. Also, the principal feature of SC is that it supports parameters variation. Furthermore, to illustrate the improvements and the performances of the proposed controller, a comparison study between various nonlinear controllers such as Integral Action in Sliding Mode (ISMC), Super Twisting Sliding Mode (STSM), using a dynamic model of the lightweight vehicle under New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) was done. The obtained simulation results under several operating conditions show the efficiency and superiority of the proposed control compared with nonlinear controllers; also, it demon-strates the feasibility of the proposed control approach for real systems.","PeriodicalId":7268,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42842446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4338
S. Japertas, V. Grimaila, R. Jankuniene, P. Tervydis
. 5G networks are started to be deployed in urban areas in the dynamic spectrum sharing mode. Therefore, the analysis of Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) shadowing effects behind buildings of different heights becomes particularly important. The shadowing of GSM (900 MHz), UMTS (2100 MHz) and LTE (1800 MHz) technologies was investigated in the urban area. The results are examined by using the log-normal path loss model and four different stochastic equations, specifically: normal, log-normal, Rayleigh, and Nakagami. The results showed that the fluctuations of path losses in the urban area correspond to the model of log-normal path losses. However, path losses for individual buildings do not fit this model. Therefore, stochastic methods were used to analyse shadowing effects. A path loss model based on a differential stochastic equation was proposed. This model includes the following values: free space losses, path losses disturbance due to the shadowing effect, standard deviation σ , and a freely chosen parameter b . This model allows a very accurate estimate of the path losses of the three technologies. A clear correlation was observed between parameter b and standard deviation σ .
{"title":"A Stochastic Approach for Analysis of Shadowing Effects in Urban Area","authors":"S. Japertas, V. Grimaila, R. Jankuniene, P. Tervydis","doi":"10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v20i1.4338","url":null,"abstract":". 5G networks are started to be deployed in urban areas in the dynamic spectrum sharing mode. Therefore, the analysis of Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) shadowing effects behind buildings of different heights becomes particularly important. The shadowing of GSM (900 MHz), UMTS (2100 MHz) and LTE (1800 MHz) technologies was investigated in the urban area. The results are examined by using the log-normal path loss model and four different stochastic equations, specifically: normal, log-normal, Rayleigh, and Nakagami. The results showed that the fluctuations of path losses in the urban area correspond to the model of log-normal path losses. However, path losses for individual buildings do not fit this model. Therefore, stochastic methods were used to analyse shadowing effects. A path loss model based on a differential stochastic equation was proposed. This model includes the following values: free space losses, path losses disturbance due to the shadowing effect, standard deviation σ , and a freely chosen parameter b . This model allows a very accurate estimate of the path losses of the three technologies. A clear correlation was observed between parameter b and standard deviation σ .","PeriodicalId":7268,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47390076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v20i1.3621
Rakesh Verma, N. Pandey, R. Pandey
{"title":"Capacitance Characteristics Behavior of 0.5 Order FC Using CFOA Based FC Multiplier","authors":"Rakesh Verma, N. Pandey, R. Pandey","doi":"10.15598/aeee.v20i1.3621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15598/aeee.v20i1.3621","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7268,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Electrical and Electronic Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47632290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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