Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1202032
Antonella Pomè, T. Karaminis, D. Burr
When items are connected together, they tend to be perceived as an integrated whole rather than as individual dots, causing a strong underestimation of the numerosity of the ensemble. Previous evidence on grouping-induced biases of numerosity has shown a dependency on autistic-like personality traits in neurotypical adults, with a weaker tendency for grouping into meaningful segmented objects in individuals with strong autistic traits. Here we asked whether this result would generalize to the autistic population.Twenty-two adults with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and 22 matched neurotypical controls judged the numerosity of clouds of dot-pairs connected by thin lines.Results showed no significant group difference in discrimination precision, suggesting that both groups were equally capable performing the task. However, while connecting pairs of dots at moderate numerosities caused large changes in apparent numerosity in the neurotypical controls, particularly those with low autistic-like traits, it had little effect in the group of autistic participants, suggesting significant differences in numerosity estimation between autistic and neurotypical perception. Consistent with earlier studies, the magnitude of the effect covaried strongly with AQ-defined autistic traits in the neurotypical range, reinforcing the idea that autistic traits predict the strength of grouping.These results provide strong support for the theories of autistic perception that highlight dissimilarities in global vs. local processing, and open the door to study grouping mechanisms indirectly, by asking participants to report on the apparent numerosity rather than on the grouping organization per se.
{"title":"Autistic individuals show less grouping-induced bias in numerosity judgments","authors":"Antonella Pomè, T. Karaminis, D. Burr","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1202032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1202032","url":null,"abstract":"When items are connected together, they tend to be perceived as an integrated whole rather than as individual dots, causing a strong underestimation of the numerosity of the ensemble. Previous evidence on grouping-induced biases of numerosity has shown a dependency on autistic-like personality traits in neurotypical adults, with a weaker tendency for grouping into meaningful segmented objects in individuals with strong autistic traits. Here we asked whether this result would generalize to the autistic population.Twenty-two adults with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and 22 matched neurotypical controls judged the numerosity of clouds of dot-pairs connected by thin lines.Results showed no significant group difference in discrimination precision, suggesting that both groups were equally capable performing the task. However, while connecting pairs of dots at moderate numerosities caused large changes in apparent numerosity in the neurotypical controls, particularly those with low autistic-like traits, it had little effect in the group of autistic participants, suggesting significant differences in numerosity estimation between autistic and neurotypical perception. Consistent with earlier studies, the magnitude of the effect covaried strongly with AQ-defined autistic traits in the neurotypical range, reinforcing the idea that autistic traits predict the strength of grouping.These results provide strong support for the theories of autistic perception that highlight dissimilarities in global vs. local processing, and open the door to study grouping mechanisms indirectly, by asking participants to report on the apparent numerosity rather than on the grouping organization per se.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79869314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1122841
Fortunate Lekhuleni, R. Desai, B. Coetzee, R. Pearson, T. Rochat
Existing research has shown that the parent-adolescent relationship and its associated communication and interaction styles are important for adolescent development and outcomes. Measuring parent-adolescent communication and interaction using self-report methods has substantial research limitations. Video observational methodologies offer a novel and more objective approach to measuring parent-adolescent communication and interaction from the point of view of participants. This study aims to explore the feasibility and acceptability of this methodology, and analysis using automated coding software in an urbanized context.This study recruited parent-adolescent pairs in Soweto, South Africa which included 11–15-year-old adolescents and their biological parents. Parent-adolescent communication and interactions were measured using novel video observational portable head cameras called “Teencams”. Feasibility was evaluated by testing three observational game tasks (Matching pairs card game, Jenga and Charades) to stimulate communication and interaction between 16 parent-adolescent pairs, and the Teencam's ability to record video and audio content. Acceptability was explored using one-on-one interviews with the parents (n = 14), on whether they found the Teencam comfortable to wear, whether the parents believed their adolescents acted naturally, and which observational game tasks were feasible during their interactions. The videos were analysed using automated coding software called FaceReader which detects and codes basic facial expressions.The Teencam methodology was found to be feasible and acceptable amongst parent-adolescent pairs in Soweto, South Africa. The Matching pairs card game stimulated excellent interaction and communication with good video and audio quality. Some feasibility limitations were identified in the operations (switching on/off and starting recording), the ability of the device to cope with the movement of the participants, and the lighting conditions of the room, all of which resulted in poor coding and analytic output from FaceReader. Refinements and adjustments were made to the methodological protocol by improving the head cameras and lighting conditions and refining the Matching pairs card game, which resulted in improved analytic output from FaceReader.Based on these findings, a methodological protocol was developed to measure parent-adolescent interaction and communication in an urban setting. The unique contribution of this research lies in its potential to lead to improved methodologies for measuring parent-adolescent communication and interactions.
{"title":"Testing the acceptability and feasibility of video observational methodology to measure parent-adolescent communication and interaction","authors":"Fortunate Lekhuleni, R. Desai, B. Coetzee, R. Pearson, T. Rochat","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1122841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1122841","url":null,"abstract":"Existing research has shown that the parent-adolescent relationship and its associated communication and interaction styles are important for adolescent development and outcomes. Measuring parent-adolescent communication and interaction using self-report methods has substantial research limitations. Video observational methodologies offer a novel and more objective approach to measuring parent-adolescent communication and interaction from the point of view of participants. This study aims to explore the feasibility and acceptability of this methodology, and analysis using automated coding software in an urbanized context.This study recruited parent-adolescent pairs in Soweto, South Africa which included 11–15-year-old adolescents and their biological parents. Parent-adolescent communication and interactions were measured using novel video observational portable head cameras called “Teencams”. Feasibility was evaluated by testing three observational game tasks (Matching pairs card game, Jenga and Charades) to stimulate communication and interaction between 16 parent-adolescent pairs, and the Teencam's ability to record video and audio content. Acceptability was explored using one-on-one interviews with the parents (n = 14), on whether they found the Teencam comfortable to wear, whether the parents believed their adolescents acted naturally, and which observational game tasks were feasible during their interactions. The videos were analysed using automated coding software called FaceReader which detects and codes basic facial expressions.The Teencam methodology was found to be feasible and acceptable amongst parent-adolescent pairs in Soweto, South Africa. The Matching pairs card game stimulated excellent interaction and communication with good video and audio quality. Some feasibility limitations were identified in the operations (switching on/off and starting recording), the ability of the device to cope with the movement of the participants, and the lighting conditions of the room, all of which resulted in poor coding and analytic output from FaceReader. Refinements and adjustments were made to the methodological protocol by improving the head cameras and lighting conditions and refining the Matching pairs card game, which resulted in improved analytic output from FaceReader.Based on these findings, a methodological protocol was developed to measure parent-adolescent interaction and communication in an urban setting. The unique contribution of this research lies in its potential to lead to improved methodologies for measuring parent-adolescent communication and interactions.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83643528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1213142
Shauna L. Rohner, Florence Bernays, A. Maercker, M. Thoma
While early-life adversity can have negative effects on health and wellbeing that persist across the lifespan, some individuals show indications of resilience. Resilience can be understood as a dynamic coping process involving the mobilization of resources in response to adversity exposure. Sense of coherence—revised (SOC-R), an ability linked to health maintenance in the face of adversity, may be influential in this process. However, research is lacking on the mechanisms underpinning SOC-R and resilience-related resources and their impact on the (mental) health of individuals exposed to early-life adversity. Therefore, this study examined the role of SOC-R and selected resilience-related resources in the relationship between early-life adversity and later-life health and wellbeing.Participants were N = 531 Irish (older) adults (58.2% female, mean age = 59.5 years, range = 50–86 years). Standardized questionnaires assessed retrospective reports of early-life adversity, as well as current physical and mental health, satisfaction with life, SOC-R, and resilience-related resources (self-efficacy, optimism, social support). A multiple mediation analysis tested the indirect effects of the resources and a moderated mediation tested for conditional dependence on SOC-R.For mental health and satisfaction with life, significant partial mediations were found for all three resources. Only optimism showed a significant partial mediation for physical health. In the moderated mediation, SOC-R significantly moderated the associations between early-life adversity and self-efficacy (b = .06, t = 3.65, p = .001), optimism (b = .04, t = 2.60, p = .009), and social support (b = .08, t = 3.75, p < .001). The indirect effects were larger at high rather than low SOC-R, indicating that the mediating effects of the resources were greater for individuals with a stronger SOC-R.A strong SOC-R may have a beneficial influence on health and wellbeing by mitigating the detrimental effect of early-life adversity on the resources self-efficacy, optimism, and social support. Future avenues for research include the expanded assessment of resources and the potential role of SOC-R in successful ageing through the selection and adaptation of goals and resources into older age. SOC-R may represent a promising target for psychotherapeutic interventions promoting resilience in survivors of early-life adversity.
虽然早年的逆境会对一生的健康和幸福产生负面影响，但有些人表现出了适应力。弹性可以理解为一个动态的应对过程，涉及对逆境暴露的资源动员。连贯性修正(SOC-R)，一种与逆境中保持健康相关的能力，可能在这一过程中起影响作用。然而，关于SOC-R和弹性相关资源的机制及其对早期生活逆境个体(心理)健康的影响的研究尚缺乏。因此，本研究考察了SOC-R和选择的弹性相关资源在早期生活逆境与晚年健康和幸福之间的关系中的作用。参与者为531名爱尔兰(老年)成年人(58.2%为女性，平均年龄59.5岁，范围50-86岁)。标准化问卷评估了早期生活逆境的回顾性报告，以及当前的身心健康、生活满意度、SOC-R和弹性相关资源(自我效能感、乐观主义、社会支持)。多重中介分析测试了资源的间接影响，并对SOC-R的条件依赖进行了调节中介测试。对于心理健康和生活满意度，这三种资源都有显著的部分调节作用。只有乐观对身体健康有显著的部分调节作用。在有调节的中介中，SOC-R显著调节了早期生活逆境与自我效能之间的关联(b =。06, t = 3.65, p = .001)，乐观度(b =。04, t = 2.60, p = .009)和社会支持(b =。08, t = 3.75, p < 0.001)。间接效应在SOC-R高时大于低时，说明资源的中介效应在SOC-R高的个体中更大。良好的SOC-R可能通过减轻早年逆境对资源自我效能感、乐观主义和社会支持的不利影响而对健康和福祉产生有益影响。未来的研究途径包括扩大对资源的评估，以及通过选择和适应老年目标和资源，SOC-R在成功老龄化中的潜在作用。SOC-R可能是心理治疗干预的一个有希望的目标，可以促进早期生活逆境幸存者的恢复力。
{"title":"Early-life adversity and later-life mental health: a conditional process analysis of sense of coherence and resilience-related resources","authors":"Shauna L. Rohner, Florence Bernays, A. Maercker, M. Thoma","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1213142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1213142","url":null,"abstract":"While early-life adversity can have negative effects on health and wellbeing that persist across the lifespan, some individuals show indications of resilience. Resilience can be understood as a dynamic coping process involving the mobilization of resources in response to adversity exposure. Sense of coherence—revised (SOC-R), an ability linked to health maintenance in the face of adversity, may be influential in this process. However, research is lacking on the mechanisms underpinning SOC-R and resilience-related resources and their impact on the (mental) health of individuals exposed to early-life adversity. Therefore, this study examined the role of SOC-R and selected resilience-related resources in the relationship between early-life adversity and later-life health and wellbeing.Participants were N = 531 Irish (older) adults (58.2% female, mean age = 59.5 years, range = 50–86 years). Standardized questionnaires assessed retrospective reports of early-life adversity, as well as current physical and mental health, satisfaction with life, SOC-R, and resilience-related resources (self-efficacy, optimism, social support). A multiple mediation analysis tested the indirect effects of the resources and a moderated mediation tested for conditional dependence on SOC-R.For mental health and satisfaction with life, significant partial mediations were found for all three resources. Only optimism showed a significant partial mediation for physical health. In the moderated mediation, SOC-R significantly moderated the associations between early-life adversity and self-efficacy (b = .06, t = 3.65, p = .001), optimism (b = .04, t = 2.60, p = .009), and social support (b = .08, t = 3.75, p < .001). The indirect effects were larger at high rather than low SOC-R, indicating that the mediating effects of the resources were greater for individuals with a stronger SOC-R.A strong SOC-R may have a beneficial influence on health and wellbeing by mitigating the detrimental effect of early-life adversity on the resources self-efficacy, optimism, and social support. Future avenues for research include the expanded assessment of resources and the potential role of SOC-R in successful ageing through the selection and adaptation of goals and resources into older age. SOC-R may represent a promising target for psychotherapeutic interventions promoting resilience in survivors of early-life adversity.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76757513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1124883
L. Bozicevic, J. Hill, P. Chandra, Agni Omirou, Chaithra Holla, N. Wright, H. Sharp
Most studies on parenting and its role in child development are conducted in Western countries, but it cannot be assumed that characteristics of parental practices are similar in non-Western settings. Research characterizing cultural differences in parenting is required to inform the focus of studies designed to test differential outcomes from such practices in children over time and across cultures. The present cross-cultural study examined differences in maternal speech during mother–child interactions, and, specifically, in the use of mind-mindedness, instruction and control, and the expression of warmth (i.e., positive comments).We observed 100 dyads (50 from the UK and 50 from India) during mother-infant play interactions at 7 months. Maternal speech was transcribed and translated prior to independent coding, and this was coded using established measures together with a newly developed measure of “Instructions”.Substantially large differences between UK and Indian mothers were observed. Compared with UK mothers, Indian mothers made fewer mind-minded comments about their infants, and they issued more instructions and made more controlling and positive comments. Findings from this study might reflect cultural differences in how parental style might be expressed according to cultural priorities and values.The implications of these very large differences in parenting across cultures for child development remain to be investigated and are discussed in the present paper.
{"title":"Cross-cultural differences in early caregiving: levels of mind-mindedness and instruction in UK and India","authors":"L. Bozicevic, J. Hill, P. Chandra, Agni Omirou, Chaithra Holla, N. Wright, H. Sharp","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1124883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1124883","url":null,"abstract":"Most studies on parenting and its role in child development are conducted in Western countries, but it cannot be assumed that characteristics of parental practices are similar in non-Western settings. Research characterizing cultural differences in parenting is required to inform the focus of studies designed to test differential outcomes from such practices in children over time and across cultures. The present cross-cultural study examined differences in maternal speech during mother–child interactions, and, specifically, in the use of mind-mindedness, instruction and control, and the expression of warmth (i.e., positive comments).We observed 100 dyads (50 from the UK and 50 from India) during mother-infant play interactions at 7 months. Maternal speech was transcribed and translated prior to independent coding, and this was coded using established measures together with a newly developed measure of “Instructions”.Substantially large differences between UK and Indian mothers were observed. Compared with UK mothers, Indian mothers made fewer mind-minded comments about their infants, and they issued more instructions and made more controlling and positive comments. Findings from this study might reflect cultural differences in how parental style might be expressed according to cultural priorities and values.The implications of these very large differences in parenting across cultures for child development remain to be investigated and are discussed in the present paper.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74178239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1194302
E. Gormley, R. Melia, Sharon McCormack, Bonita Paige Phayer, Jessica Madden
In 2020, Attend Anywhere video consultation service was introduced across the Irish public health service to facilitate the provision of health interventions remotely in light of COVID-19-related restrictions. This study aims to explore the experiences of young people, their parents and their clinicians, of using the newly introduced Attend Anywhere video consultation as part of their Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS).A cross-section of twenty-nine young people, their parents and clinicians working in CAMHS Clare completed a survey pertaining to their experiences of using Attend Anywhere as part of their service. A cross-disciplinary research steering group of CAMHS clinicians adapted the NHS Scotland evaluation of Attend Anywhere / Near Me survey to better capture experiences in a CAMHS setting. The survey included both quantitative and qualitative items. Descriptive statistics were used to examine quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed using Thematic Analysis.Results demonstrated a decrease in the number of barriers reported by clients and professionals in accessing the CAMH service following the introduction of Attend Anywhere video consultation. Overall, the majority of professionals reported that they would use Attend Anywhere again, whereas almost a quarter of clients reported that they did not wish to use it again. Clients indicated a preference for receiving face-to-face services over other service provision options and this finding was associated with not having to rely on technology or manage connectivity issues and finding it easier to build the therapeutic relationship in-person.Findings suggest that both professionals and clients value face-to-face service provision while also acknowledging the benefits of Video Enabled Care in overcoming access barriers. We conclude that VEC be offered as an option in a blended service model, in conjunction with rather than as a replacement of face-to-face service provision.
{"title":"The experiences of young people, parents and professionals of using the attend anywhere video consultation system in a child and adolescent mental health service: a mixed-methods approach","authors":"E. Gormley, R. Melia, Sharon McCormack, Bonita Paige Phayer, Jessica Madden","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1194302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1194302","url":null,"abstract":"In 2020, Attend Anywhere video consultation service was introduced across the Irish public health service to facilitate the provision of health interventions remotely in light of COVID-19-related restrictions. This study aims to explore the experiences of young people, their parents and their clinicians, of using the newly introduced Attend Anywhere video consultation as part of their Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS).A cross-section of twenty-nine young people, their parents and clinicians working in CAMHS Clare completed a survey pertaining to their experiences of using Attend Anywhere as part of their service. A cross-disciplinary research steering group of CAMHS clinicians adapted the NHS Scotland evaluation of Attend Anywhere / Near Me survey to better capture experiences in a CAMHS setting. The survey included both quantitative and qualitative items. Descriptive statistics were used to examine quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed using Thematic Analysis.Results demonstrated a decrease in the number of barriers reported by clients and professionals in accessing the CAMH service following the introduction of Attend Anywhere video consultation. Overall, the majority of professionals reported that they would use Attend Anywhere again, whereas almost a quarter of clients reported that they did not wish to use it again. Clients indicated a preference for receiving face-to-face services over other service provision options and this finding was associated with not having to rely on technology or manage connectivity issues and finding it easier to build the therapeutic relationship in-person.Findings suggest that both professionals and clients value face-to-face service provision while also acknowledging the benefits of Video Enabled Care in overcoming access barriers. We conclude that VEC be offered as an option in a blended service model, in conjunction with rather than as a replacement of face-to-face service provision.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83441749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-04DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1230346
Y. Hamasaki, Y. Sakaue, Masahiro Matsuo, R. Sanada, T. Nakayama, S. Michikoshi, S. Ueba, N. Kurimoto, T. Hikida, Toshiyasu Murai
Research on early psychosis has begun to identify psychiatric characteristics of the prodromal period of schizophrenia; however, subclinical characteristics of children in non-psychiatric fields have not been fully investigated. In our previous study, we developed the Child Psychosis-risk Screening System (CPSS).In the present cross-sectional study, we attempted to identify the risk of developing psychosis in pediatric (n = 216) and psychiatric outpatients (n = 120), aged 6– 18 years, with the CPSS.An analysis of variance of CPSS risk was performed in six diagnostic categories to examine specificity for each diagnosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted using the onset of schizophrenia spectrum as the outcome, and the discriminatory power and cut off values of the CPSS were determined. Logistic regression analysis was performed using clinical data to identify factors associated with the risk group (those at high risk of developing psychosis in the future) identified using the CPSS.There were significant differences in risk variance among diagnostic categories (p < 0.001), especially between schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and neurodevelopmental disorders (p = 0.001). CPSS had sufficient discriminatory power for SSD diagnosis [area under the ROC curve = 0.853 (95% confidence interval: 0.774–0.931)]. The cut off value for the risk of SSD was determined to be 98.1%, achieving the best mean of the sum of sensitivity (90.9%) and specificity (84.0%). Cross-sectional logistic regression analysis showed that along with “SSD diagnosis,” “winter birth,” and “maltreatment” were factors associated with the risk group (odds ratio = 38.05 [p = 0.001], 2.30 [p = 0.016], and 0.12 [p = 0.024], respectively).CPSS may have potential use in the early detection of psychosis and differentiation from neurodevelopmental disorders, but this study was small and further studies with larger sample sizes and longitudinal study designs are required prior to its use in routine clinical practice.
{"title":"Diagnostic specificity of the child psychosis-risk screening system with a focus on the differentiation of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders","authors":"Y. Hamasaki, Y. Sakaue, Masahiro Matsuo, R. Sanada, T. Nakayama, S. Michikoshi, S. Ueba, N. Kurimoto, T. Hikida, Toshiyasu Murai","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1230346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1230346","url":null,"abstract":"Research on early psychosis has begun to identify psychiatric characteristics of the prodromal period of schizophrenia; however, subclinical characteristics of children in non-psychiatric fields have not been fully investigated. In our previous study, we developed the Child Psychosis-risk Screening System (CPSS).In the present cross-sectional study, we attempted to identify the risk of developing psychosis in pediatric (n = 216) and psychiatric outpatients (n = 120), aged 6– 18 years, with the CPSS.An analysis of variance of CPSS risk was performed in six diagnostic categories to examine specificity for each diagnosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted using the onset of schizophrenia spectrum as the outcome, and the discriminatory power and cut off values of the CPSS were determined. Logistic regression analysis was performed using clinical data to identify factors associated with the risk group (those at high risk of developing psychosis in the future) identified using the CPSS.There were significant differences in risk variance among diagnostic categories (p < 0.001), especially between schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and neurodevelopmental disorders (p = 0.001). CPSS had sufficient discriminatory power for SSD diagnosis [area under the ROC curve = 0.853 (95% confidence interval: 0.774–0.931)]. The cut off value for the risk of SSD was determined to be 98.1%, achieving the best mean of the sum of sensitivity (90.9%) and specificity (84.0%). Cross-sectional logistic regression analysis showed that along with “SSD diagnosis,” “winter birth,” and “maltreatment” were factors associated with the risk group (odds ratio = 38.05 [p = 0.001], 2.30 [p = 0.016], and 0.12 [p = 0.024], respectively).CPSS may have potential use in the early detection of psychosis and differentiation from neurodevelopmental disorders, but this study was small and further studies with larger sample sizes and longitudinal study designs are required prior to its use in routine clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89915782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-02DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1221933
Yu Han, W. W. Wan Sulaiman, Abdul Rahman Ahmad Badayai, Hilwa Abdullah @ Mohd. Nor
The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F) is a two-stage parent-reported tool for screening autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Early detection of ASD is highly associated with improved social communication and reduced restricted and repetitive behaviors associated with ASD. However, there is limited availability of ASD screening tools in Malaysia and there are no relevant validation studies published. The process of modifying a screening instrument to align with the cultural and linguistic characteristics of the target population is a crucial component in establishing the instrument's validity.Therefore, this study translates and culturally adapts the M-CHAT-R/F into Malay and verifies its psychometric properties among the Malaysian population. 500 Malaysian toddlers aged between 18 and 48 months were recruited from different settings. The parents of the toddlers were asked to complete the Malaysian M-CHAT-R/F. The reliability of the screening tool was verified using Cronbach's alpha.By comparing the screening outcomes of the Malaysian M-CHAT-R/F and clinical evaluation results, the prevalence of ASD was determined as 6.6% in the sample. High values of sensitivity (96.6%) and specificity (93.2%) and a satisfactory positive predictive value (47.5%) supported the validity of the Malaysian M-CHAT-R/F. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded three as the optimal cut-off score of the Malaysian M-CHAT-R/F.These results suggest that the Malaysian M-CHAT-R/F is an effective screening tool reliable for use in clinical practice. Further investigation using a representative sample of the whole country is recommended given the high prevalence rate obtained in the current sample.
{"title":"Validating the Malaysian modified checklist for autism in toddlers, revised with follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F): a cross-cultural adaptation","authors":"Yu Han, W. W. Wan Sulaiman, Abdul Rahman Ahmad Badayai, Hilwa Abdullah @ Mohd. Nor","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1221933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1221933","url":null,"abstract":"The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F) is a two-stage parent-reported tool for screening autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Early detection of ASD is highly associated with improved social communication and reduced restricted and repetitive behaviors associated with ASD. However, there is limited availability of ASD screening tools in Malaysia and there are no relevant validation studies published. The process of modifying a screening instrument to align with the cultural and linguistic characteristics of the target population is a crucial component in establishing the instrument's validity.Therefore, this study translates and culturally adapts the M-CHAT-R/F into Malay and verifies its psychometric properties among the Malaysian population. 500 Malaysian toddlers aged between 18 and 48 months were recruited from different settings. The parents of the toddlers were asked to complete the Malaysian M-CHAT-R/F. The reliability of the screening tool was verified using Cronbach's alpha.By comparing the screening outcomes of the Malaysian M-CHAT-R/F and clinical evaluation results, the prevalence of ASD was determined as 6.6% in the sample. High values of sensitivity (96.6%) and specificity (93.2%) and a satisfactory positive predictive value (47.5%) supported the validity of the Malaysian M-CHAT-R/F. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded three as the optimal cut-off score of the Malaysian M-CHAT-R/F.These results suggest that the Malaysian M-CHAT-R/F is an effective screening tool reliable for use in clinical practice. Further investigation using a representative sample of the whole country is recommended given the high prevalence rate obtained in the current sample.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"202 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80231997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-25DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1244671
Yael Dvir, J. Straus, B. Sarvet, N. Byatt
The gap between the need for and the availability of pediatric mental health providers is well documented. One solution is regional/state Child Psychiatry Access Programs (CPAPs), which aid in the assessment and management of youth with behavioral health (BH) concerns by providing consultation to Pediatric Primary Care Clinicians. Our authorship team and the National Network of Child Psychiatry Access Programs (NNCPAP) board worked to describe operational definitions for CPAPs elements and related outcome monitoring processes and data systems. CPAP elements include regional child psychiatry availability by phone; real time phone availability; referral and resource assistance; and, expedited face-to-face psychiatric evaluation. Defining a child psychiatry consultation program as a CPAP and describing key attributes for CPAPs is an important step in facilitating implementation of the model and advancing research into its effectiveness.
{"title":"Key attributes of child psychiatry access programs","authors":"Yael Dvir, J. Straus, B. Sarvet, N. Byatt","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1244671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1244671","url":null,"abstract":"The gap between the need for and the availability of pediatric mental health providers is well documented. One solution is regional/state Child Psychiatry Access Programs (CPAPs), which aid in the assessment and management of youth with behavioral health (BH) concerns by providing consultation to Pediatric Primary Care Clinicians. Our authorship team and the National Network of Child Psychiatry Access Programs (NNCPAP) board worked to describe operational definitions for CPAPs elements and related outcome monitoring processes and data systems. CPAP elements include regional child psychiatry availability by phone; real time phone availability; referral and resource assistance; and, expedited face-to-face psychiatric evaluation. Defining a child psychiatry consultation program as a CPAP and describing key attributes for CPAPs is an important step in facilitating implementation of the model and advancing research into its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79822744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1188901
B. Krone, L. Adler, Deepti Anbarasan, Terry L. Leon, R. Gallagher, P. Patel, S. Faraone, J. Newcorn
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) is a syndrome characterized by cognitive hypo-arousal that often appears as daytime sleepiness or drowsiness, mental fogginess, being easily confused, having difficulty with holding and manipulating information in working memory, and being forgetful. Although it frequently co-travels with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or other conditions and confers significantly greater impairment, there are few studies examining SCT among adults with ADHD. Understanding what features SCT confers in association with ADHD, distinct from other conditions associating with ADHD, is critically important to confirm if SCT is a distinct syndrome that requires special assessment methods and special, distinct treatment efforts to reduce its impact. This study describes the clinical and neuropsychological features of SCT in a sample of adults with well-defined ADHD, and examines the relationship of SCT with other measures of ADHD, neurocognition, executive function (EF), and impairment.A sample of n = 106 adults with ADHD, ages 18-57 years, was assessed for SCT using the Barkley SCT scale. Adults with (SCT+) and without (SCT-) SCT received a comprehensive clinical assessment battery, and neuropsychological testing. Clinical and neuropsychological variables were examined for their associations with SCT. The variables were treated with Principal Axis Factoring with Promax with Kaiser Normalization to elucidate latent constructs and determine performance profiles associated with SCT among people with ADHD.EF Deficits and emotional dyscontrol (ED) symptoms significantly differentiated adults with ADHD and SCT whether measured via self or clinician report. Additionally, significantly greater impairment via both clinician and participant report was seen in the SCT + versus SCT - cohorts. SCT was also associated with a significantly distinct profile on the neuropsychological battery, characterized by a pattern of slower latencies and cognitive strategy choices across CANTAB and WAIS subtests, that reveals difficulty with increased cognitive load, which primarily accounted for the higher level of impairment in the SCT group.The convergence of clinical ratings and neurocognitive measures of EF deficits is consistent with the conclusion that SCT represents a distinct subgroup of adults with ADHD.
{"title":"Characteristics of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo among adults with ADHD: objective neurocognitive measures align with self-report of executive function","authors":"B. Krone, L. Adler, Deepti Anbarasan, Terry L. Leon, R. Gallagher, P. Patel, S. Faraone, J. Newcorn","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1188901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1188901","url":null,"abstract":"Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) is a syndrome characterized by cognitive hypo-arousal that often appears as daytime sleepiness or drowsiness, mental fogginess, being easily confused, having difficulty with holding and manipulating information in working memory, and being forgetful. Although it frequently co-travels with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or other conditions and confers significantly greater impairment, there are few studies examining SCT among adults with ADHD. Understanding what features SCT confers in association with ADHD, distinct from other conditions associating with ADHD, is critically important to confirm if SCT is a distinct syndrome that requires special assessment methods and special, distinct treatment efforts to reduce its impact. This study describes the clinical and neuropsychological features of SCT in a sample of adults with well-defined ADHD, and examines the relationship of SCT with other measures of ADHD, neurocognition, executive function (EF), and impairment.A sample of n = 106 adults with ADHD, ages 18-57 years, was assessed for SCT using the Barkley SCT scale. Adults with (SCT+) and without (SCT-) SCT received a comprehensive clinical assessment battery, and neuropsychological testing. Clinical and neuropsychological variables were examined for their associations with SCT. The variables were treated with Principal Axis Factoring with Promax with Kaiser Normalization to elucidate latent constructs and determine performance profiles associated with SCT among people with ADHD.EF Deficits and emotional dyscontrol (ED) symptoms significantly differentiated adults with ADHD and SCT whether measured via self or clinician report. Additionally, significantly greater impairment via both clinician and participant report was seen in the SCT + versus SCT - cohorts. SCT was also associated with a significantly distinct profile on the neuropsychological battery, characterized by a pattern of slower latencies and cognitive strategy choices across CANTAB and WAIS subtests, that reveals difficulty with increased cognitive load, which primarily accounted for the higher level of impairment in the SCT group.The convergence of clinical ratings and neurocognitive measures of EF deficits is consistent with the conclusion that SCT represents a distinct subgroup of adults with ADHD.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"176 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72725579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1208660
B. Krone, A. Bédard, K. Schulz, I. Ivanov, M. Stein, J. Newcorn
This study examined the distinctiveness of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—Inattentive (ADHD-I) and ADHD in context of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (ADHD + SCT) utilizing the Attention Network Test (ANT) and Continuous Performance Test (CPT) as external validators. Due to the SCT characteristics of being sluggish, spacey, and slow to arouse, we hypothesized that SCT behavioral descriptors would be uniquely related to alerting/arousal mechanisms that the ANT is uniquely designed to capture, and that ADHD symptoms would be more highly associated with cognitive control on the CPT.We examined associations between baseline ANT and CPT scores for N = 137 well-characterized, culturally and racially diverse youth with ADHD (n = 107) either medication naïve or washed out prior to testing and typically developing controls (n = 30) ages 6–17 years.Presence and severity of SCT were associated with ANT Alerting (r2 = −.291, p = .005), but not with ANT Orienting, ANT Executive Control, or any CPT measures. There was a distinct association between the presence and severity of ADHD inattention symptoms with CPT T-scores for Commission Errors (r2 = .282, p = .002), Omission Errors (r2 = .254, p = .005), Variability (r2 = .328, p < .001), and Hit Rate SE (r2 = .272, p = .002), but not with other CPT or any ANT domain measures. All associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction.The small but enduring double dissociation, with ADHD-I symptom severity related to measures of cognitive and behavioral control measures on the CPT, and SCT symptom severity related to attentional processes underlying tonic arousal in preparation for cue detection on the ANT—provides the first objective evidence suggestive of partial neurocognitive independence of SCT from ADHD. Moreover, it points to possibly distinguishable neurobiological neurocognitive underpinnings of the two conditions.
本研究利用注意力网络测试(ANT)和持续表现测试(CPT)作为外部验证器，考察了注意力缺陷多动障碍-注意力不集中(ADHD- i)和注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD + SCT)在缓慢认知节奏(ADHD + SCT)背景下的独特性。由于SCT表现出迟缓、昏睡和缓慢唤醒的特征，我们假设SCT行为描述符与ANT独特设计捕捉的警报/唤醒机制有独特的关系，并且ADHD症状与CPT的认知控制有更高的相关性。我们检查了N = 137个特征明确、文化和种族不同的ADHD青少年(N = 107)的基线ANT和CPT评分之间的关系，这些青少年要么服用naïve药物，要么在测试前被淘汰，通常是6-17岁的对照组(N = 30)。SCT的存在和严重程度与ANT报警相关(r2 =−)。291, p = .005)，但不包括ANT定向、ANT执行控制或任何CPT措施。ADHD注意力不集中症状的存在和严重程度与CPT t -评分之间存在明显的关联(r2 =)。282, p = .002)，遗漏误差(r2 =。254, p = .005)，可变性(r2 = .005)。328, p < .001)，命中率SE (r2 =。272, p = .002)，但与其他CPT或任何ANT域测量无关。经Bonferroni校正后，所有相关性仍然显著。小而持久的双重分离，ADHD- i症状的严重程度与CPT上的认知和行为控制措施有关，而SCT症状的严重程度与在ant上检测线索时准备的张力唤醒下的注意过程有关，这提供了第一个客观证据，表明SCT与ADHD部分神经认知独立。此外，它指出这两种情况的神经生物学神经认知基础可能是可区分的。
{"title":"Neuropsychological correlates of ADHD: indicators of different attentional profiles among youth with sluggish cognitive tempo","authors":"B. Krone, A. Bédard, K. Schulz, I. Ivanov, M. Stein, J. Newcorn","doi":"10.3389/frcha.2023.1208660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1208660","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the distinctiveness of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—Inattentive (ADHD-I) and ADHD in context of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (ADHD + SCT) utilizing the Attention Network Test (ANT) and Continuous Performance Test (CPT) as external validators. Due to the SCT characteristics of being sluggish, spacey, and slow to arouse, we hypothesized that SCT behavioral descriptors would be uniquely related to alerting/arousal mechanisms that the ANT is uniquely designed to capture, and that ADHD symptoms would be more highly associated with cognitive control on the CPT.We examined associations between baseline ANT and CPT scores for N = 137 well-characterized, culturally and racially diverse youth with ADHD (n = 107) either medication naïve or washed out prior to testing and typically developing controls (n = 30) ages 6–17 years.Presence and severity of SCT were associated with ANT Alerting (r2 = −.291, p = .005), but not with ANT Orienting, ANT Executive Control, or any CPT measures. There was a distinct association between the presence and severity of ADHD inattention symptoms with CPT T-scores for Commission Errors (r2 = .282, p = .002), Omission Errors (r2 = .254, p = .005), Variability (r2 = .328, p < .001), and Hit Rate SE (r2 = .272, p = .002), but not with other CPT or any ANT domain measures. All associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction.The small but enduring double dissociation, with ADHD-I symptom severity related to measures of cognitive and behavioral control measures on the CPT, and SCT symptom severity related to attentional processes underlying tonic arousal in preparation for cue detection on the ANT—provides the first objective evidence suggestive of partial neurocognitive independence of SCT from ADHD. Moreover, it points to possibly distinguishable neurobiological neurocognitive underpinnings of the two conditions.","PeriodicalId":73074,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81420105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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