Pub Date : 2022-10-27DOI: 10.1163/26667711-20220009
T. Bolt
{"title":"Joris Vandendriessche and Benoît Majerus, eds., Medical Histories of Belgium: New narratives on health, care and citizenship in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries","authors":"T. Bolt","doi":"10.1163/26667711-20220009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-20220009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72967,"journal":{"name":"European journal for the history of medicine and health","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84805733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.1163/26667711-20220008
Fallon Mody
{"title":"Greta Jones, Doctors for Export: Medical Migration from Ireland c.1860 to 1960","authors":"Fallon Mody","doi":"10.1163/26667711-20220008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-20220008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72967,"journal":{"name":"European journal for the history of medicine and health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80446313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1163/26667711-bja10026
H. Connor
The expansion of education in the later nineteenth century led to concerns that ‘educational overpressure’ was damaging the health of children. Overpressure was an ill-defined condition which presented nosological problems and diagnostic difficulties. These were further clouded by political and sociocultural issues which included malnutrition, learning disabilities and postulated hereditable physical and mental degeneration. Uncertainty about the true nature of overpressure divided the British medical profession with a vocal minority alleging that it was common and could result in serious illness, another group who thought that the consequences were minor, and some who altogether doubted its existence. In Britain the debate was intensified by politically motivated funding decisions which put pressures on elementary schoolchildren. In continental Europe the emphasis was on secondary schoolchildren but in other respects the condition was similar, though severe symptoms were more commonly described in Britain. Comparisons with neurasthenia and similar states show that overpressure was what is now recognized as a fatigue state. Nosological difficulties are common in these conditions and often result in conflicting opinions. Disputes about overpressure temporarily damaged the British profession’s credibility at a time when some doctors were pressing for further medical involvement in the educational arena. However, schools could now no longer be regarded as exclusively pedagogical and overpressure had contributed to wider concerns about child health and welfare.
{"title":"Doctors and ‘Educational Overpressure’ in Nineteenth-Century Britain: A Fatigue State that Divided Medical Opinion","authors":"H. Connor","doi":"10.1163/26667711-bja10026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-bja10026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The expansion of education in the later nineteenth century led to concerns that ‘educational overpressure’ was damaging the health of children. Overpressure was an ill-defined condition which presented nosological problems and diagnostic difficulties. These were further clouded by political and sociocultural issues which included malnutrition, learning disabilities and postulated hereditable physical and mental degeneration. Uncertainty about the true nature of overpressure divided the British medical profession with a vocal minority alleging that it was common and could result in serious illness, another group who thought that the consequences were minor, and some who altogether doubted its existence. In Britain the debate was intensified by politically motivated funding decisions which put pressures on elementary schoolchildren. In continental Europe the emphasis was on secondary schoolchildren but in other respects the condition was similar, though severe symptoms were more commonly described in Britain. Comparisons with neurasthenia and similar states show that overpressure was what is now recognized as a fatigue state. Nosological difficulties are common in these conditions and often result in conflicting opinions. Disputes about overpressure temporarily damaged the British profession’s credibility at a time when some doctors were pressing for further medical involvement in the educational arena. However, schools could now no longer be regarded as exclusively pedagogical and overpressure had contributed to wider concerns about child health and welfare.","PeriodicalId":72967,"journal":{"name":"European journal for the history of medicine and health","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85070679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-29DOI: 10.1163/26667711-bja10023
Anatole Le Bras
The significant increase in the number of internees in French asylums after the “Law on the insane” of 1838 raised the question of the place of the family in the system of psychiatric care. Drawing from medical and administrative literature, as well as from admission registers and patient files from four French public asylums located in the Seine and Finistère departments, this article aims at understanding how the responsibilities for care were delineated before, during, and after internment. It sheds light on the evolutions of psychiatric practices in the last third of the nineteenth century. Prompted by practical constraints as well as by new conceptions of care, these practices allowed for a more sustained cooperation between families and doctors in the processes of commitment and discharge. While the overall role of the family in the sharing of the responsibility for care was increasingly recognized, the article shows that its involvement depended on local arrangements, and on factors such as gender and class.
{"title":"“Her Parents Are Exhausted and Unable to Ensure her Safety” – Families, Institutions, and Psychiatric Care in France in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century","authors":"Anatole Le Bras","doi":"10.1163/26667711-bja10023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-bja10023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The significant increase in the number of internees in French asylums after the “Law on the insane” of 1838 raised the question of the place of the family in the system of psychiatric care. Drawing from medical and administrative literature, as well as from admission registers and patient files from four French public asylums located in the Seine and Finistère departments, this article aims at understanding how the responsibilities for care were delineated before, during, and after internment. It sheds light on the evolutions of psychiatric practices in the last third of the nineteenth century. Prompted by practical constraints as well as by new conceptions of care, these practices allowed for a more sustained cooperation between families and doctors in the processes of commitment and discharge. While the overall role of the family in the sharing of the responsibility for care was increasingly recognized, the article shows that its involvement depended on local arrangements, and on factors such as gender and class.","PeriodicalId":72967,"journal":{"name":"European journal for the history of medicine and health","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78370209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-09DOI: 10.1163/26667711-bja10020
Sorin Grigoruță
The plague was the epidemic disease that had the deepest impact upon the lives and memories of the people who lived in Moldavia up to the mid-nineteenth century. By investigating a series of anti-epidemic measures, this paper aims to emphasise the shared responsibility for care during the plague epidemics. The tasks of coordinating and financing these anti-epidemic efforts were assumed by the reigning leaders. Their authority, in some situations, was substituted by representatives of the Russian military administration, at times when the Romanian Principalities were occupied by Russian troops. The anti-epidemic mobilization gathered all available forces to fight the spread of disease: amongst others, the boyars, merchants, and local authorities. The physicians of the times represented a discrete, but sometimes, an essential presence. More numerous but scarcely involved in the 1828–1830 epidemic period, doctors played a decisive role especially in the context of the medical-administrative transformations after 1830. The role of the Church should also be noted, as priests had the task of popularizing the anti-epidemic measures within their communities and of persuading their congregations to accept public health measures.
{"title":"Shared Responsibilities in Fighting the Plague in Moldavia, 1800–1830","authors":"Sorin Grigoruță","doi":"10.1163/26667711-bja10020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-bja10020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The plague was the epidemic disease that had the deepest impact upon the lives and memories of the people who lived in Moldavia up to the mid-nineteenth century. By investigating a series of anti-epidemic measures, this paper aims to emphasise the shared responsibility for care during the plague epidemics. The tasks of coordinating and financing these anti-epidemic efforts were assumed by the reigning leaders. Their authority, in some situations, was substituted by representatives of the Russian military administration, at times when the Romanian Principalities were occupied by Russian troops. The anti-epidemic mobilization gathered all available forces to fight the spread of disease: amongst others, the boyars, merchants, and local authorities. The physicians of the times represented a discrete, but sometimes, an essential presence. More numerous but scarcely involved in the 1828–1830 epidemic period, doctors played a decisive role especially in the context of the medical-administrative transformations after 1830. The role of the Church should also be noted, as priests had the task of popularizing the anti-epidemic measures within their communities and of persuading their congregations to accept public health measures.","PeriodicalId":72967,"journal":{"name":"European journal for the history of medicine and health","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85646531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-09DOI: 10.1163/26667711-bja10021
Anna Derksen
When the former Danish colony Greenland obtained Home Rule in 1979, becoming an autonomous region within the Danish Realm, it faced the challenge of having to establish a comprehensive social welfare system. This article looks at disability care and its interrelations with post-colonialism and national identity formation, as previous practices of medical care and accommodation in Danish institutions were replaced with local solutions. Frame analysis reveals the outlines of the responsibilities of Danish experts for disabled Greenlanders under colonial rule and during the modernization period until 1979. The transition phase of the early 1980s was a central arena for Greenlandic national discourse wherein care responsibilities in welfare policies, disability care institutions, advocacy organizations and the media were framed and renegotiated. The ‘Greenlandization’ of disability care and the respective shift in responsibilities was a highly uneven process that continued to be suffused with Danish norms and practices.
{"title":"The ‘Greenlandization’ of Care: Disability in Postcolonial Greenland, 1950s–1980s","authors":"Anna Derksen","doi":"10.1163/26667711-bja10021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-bja10021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000When the former Danish colony Greenland obtained Home Rule in 1979, becoming an autonomous region within the Danish Realm, it faced the challenge of having to establish a comprehensive social welfare system. This article looks at disability care and its interrelations with post-colonialism and national identity formation, as previous practices of medical care and accommodation in Danish institutions were replaced with local solutions. Frame analysis reveals the outlines of the responsibilities of Danish experts for disabled Greenlanders under colonial rule and during the modernization period until 1979. The transition phase of the early 1980s was a central arena for Greenlandic national discourse wherein care responsibilities in welfare policies, disability care institutions, advocacy organizations and the media were framed and renegotiated. The ‘Greenlandization’ of disability care and the respective shift in responsibilities was a highly uneven process that continued to be suffused with Danish norms and practices.","PeriodicalId":72967,"journal":{"name":"European journal for the history of medicine and health","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84436602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.1163/26667711-20220007
Dario Adjaho
This article focuses on the work of French Army doctors deployed in Dahomey, a region that corresponds to present-day Benin. The chronological boundaries of this article begin with the conquest of the territory (1890–1894) and end in 1904 with its integration into the federal government of French West Africa. At that time, the microbial paradigm (germ theory) was ascendant and leading to important discoveries, notably that of the role played by mosquitoes in the spread of malaria. Nevertheless, the influence of miasma theories still persisted in medical circles. These considerations lead us to examine the contribution of medical knowledge during the colonization of Dahomey, just as the richness of intercultural exchanges prompts us to consider the dynamics of sharing with regard to medical knowledge. It is therefore mainly from this perspective that this article aims to study hospital structures, medical staff, sanitary equipment, theoretical representations of African diseases, and experimentation with therapeutic practices.
{"title":"Between Miasmas and Microbes: French Military Doctors in Dahomey (1889–1904)","authors":"Dario Adjaho","doi":"10.1163/26667711-20220007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-20220007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article focuses on the work of French Army doctors deployed in Dahomey, a region that corresponds to present-day Benin. The chronological boundaries of this article begin with the conquest of the territory (1890–1894) and end in 1904 with its integration into the federal government of French West Africa. At that time, the microbial paradigm (germ theory) was ascendant and leading to important discoveries, notably that of the role played by mosquitoes in the spread of malaria. Nevertheless, the influence of miasma theories still persisted in medical circles. These considerations lead us to examine the contribution of medical knowledge during the colonization of Dahomey, just as the richness of intercultural exchanges prompts us to consider the dynamics of sharing with regard to medical knowledge. It is therefore mainly from this perspective that this article aims to study hospital structures, medical staff, sanitary equipment, theoretical representations of African diseases, and experimentation with therapeutic practices.","PeriodicalId":72967,"journal":{"name":"European journal for the history of medicine and health","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89610006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.1163/26667711-bja10017
Peter Heyrman
The compatibility of public poor relief with private, in particular faith-based, charity is a long-debated issue. Our contribution offers a historical reflection by analysing the evolving discourses of Catholic charity in nineteenth-century Belgium. We highlight its somewhat ambiguous self-imagery and evaluate its (un)willingness to cooperate with official provisions. Belgian Catholics at first sought to complement and even to infiltrate the public structures created under French rule, but rising ideological tensions on the issue in Belgian society from 1850 onwards made them realise that the clock couldn’t be turned back. A further expansion or more pronounced agency of public provisions, however, was considered unwanted and unnecessary. The Belgian Church eagerly defended the pre-eminence of private charity provisions, considering them to be more community-embedded, encompassing, efficient, flexible and innovative. Religious charity was portrayed as morally pre-eminent, much more committed and interpersonal, with strong connotations of vocation, pastorate, penance and salvation emerging from its transcendental perspective. Given this mindset, it was far from self-evident that a division of tasks with public poor relief should be sought. While nineteenth-century Belgian Catholics repeatedly made public appeals for pragmatism and cooperation, the continued expansion of their charitable networks and the associated discourses reveal an inherently competitive strategy and a continuous, even growing conviction that upheld the superiority of private initiative.
{"title":"Catholic Charity and Public Poor Relief in Nineteenth-century Belgium: Reconquest, Competition, Complementarity, Superiority","authors":"Peter Heyrman","doi":"10.1163/26667711-bja10017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-bja10017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The compatibility of public poor relief with private, in particular faith-based, charity is a long-debated issue. Our contribution offers a historical reflection by analysing the evolving discourses of Catholic charity in nineteenth-century Belgium. We highlight its somewhat ambiguous self-imagery and evaluate its (un)willingness to cooperate with official provisions. Belgian Catholics at first sought to complement and even to infiltrate the public structures created under French rule, but rising ideological tensions on the issue in Belgian society from 1850 onwards made them realise that the clock couldn’t be turned back. A further expansion or more pronounced agency of public provisions, however, was considered unwanted and unnecessary. The Belgian Church eagerly defended the pre-eminence of private charity provisions, considering them to be more community-embedded, encompassing, efficient, flexible and innovative. Religious charity was portrayed as morally pre-eminent, much more committed and interpersonal, with strong connotations of vocation, pastorate, penance and salvation emerging from its transcendental perspective. Given this mindset, it was far from self-evident that a division of tasks with public poor relief should be sought. While nineteenth-century Belgian Catholics repeatedly made public appeals for pragmatism and cooperation, the continued expansion of their charitable networks and the associated discourses reveal an inherently competitive strategy and a continuous, even growing conviction that upheld the superiority of private initiative.","PeriodicalId":72967,"journal":{"name":"European journal for the history of medicine and health","volume":"30 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72545053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.1163/26667711-20220006
Theo Dekker
In recent decades, historians have made significant contributions to the understanding of the production and circulation of knowledge in the early modern period. This article aims to go further, by demonstrating how a non-medical expert acquired and applied new medical knowledge, and how chronicles can be used as a source to study the reception of (medical) knowledge in the early modern period. To do this, I have used the corpus of the research project Chronicling Novelty which contains 311 early modern chronicles from the Low Countries, written by a heterogenous group of authors from the ‘middling’ ranks of society. The farmer and alderman Lambert Rijckxz Lustigh (1656–1727) tried to make sense of the rinderpest outbreak that spread across the Low Countries in 1713. In contrast to most of his contemporaries, he combined a corpuscular theory of medicine with other forms of knowledge to demonstrate how God’s ‘invisible particles’ caused an epidemic. This paper presents how expert knowledge became part of a complex chain of cultural translation and retranslation in society. Moreover, by examining Lustigh’s explanations in relation to his contemporaries and other chroniclers, this paper offers an additional perspective on the preconditions for the acceptance of new knowledge and change among the middling ranks of society.
{"title":"God’s Invisible Particles as an Explanation for the Rinderpest Outbreak (1713–1714): The Reception of Medical Knowledge in the Dutch Republic","authors":"Theo Dekker","doi":"10.1163/26667711-20220006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-20220006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In recent decades, historians have made significant contributions to the understanding of the production and circulation of knowledge in the early modern period. This article aims to go further, by demonstrating how a non-medical expert acquired and applied new medical knowledge, and how chronicles can be used as a source to study the reception of (medical) knowledge in the early modern period. To do this, I have used the corpus of the research project Chronicling Novelty which contains 311 early modern chronicles from the Low Countries, written by a heterogenous group of authors from the ‘middling’ ranks of society. The farmer and alderman Lambert Rijckxz Lustigh (1656–1727) tried to make sense of the rinderpest outbreak that spread across the Low Countries in 1713. In contrast to most of his contemporaries, he combined a corpuscular theory of medicine with other forms of knowledge to demonstrate how God’s ‘invisible particles’ caused an epidemic. This paper presents how expert knowledge became part of a complex chain of cultural translation and retranslation in society. Moreover, by examining Lustigh’s explanations in relation to his contemporaries and other chroniclers, this paper offers an additional perspective on the preconditions for the acceptance of new knowledge and change among the middling ranks of society.","PeriodicalId":72967,"journal":{"name":"European journal for the history of medicine and health","volume":"285 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77330220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-26DOI: 10.1163/26667711-bja10015
Giacomo Canepa
After World War ii, in France and in Italy, a new generation of civil servants in charge of public assistance policies – all coming from Catholic movements – sought to transform the ways in which roles and responsibilities were allocated between State, local councils, private actors, and families. This article focuses on the Italian Amministrazione per gli aiuti internazionali, established in 1945 and headed by deputy Lodovico Montini (brother of the future pope Paul vi), and on the French Direction de la population at the Ministère de la Santé et de la population, created in 1946 and managed by Emmanuel Rain. The analysis will contribute to an explanation of how public assistance, which was deemed to disappear in the face of the emergence of social security, underwent an expansion and how a new welfare regime characterized by a novel form of mixed economy emerged.
第二次世界大战后，在法国和意大利，负责公共援助政策的新一代公务员——都来自天主教运动——试图改变国家、地方议会、私人行动者和家庭之间角色和责任分配的方式。这篇文章的重点是意大利的Amministrazione per gli aiuti internazionali，成立于1945年，由洛多维科·蒙蒂尼(Lodovico Montini，未来教皇保罗六世的兄弟)副手领导，以及法国的人口部门de la santeet de la population，成立于1946年，由Emmanuel Rain管理。这一分析将有助于解释由于社会保障的出现而被认为消失的公共援助是如何扩大的，以及以新型混合经济为特征的新福利制度是如何出现的。
{"title":"Catholic Civil Servants and Social Services: State and Subsidiarity in Italy and France, 1945–1958","authors":"Giacomo Canepa","doi":"10.1163/26667711-bja10015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/26667711-bja10015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000After World War ii, in France and in Italy, a new generation of civil servants in charge of public assistance policies – all coming from Catholic movements – sought to transform the ways in which roles and responsibilities were allocated between State, local councils, private actors, and families. This article focuses on the Italian Amministrazione per gli aiuti internazionali, established in 1945 and headed by deputy Lodovico Montini (brother of the future pope Paul vi), and on the French Direction de la population at the Ministère de la Santé et de la population, created in 1946 and managed by Emmanuel Rain. The analysis will contribute to an explanation of how public assistance, which was deemed to disappear in the face of the emergence of social security, underwent an expansion and how a new welfare regime characterized by a novel form of mixed economy emerged.","PeriodicalId":72967,"journal":{"name":"European journal for the history of medicine and health","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72785062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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