A ring-shaped patch antenna is embedded with inductive loads for designing an on-metal tag antenna. Multiple inductive loading structures such as I-shaped patch, C-shaped arms, inductive stubs, and L-shaped stubs have been tactfully integrated into the radiating patch, all on a single layer without requiring additional footprint, for generating sufficient antenna inductance so that the tag resonance can be tuned down to the UHF RFID passband. The proposed tag is planar, and it has a compact size of 50 mm $times $ 50 mm $times 3$ .3 mm. It can achieve good omnidirectional characteristics, maintaining a consistent read range of 11.5 - 12.7 m in the azimuthal plane, due to good impedance matching. The operating frequency of the tag is found to be very stable, and it is not affected much by changes in the backing metal.
环形贴片天线内嵌电感负载，用于设计金属标签天线。多个感应负载结构，如i形贴片、c形臂、感应桩和l形桩已巧妙地集成到辐射贴片中，所有这些都在单层上，而不需要额外的占地面积，以产生足够的天线电感，从而使标签共振可以调谐到UHF RFID通带。所提出的标签是平面的，它的紧凑尺寸为50 mm × 50 mm × 3 mm。由于阻抗匹配良好，可以实现良好的全向特性，在方位面上保持一致的读取范围为11.5 - 12.7 m。发现标签的工作频率非常稳定，并且不受背景金属变化的影响。
{"title":"Ring-Shaped Patch Antenna Embedded With Multiple Inductive Loads for Omnidirectional On-Metal Tag Design","authors":"Subbiah Alagiasundaram;Kim-Yee Lee;Eng-Hock Lim;Pei-Song Chee","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3586675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3586675","url":null,"abstract":"A ring-shaped patch antenna is embedded with inductive loads for designing an on-metal tag antenna. Multiple inductive loading structures such as I-shaped patch, C-shaped arms, inductive stubs, and L-shaped stubs have been tactfully integrated into the radiating patch, all on a single layer without requiring additional footprint, for generating sufficient antenna inductance so that the tag resonance can be tuned down to the UHF RFID passband. The proposed tag is planar, and it has a compact size of 50 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 50 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.3 mm. It can achieve good omnidirectional characteristics, maintaining a consistent read range of 11.5 - 12.7 m in the azimuthal plane, due to good impedance matching. The operating frequency of the tag is found to be very stable, and it is not affected much by changes in the backing metal.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"466-476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-07DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3586807
Lauryn P. Smith;Theodore W. Callis;Marvin Joshi;Genaro Soto-Valle;Denitsa Dimitrova;Fernando Pastrana Aguirre;Manos M. Tentzeris
Millimeter-wave Identification (mmID) is a key enabler for next-generation Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements which have improved localization, sensing, and communication through increased read ranges and angular coverages, reduced power consumption, and improved localization accuracies. These advancements are achieved through innovative designs integrating retrodirective arrays, planar and three-dimensional lenses, energy-autonomous solutions, and machine learning techniques. Trade-offs between the different types of mmID tags are discussed and ways of mitigating these challenges are addressed. Additionally, the paper highlights key applications, including wireless sensing, motion tracking for VR/AR applications, structural health monitoring, and high-data-rate backscatter communication. Current limitations and future directions are discussed highlighting the role of machine learning, energy harvesting, and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) in advancing next-generation mmID networks. By addressing these factors, this review provides insights into the continued development of mmID technology for widespread adoption in advanced IoT and wireless communication systems.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Millimeter-Wave RFID: Retrodirective Topologies, Passive and Semi-Passive Energy Architectures, and the Integration of Advanced Communication Methods","authors":"Lauryn P. Smith;Theodore W. Callis;Marvin Joshi;Genaro Soto-Valle;Denitsa Dimitrova;Fernando Pastrana Aguirre;Manos M. Tentzeris","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3586807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3586807","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter-wave Identification (mmID) is a key enabler for next-generation Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements which have improved localization, sensing, and communication through increased read ranges and angular coverages, reduced power consumption, and improved localization accuracies. These advancements are achieved through innovative designs integrating retrodirective arrays, planar and three-dimensional lenses, energy-autonomous solutions, and machine learning techniques. Trade-offs between the different types of mmID tags are discussed and ways of mitigating these challenges are addressed. Additionally, the paper highlights key applications, including wireless sensing, motion tracking for VR/AR applications, structural health monitoring, and high-data-rate backscatter communication. Current limitations and future directions are discussed highlighting the role of machine learning, energy harvesting, and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) in advancing next-generation mmID networks. By addressing these factors, this review provides insights into the continued development of mmID technology for widespread adoption in advanced IoT and wireless communication systems.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"477-489"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-04DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3585924
Bisma Manzoor;Akram Al-Hourani
The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) presents critical challenges in device authentication, network security, and wide-area visibility. While terrestrial solutions have been extensively explored, IoT visibility via Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) platforms remains underdeveloped, despite the significance of NTN in regions lacking terrestrial communication infrastructure. To address this gap, and accounting for the complexities of satellite communication channel, this work proposes a framework that enables signal-based RF fingerprinting for IoT device classification via satellites by extracting key features from the received signals. The proposed framework integrates MUSIC-based Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, and signal processing techniques to extract key RF features, including DoA, modulation type, frequency, and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). These features are subsequently clustered using the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm to classify unique transmitters. The results demonstrate high classification accuracy, even under low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions, providing a scalable solution for IoT device monitoring and spectrum awareness in satellite-based communications.
{"title":"Multimodal RF Fingerprinting for IoT Devices in Satellite-Based Sensing","authors":"Bisma Manzoor;Akram Al-Hourani","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3585924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3585924","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) presents critical challenges in device authentication, network security, and wide-area visibility. While terrestrial solutions have been extensively explored, IoT visibility via Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) platforms remains underdeveloped, despite the significance of NTN in regions lacking terrestrial communication infrastructure. To address this gap, and accounting for the complexities of satellite communication channel, this work proposes a framework that enables signal-based RF fingerprinting for IoT device classification via satellites by extracting key features from the received signals. The proposed framework integrates MUSIC-based Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, and signal processing techniques to extract key RF features, including DoA, modulation type, frequency, and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). These features are subsequently clustered using the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm to classify unique transmitters. The results demonstrate high classification accuracy, even under low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions, providing a scalable solution for IoT device monitoring and spectrum awareness in satellite-based communications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"507-516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3584588
Andrei Mogilnikov;Anastasia Lavrenko
This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements and ongoing challenges in passive harmonic RFID systems that take advantage of nonlinear operation to enable tracking, sensing, and monitoring in environments where conventional RFID systems fail. The study begins with a detailed review of the literature that highlights key trends and developments in harmonic RFID technology. Then it focusses on chipless harmonic RFID tags that are cost-effective, require no power supply, and operate through nonlinear backscattering, emphasising the main design challenges and limitations. The work further explores methodologies for enabling identification and data transmission in these systems, covering techniques used in tags designed for detection and tracking applications, as well as those meant to function as sensors. Finally, the paper suggests future research directions, emphasising the need for innovations in hybrid system designs, signal processing, and standardisation to improve the scalability and reliability of harmonic RFID systems.
{"title":"Passive Harmonic Transponders With RFID Capabilities: Common Challenges and Techniques","authors":"Andrei Mogilnikov;Anastasia Lavrenko","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3584588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3584588","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements and ongoing challenges in passive harmonic RFID systems that take advantage of nonlinear operation to enable tracking, sensing, and monitoring in environments where conventional RFID systems fail. The study begins with a detailed review of the literature that highlights key trends and developments in harmonic RFID technology. Then it focusses on chipless harmonic RFID tags that are cost-effective, require no power supply, and operate through nonlinear backscattering, emphasising the main design challenges and limitations. The work further explores methodologies for enabling identification and data transmission in these systems, covering techniques used in tags designed for detection and tracking applications, as well as those meant to function as sensors. Finally, the paper suggests future research directions, emphasising the need for innovations in hybrid system designs, signal processing, and standardisation to improve the scalability and reliability of harmonic RFID systems.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"457-465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11062612","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-25DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3583107
Hadi El Hajj Chehade;Bernard Uguen;Sylvain Collardey
This paper introduces comprehensive methodologies for optimizing UHF RFID performance over-the-air. The primary objective is to enhance the effectiveness of UHF RFID tags by maximizing the mean power transmission coefficient and modulation factor, crucial intrinsic characteristics. Through a systematic investigation within a predefined $left ({{sqrt {M},tau }}right)$ , (Q, $gamma $ ) chart, we delve into these attributes, exploring their interplay. For a given chip, we establish and illustrate the valid domain, showcasing optimal antenna impedance choices. The culmination of this process is visually depicted by transforming the chart into the impedance plane, effectively highlighting antenna impedances that concurrently maximize both the mean power transmission coefficient and the modulation factor.
{"title":"Optimizing Antenna Impedance Adaptation for UHF RFID Design","authors":"Hadi El Hajj Chehade;Bernard Uguen;Sylvain Collardey","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3583107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3583107","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces comprehensive methodologies for optimizing UHF RFID performance over-the-air. The primary objective is to enhance the effectiveness of UHF RFID tags by maximizing the mean power transmission coefficient and modulation factor, crucial intrinsic characteristics. Through a systematic investigation within a predefined <inline-formula> <tex-math>$left ({{sqrt {M},tau }}right)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, (Q, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) chart, we delve into these attributes, exploring their interplay. For a given chip, we establish and illustrate the valid domain, showcasing optimal antenna impedance choices. The culmination of this process is visually depicted by transforming the chart into the impedance plane, effectively highlighting antenna impedances that concurrently maximize both the mean power transmission coefficient and the modulation factor.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"446-456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-23DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581539
Christine P. Chen;Sabino Piazzolla;W. Thomas Roberts;Michael Cheng;William Buehlman;Thang Trinh;Danny Luong;Arvid Croonquist;Vachik Garkanian;Emilio Vazquez;Joseph Kovalik
The Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) mission is the first NASA end-to-end optical relay. The project has been operating since the Space Test Program Satellite-6 (STPSat-6) spacecraft launch in December, 2021. The aim of this project is to show the feasibility of optical communications as a high-bandwidth service provider for NASA from geo-synchronous orbit to ground. This capability has been demonstrated through a long-term study of performance over time and varying channel conditions. Optical Ground Station 1 (OGS-1), located at Table Mountain Facility near Wrightwood, CA, has supported first-light and commissioning, and the current experiment phase, covering the recent three-year period on a largely daily operational cadence. Configured links include relays with Optical Ground Station 2 (OGS-2) in Haleakalā, Hawaii and ground-to-satellite loopbacks. This paper discusses the considerations behind OGS-1 data management and its development over the course of operations. An experimental scenario is described wherein this embedded system is demonstrated.
{"title":"Data Management and Data Products of a Daily Optical Communications Ground Station for Laser Communications Relay Demonstration","authors":"Christine P. Chen;Sabino Piazzolla;W. Thomas Roberts;Michael Cheng;William Buehlman;Thang Trinh;Danny Luong;Arvid Croonquist;Vachik Garkanian;Emilio Vazquez;Joseph Kovalik","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581539","url":null,"abstract":"The Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) mission is the first NASA end-to-end optical relay. The project has been operating since the Space Test Program Satellite-6 (STPSat-6) spacecraft launch in December, 2021. The aim of this project is to show the feasibility of optical communications as a high-bandwidth service provider for NASA from geo-synchronous orbit to ground. This capability has been demonstrated through a long-term study of performance over time and varying channel conditions. Optical Ground Station 1 (OGS-1), located at Table Mountain Facility near Wrightwood, CA, has supported first-light and commissioning, and the current experiment phase, covering the recent three-year period on a largely daily operational cadence. Configured links include relays with Optical Ground Station 2 (OGS-2) in Haleakalā, Hawaii and ground-to-satellite loopbacks. This paper discusses the considerations behind OGS-1 data management and its development over the course of operations. An experimental scenario is described wherein this embedded system is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"439-445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11048451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581789
Muthukannan Murugesh;Muhammad Firdaus Akbar
A low-profile, compact symmetric dipole planar tag antenna with a single-layer structure is developed for UHF RFID applications on metal surfaces. It incorporates a patch-loaded interconnected arm configuration to enable a wide frequency tuning range. The antenna can be fabricated on a cost-effective FR4 substrate without shorting stubs or metallic vias. It has dimensions of 40 mm $times $ 38 mm $times 1$ .57 mm ($0.122lambda times 0.116lambda times 0.004{lambda }$ ). The design features four interconnected arms with individual loading patches, which contribute to maintaining a broader bandwidth while enabling wide-range frequency tuning from 860 MHz to 960 MHz, the entire UHF RFID passband. By adjusting the width of the shorting patches between the arms and the loading patches, the antenna’s capacitive coupling is modified, which in turn alters the input reactance and enables precise tuning of the tag’s resonant frequency. This tuning approach enables resonance adjustment across the UHF range without additional lumped components. The antenna is designed to maintain an optimal impedance matching with the microchip throughout the entire wideband tuning range. When operating at an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 4 W, the proposed tag antenna achieves a maximum reading distance of approximately 9 meters. Moreover, this design offers a compact, tunable, and cost-effective solution to improve RFID reliability in metal-mount environments.
{"title":"A Low-Profile Symmetric Dipole UHF RFID Tag Design With Wide Tuning Range for Metallic Platforms","authors":"Muthukannan Murugesh;Muhammad Firdaus Akbar","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581789","url":null,"abstract":"A low-profile, compact symmetric dipole planar tag antenna with a single-layer structure is developed for UHF RFID applications on metal surfaces. It incorporates a patch-loaded interconnected arm configuration to enable a wide frequency tuning range. The antenna can be fabricated on a cost-effective FR4 substrate without shorting stubs or metallic vias. It has dimensions of 40 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 38 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.57 mm (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.122lambda times 0.116lambda times 0.004{lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The design features four interconnected arms with individual loading patches, which contribute to maintaining a broader bandwidth while enabling wide-range frequency tuning from 860 MHz to 960 MHz, the entire UHF RFID passband. By adjusting the width of the shorting patches between the arms and the loading patches, the antenna’s capacitive coupling is modified, which in turn alters the input reactance and enables precise tuning of the tag’s resonant frequency. This tuning approach enables resonance adjustment across the UHF range without additional lumped components. The antenna is designed to maintain an optimal impedance matching with the microchip throughout the entire wideband tuning range. When operating at an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 4 W, the proposed tag antenna achieves a maximum reading distance of approximately 9 meters. Moreover, this design offers a compact, tunable, and cost-effective solution to improve RFID reliability in metal-mount environments.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"415-425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Real-time sensing and perception of the radio spectrum based on artificial intelligence (AI) is crucial for emerging intelligent wireless and electronic warfare systems. However, sensing can be greatly impacted by harmful radio frequency interference (RFI). Emerging drone warfare allows many RFI sources/jammers to be distributed across a wide field-of-view which necessitates real-time measurement, adaptation and aperture nulling to remove the RFI before AI-based sensing and perception of sources of interest can occur. This work explores algorithmic innovations that improve the computational complexity of classical Howells-Applebaum adaptive nulling algorithm to enable fast, real-time adaptive operation at significantly lower arithmetic complexity. Design examples for AI-enabled sensing and perception across a 32-element antenna receiver with 32 independent channels and a Xilinx Virtex-6 Sx475 FPGA backend are discussed. Examples show computer architecture for digital signal processing and AI algorithms operating on the FPGA, with real-time measurements for spectrum sensing and modulation recognition on the RadioML2018.a dataset with and without the proposed adaptive nullforming system. A general adversarial AI-based spectrum perception architecture that allows both jamming of opponents while simultaneously nulling out RFI and conducting AI-based radio intelligence applications is examined and demonstrated in the 5.7-5.8 GHz band using a 32 element real-time FPGA realization. Modulation recognition is demonstrated for 16/32-QAM signals under heavy RFI conditions with additional “in the wild” RFI sources present.
{"title":"RF Anti-Jamming via Multi-Level Howells-Applebaum Null-Forming: 32-Channels, 5.8 GHz/ 100 MHz/ Beam on Xilinx Sx475T FPGA","authors":"Umesha Kumarasiri;Sivakumar Sivasankar;Hasitha Weerasooriya;Hiruni Silva;Chamira Edussooriya;Viduneth Ariyarathna;Francesco Restuccia;Arjuna Madanayake","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3580492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3580492","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time sensing and perception of the radio spectrum based on artificial intelligence (AI) is crucial for emerging intelligent wireless and electronic warfare systems. However, sensing can be greatly impacted by harmful radio frequency interference (RFI). Emerging drone warfare allows many RFI sources/jammers to be distributed across a wide field-of-view which necessitates real-time measurement, adaptation and aperture nulling to remove the RFI before AI-based sensing and perception of sources of interest can occur. This work explores algorithmic innovations that improve the computational complexity of classical Howells-Applebaum adaptive nulling algorithm to enable fast, real-time adaptive operation at significantly lower arithmetic complexity. Design examples for AI-enabled sensing and perception across a 32-element antenna receiver with 32 independent channels and a Xilinx Virtex-6 Sx475 FPGA backend are discussed. Examples show computer architecture for digital signal processing and AI algorithms operating on the FPGA, with real-time measurements for spectrum sensing and modulation recognition on the RadioML2018.a dataset with and without the proposed adaptive nullforming system. A general adversarial AI-based spectrum perception architecture that allows both jamming of opponents while simultaneously nulling out RFI and conducting AI-based radio intelligence applications is examined and demonstrated in the 5.7-5.8 GHz band using a 32 element real-time FPGA realization. Modulation recognition is demonstrated for 16/32-QAM signals under heavy RFI conditions with additional “in the wild” RFI sources present.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"426-438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-16DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3580012
Srabana Maiti;Shuvashis Dey
This work presents the design, analysis and experimental validation of a novel chip-based Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) sensing system designed for soil moisture measurement. The presented sensing resonator is integrated with Alien Higgs-3 IC having an impedance of 27.40-j$200.9Omega $ and operates at 915 MHz. The resonator is superimposed with a Kapton Polyimide sheet that acts as the smart sensing material for moisture detection. The proposed design is fabricated and tested in sandy soil with varying moisture levels. Variation of moisture content leads to changes in dielectric properties of the soil which is indicated by a consistent reduction in Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values. The change in RSSI further correlates to a consistent change in the impedance value of the sensor. Calibration curves establishing a relationship between RSSI levels and impedance are plotted against the known volumetric soil moisture content. This curve will be utilized to determine unknown soil moisture content in practical scenarios.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of a Novel UHF RFID Soil Moisture Sensor for Smart Farming","authors":"Srabana Maiti;Shuvashis Dey","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3580012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3580012","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the design, analysis and experimental validation of a novel chip-based Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) sensing system designed for soil moisture measurement. The presented sensing resonator is integrated with Alien Higgs-3 IC having an impedance of 27.40-j<inline-formula> <tex-math>$200.9Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and operates at 915 MHz. The resonator is superimposed with a Kapton Polyimide sheet that acts as the smart sensing material for moisture detection. The proposed design is fabricated and tested in sandy soil with varying moisture levels. Variation of moisture content leads to changes in dielectric properties of the soil which is indicated by a consistent reduction in Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values. The change in RSSI further correlates to a consistent change in the impedance value of the sensor. Calibration curves establishing a relationship between RSSI levels and impedance are plotted against the known volumetric soil moisture content. This curve will be utilized to determine unknown soil moisture content in practical scenarios.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"407-414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current RFID circuits, designed primarily for basic low-power communication and data storage, are not suitable to meet the computational needs of future AI-based IoT applications. While effective for simple identification tasks, these systems fall short in supporting advanced data processing and on-chip intelligence. Next-generation neuromorphic RFID circuits are expected to dynamically adapt based on external inputs and emulate biological neuron activity, paving the way for intelligent, low-power, and autonomous devices. This paper explores the potential of neuromorphic RFID systems driven by memristor-based architectures, leveraging ReRAM technology and crossbar arrays. ReRAM offers key advantages, including reduced energy consumption, essential for enabling local processing and real-time decision-making in intelligent RFID nodes. To demonstrate this potential, a $2times 2$ crossbar circuit was designed and simulated in LTspice using Biolek’s memristor model. The analysis examined the circuit’s response to read and EPC-like inputs, state variable dynamics, and digital output behavior. Operating at microwatt-level power consumption and capable of processing sensor signals, the proposed architecture shows promise as a foundational building block for future low-power, intelligent, and autonomous RFID systems.
{"title":"Memristor-Based Circuits and Architectures Enabling Next-Generation Neuromorphic RFID Systems","authors":"Riccardo Colella;Alberto Arciello;Giuseppe Grassi;Massimo Merenda","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3579260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3579260","url":null,"abstract":"Current RFID circuits, designed primarily for basic low-power communication and data storage, are not suitable to meet the computational needs of future AI-based IoT applications. While effective for simple identification tasks, these systems fall short in supporting advanced data processing and on-chip intelligence. Next-generation neuromorphic RFID circuits are expected to dynamically adapt based on external inputs and emulate biological neuron activity, paving the way for intelligent, low-power, and autonomous devices. This paper explores the potential of neuromorphic RFID systems driven by memristor-based architectures, leveraging ReRAM technology and crossbar arrays. ReRAM offers key advantages, including reduced energy consumption, essential for enabling local processing and real-time decision-making in intelligent RFID nodes. To demonstrate this potential, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> crossbar circuit was designed and simulated in LTspice using Biolek’s memristor model. The analysis examined the circuit’s response to read and EPC-like inputs, state variable dynamics, and digital output behavior. Operating at microwatt-level power consumption and capable of processing sensor signals, the proposed architecture shows promise as a foundational building block for future low-power, intelligent, and autonomous RFID systems.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"384-394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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