Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3600422
Radhika Raina;Kamal Jeet Singh;Suman Kumar
Monitoring cattle behavior regularly is essential for early detection of illness, stress or unusual activity. Although many cattle health monitoring systems exist in the literature, they often overlook techniques that balance power efficiency with range extension. Thus, this paper proposes Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based power efficient range extension techniques. These methods include designing high gain antennas for both the transmitter and receiver, using retransmissions and integrating a Power Amplifier (PA) at the transmitter and a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) at the receiver. By optimizing the PA’s transmission power and utilizing an LNA, the system achieves a communication range of upto approximately 2.5 km while conserving power. Moreover, a key novelty of this work is the smart power control mechanism that fine tunes the PA’s output at the end node, providing an effective balance between the extended range and reduced power usage- an area that has been largely overlooked in existing BLE based cattle monitoring solutions.
{"title":"Power Efficient Range Extension Techniques for Cattle Health Monitoring Application","authors":"Radhika Raina;Kamal Jeet Singh;Suman Kumar","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3600422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3600422","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring cattle behavior regularly is essential for early detection of illness, stress or unusual activity. Although many cattle health monitoring systems exist in the literature, they often overlook techniques that balance power efficiency with range extension. Thus, this paper proposes Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based power efficient range extension techniques. These methods include designing high gain antennas for both the transmitter and receiver, using retransmissions and integrating a Power Amplifier (PA) at the transmitter and a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) at the receiver. By optimizing the PA’s transmission power and utilizing an LNA, the system achieves a communication range of upto approximately 2.5 km while conserving power. Moreover, a key novelty of this work is the smart power control mechanism that fine tunes the PA’s output at the end node, providing an effective balance between the extended range and reduced power usage- an area that has been largely overlooked in existing BLE based cattle monitoring solutions.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"669-681"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3600048
Pietro Savazzi;Anna Vizziello;Fabio Dell’Acqua
Wireless spiking neural networks (WSNNs) enable energy-efficient communication, particularly beneficial for edge intelligence and learning within both terrestrial systems and Earth-space network configurations (beyond 5G/6G). Recent studies have highlighted that distributed wireless SNNs (DWSNNs) perform well in inference accuracy and energy-efficient operation in edge devices, despite the challenges posed by constrained bandwidth and spike loss probability. This makes the technology appealing for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in space scenarios, where energy limitations are significant. In this paper, we explore neuromorphic impulse radio (IR) transmission methodologies tailored for DWSNNs, investigating various coding algorithms that implement IR modulations. Our assessment employs information-theoretic measures to evaluate performance in terms of transmission efficiency. Moreover, the different neuromorphic coding techniques will be evaluated by considering the energy consumption of edge devices under the same constraints of limited bandwidth and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), in order to highlight possible trade-offs between transmission and edge inference requirements.
{"title":"Comparison of Neuromorphic Coding for Distributed Wireless Spiking Neural Networks Based on Mutual Information and Energy Efficiency","authors":"Pietro Savazzi;Anna Vizziello;Fabio Dell’Acqua","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3600048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3600048","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless spiking neural networks (WSNNs) enable energy-efficient communication, particularly beneficial for edge intelligence and learning within both terrestrial systems and Earth-space network configurations (beyond 5G/6G). Recent studies have highlighted that distributed wireless SNNs (DWSNNs) perform well in inference accuracy and energy-efficient operation in edge devices, despite the challenges posed by constrained bandwidth and spike loss probability. This makes the technology appealing for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in space scenarios, where energy limitations are significant. In this paper, we explore neuromorphic impulse radio (IR) transmission methodologies tailored for DWSNNs, investigating various coding algorithms that implement IR modulations. Our assessment employs information-theoretic measures to evaluate performance in terms of transmission efficiency. Moreover, the different neuromorphic coding techniques will be evaluated by considering the energy consumption of edge devices under the same constraints of limited bandwidth and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), in order to highlight possible trade-offs between transmission and edge inference requirements.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"658-668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3599976
Vinicius Uchoa Oliveira;Ricardo A. M. Pereira;Amit Kumar Baghel;Nuno B. Carvalho
Wireless power transfer (WPT) has the potential to supply energy to various applications, such as electric vehicles and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), enabling extended operation without direct physical connections. This article presents the design, simulation, and experimental validation of a patch antenna array optimized for RF power reception in UAVs, based on a traditional antenna array. To improve aerodynamic performance, structural modifications, such as holes and slits, were introduced to facilitate airflow while maintaining the electromagnetic integrity of the antenna. This new antenna was manufactured and evaluated in an anechoic chamber, achieving a measured gain of 16.6 dBi, closely matching the simulated 17.74 dBi for a $4{times }4$ patch array. Additionally, computer fluid dynamics simulations were performed and the stream trace and drag coefficients were compared for both antennas, confirming that the design reduces drag and enhances stability, making it a viable solution for UAV applications.
{"title":"Aerodynamic Antenna Array for 5.8 GHz UAV Wireless Power Applications","authors":"Vinicius Uchoa Oliveira;Ricardo A. M. Pereira;Amit Kumar Baghel;Nuno B. Carvalho","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3599976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3599976","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless power transfer (WPT) has the potential to supply energy to various applications, such as electric vehicles and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), enabling extended operation without direct physical connections. This article presents the design, simulation, and experimental validation of a patch antenna array optimized for RF power reception in UAVs, based on a traditional antenna array. To improve aerodynamic performance, structural modifications, such as holes and slits, were introduced to facilitate airflow while maintaining the electromagnetic integrity of the antenna. This new antenna was manufactured and evaluated in an anechoic chamber, achieving a measured gain of 16.6 dBi, closely matching the simulated 17.74 dBi for a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4{times }4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> patch array. Additionally, computer fluid dynamics simulations were performed and the stream trace and drag coefficients were compared for both antennas, confirming that the design reduces drag and enhances stability, making it a viable solution for UAV applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"705-712"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11129109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3598860
Dimitrios Kapsos;Athanasios Konstantis;Stavroula Siachalou;Aggelos Bletsas;Antonis G. Dimitriou
This paper presents different deep learning architectures that successfully solve the problem of localization of RFID tags by a single antenna on top of a robot in 2D space. Phase measurements, collected by an RFID reader on top of a moving robot, combined with the corresponding antenna-positions, are properly structured, as proposed herein, to form the input vector of different Multilayer Machine Learning Networks. The proposed architectures are originally tested in simulated data, suffering by zero-mean Gaussian noise, achieving centimeter-level accuracy, verifying the soundness of the proposed approach. Subsequently, the models are tested on experimental data involving hundreds of RFID tags and experiments, dividing the dataset into two disjoint sets, the training set and the test set. The proposed deep learning solutions outperformed a maximum-likelihood estimator, since the latter assumes only the effects of the Line-Of-Sight link, while Neural Networks (NNs) identify patterns resulting from all contributions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that proposes a way to restructure phase measurements collected by a moving robot in a manner that can then be solved by different Machine Learning architectures. The proposed methods provide a scalable and computationally efficient alternative for real-time RFID localization tasks, which can be expanded in 3D space.
{"title":"Deep Learning for Robotic RFID-Localization","authors":"Dimitrios Kapsos;Athanasios Konstantis;Stavroula Siachalou;Aggelos Bletsas;Antonis G. Dimitriou","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3598860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3598860","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents different deep learning architectures that successfully solve the problem of localization of RFID tags by a single antenna on top of a robot in 2D space. Phase measurements, collected by an RFID reader on top of a moving robot, combined with the corresponding antenna-positions, are properly structured, as proposed herein, to form the input vector of different Multilayer Machine Learning Networks. The proposed architectures are originally tested in simulated data, suffering by zero-mean Gaussian noise, achieving centimeter-level accuracy, verifying the soundness of the proposed approach. Subsequently, the models are tested on experimental data involving hundreds of RFID tags and experiments, dividing the dataset into two disjoint sets, the training set and the test set. The proposed deep learning solutions outperformed a maximum-likelihood estimator, since the latter assumes only the effects of the Line-Of-Sight link, while Neural Networks (NNs) identify patterns resulting from all contributions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that proposes a way to restructure phase measurements collected by a moving robot in a manner that can then be solved by different Machine Learning architectures. The proposed methods provide a scalable and computationally efficient alternative for real-time RFID localization tasks, which can be expanded in 3D space.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"635-649"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3598214
Mahmoud Elsanhoury;Janne Koljonen;Fabricio S. Prol;Mohammed S. Elmusrati;Heidi Kuusniemi
The growth of satellite-based positioning methods has revolutionized global navigation by providing reliable geolocation capabilities. However, traditional Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are increasingly vulnerable to threats like jamming, spoofing, and interception, undermining their reliability in critical applications such as in-flight navigation and emergency services. To address these challenges, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations have emerged as a promising complement to GNSS infrastructure. LEO satellites, orbiting at lower altitudes with higher density, offer improved signal availability, reduced degradation, and better reception on Earth. This paper presents a LEO satellite-based positioning method via massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) beamforming antennas. The proposed technique not only mitigates GNSS vulnerabilities but also introduces a passive sensing mechanism that facilitates positioning without complex timing synchronization, improving resilience in jamming-prone environments. By utilizing LEO satellite beam identifiers as geographic pointers, our method enables precise positioning through LEO satellite ephemeris and beam pattern data. We validate this beam-based method through simulations, LEO constellation data, vehicular drive-test datasets, and probabilistic positioning models. Positioning results from the first dataset show a mean absolute error (MAE) of 9.15 meters and a 95th percentile error (p95%) of 19.07 meters when combining LEO satellite data with inertial motion data from a moving vehicle. Meanwhile, GNSS accuracy was MAE = 26.6 meters and p95% = 56.6 meters. The second dataset showed consistent results with accuracy improvements in MAE from 18.55 to 9.42 meters, RMSE from 22.24 to 12.05 meters, and p95% from 36.38 to 21.18 meters, compared to GNSS. These findings highlight the potential of LEO satellite positioning to improve accuracy and reliability in challenging environments, with implications for critical applications such as remote sensing, emergency response, search and rescue, and situational awareness.
卫星定位方法的发展通过提供可靠的地理定位能力，彻底改变了全球导航。然而，传统的全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）越来越容易受到干扰、欺骗和拦截等威胁，从而破坏了其在飞行导航和应急服务等关键应用中的可靠性。为了应对这些挑战，低地球轨道（LEO）卫星星座已经成为全球导航卫星系统基础设施的一个有希望的补充。低轨道卫星的轨道高度较低，密度较高，可以提供更好的信号可用性，减少退化，并在地球上获得更好的接收。提出了一种基于低轨道卫星的大规模多输入多输出（mMIMO）波束形成天线定位方法。所提出的技术不仅减轻了GNSS的漏洞，而且还引入了一种被动感知机制，使定位无需复杂的定时同步，从而提高了在容易干扰的环境中的恢复能力。通过利用LEO卫星波束标识符作为地理指针，我们的方法可以通过LEO卫星星历和波束模式数据进行精确定位。我们通过仿真、LEO星座数据、车辆驾驶测试数据集和概率定位模型验证了这种基于波束的方法。第一个数据集的定位结果显示，将LEO卫星数据与移动车辆的惯性运动数据相结合，平均绝对误差（MAE）为9.15米，第95百分位误差（p95%）为19.07米。同时，GNSS精度MAE = 26.6 m, p95% = 56.6 m。与GNSS相比，第二个数据集的MAE精度从18.55米提高到9.42米，RMSE从22.24米提高到12.05米，p95%从36.38米提高到21.18米。这些发现突出了低轨道卫星定位在具有挑战性的环境中提高准确性和可靠性的潜力，对遥感、应急响应、搜索和救援以及态势感知等关键应用具有重要意义。
{"title":"Massive MIMO Beam ID-Based Positioning Method With Low Earth Orbit Satellite Mega Constellations","authors":"Mahmoud Elsanhoury;Janne Koljonen;Fabricio S. Prol;Mohammed S. Elmusrati;Heidi Kuusniemi","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3598214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3598214","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of satellite-based positioning methods has revolutionized global navigation by providing reliable geolocation capabilities. However, traditional Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are increasingly vulnerable to threats like jamming, spoofing, and interception, undermining their reliability in critical applications such as in-flight navigation and emergency services. To address these challenges, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations have emerged as a promising complement to GNSS infrastructure. LEO satellites, orbiting at lower altitudes with higher density, offer improved signal availability, reduced degradation, and better reception on Earth. This paper presents a LEO satellite-based positioning method via massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) beamforming antennas. The proposed technique not only mitigates GNSS vulnerabilities but also introduces a passive sensing mechanism that facilitates positioning without complex timing synchronization, improving resilience in jamming-prone environments. By utilizing LEO satellite beam identifiers as geographic pointers, our method enables precise positioning through LEO satellite ephemeris and beam pattern data. We validate this beam-based method through simulations, LEO constellation data, vehicular drive-test datasets, and probabilistic positioning models. Positioning results from the first dataset show a mean absolute error (MAE) of 9.15 meters and a 95th percentile error (p95%) of 19.07 meters when combining LEO satellite data with inertial motion data from a moving vehicle. Meanwhile, GNSS accuracy was MAE = 26.6 meters and p95% = 56.6 meters. The second dataset showed consistent results with accuracy improvements in MAE from 18.55 to 9.42 meters, RMSE from 22.24 to 12.05 meters, and p95% from 36.38 to 21.18 meters, compared to GNSS. These findings highlight the potential of LEO satellite positioning to improve accuracy and reliability in challenging environments, with implications for critical applications such as remote sensing, emergency response, search and rescue, and situational awareness.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"619-634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3597021
Patrick Kwiatkowski;Steffen Hansen;Alexander Orth;Francisco Geu Flores;Falko Heitzer;Nils Pohl
Optimized rehabilitation after joint replacement surgery or other medical procedures affecting the musculoskeletal system requires practical movement analysis systems that enable the continuous and precise gait monitoring of patients in everyday life. To address this need, we present a system consisting of a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar sensor and active frequency-doubling tags designed for accurate long-term monitoring. By using a harmonic measurement concept in which the tags double the frequency of the transceiver signal, a high signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) is achieved, ensuring that the tags stand out clearly from the clutter produced by the leg. With our system, we particularly focus on a phase-based angle determination within the sagittal plane, enabled by two closely spaced receive antennas, allowing for more accurate and reliable gait monitoring compared to our previous system based on a bilateration method. By utilizing millimeter waves in the frequency range 56-63 GHz for transmission and 112-126 GHz for reception, we achieve a compact sensor size sufficient for the application. Based on measurements taken in a gait laboratory, we demonstrate that our system is capable of measuring the distance and angle between the sensor and tags during gait with an accuracy of up to 1.73 mm and 0.93°, respectively, using a stationary camera-based motion capture (MoCap) system as a reference.
{"title":"Dual-Channel FMCW Harmonic Radar With Active Tags at 61/122 GHz for Phase-Based Gait Parameter Monitoring","authors":"Patrick Kwiatkowski;Steffen Hansen;Alexander Orth;Francisco Geu Flores;Falko Heitzer;Nils Pohl","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3597021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3597021","url":null,"abstract":"Optimized rehabilitation after joint replacement surgery or other medical procedures affecting the musculoskeletal system requires practical movement analysis systems that enable the continuous and precise gait monitoring of patients in everyday life. To address this need, we present a system consisting of a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar sensor and active frequency-doubling tags designed for accurate long-term monitoring. By using a harmonic measurement concept in which the tags double the frequency of the transceiver signal, a high signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) is achieved, ensuring that the tags stand out clearly from the clutter produced by the leg. With our system, we particularly focus on a phase-based angle determination within the sagittal plane, enabled by two closely spaced receive antennas, allowing for more accurate and reliable gait monitoring compared to our previous system based on a bilateration method. By utilizing millimeter waves in the frequency range 56-63 GHz for transmission and 112-126 GHz for reception, we achieve a compact sensor size sufficient for the application. Based on measurements taken in a gait laboratory, we demonstrate that our system is capable of measuring the distance and angle between the sensor and tags during gait with an accuracy of up to 1.73 mm and 0.93°, respectively, using a stationary camera-based motion capture (MoCap) system as a reference.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"692-704"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11121189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3595432
Chien-Chin Huang;Hsin Chen
This article presents the design and implementation of a novel receiver system-on-chip (SoC) for an RF energy harvester, which integrates a differential rectifier and a differential ASK/OOK demodulator. The SoC is fabricated using a standard 180 nm CMOS process. Targeted for applications in electronic shelf labels (ESL) and the Internet of Things (IoT), the proposed design operates in the 915 MHz ISM band. An off-chip differential matching network passively enhances the weak RF input signal from the antenna. A limiter circuit is incorporated within the proposed self-compensated differential rectifier to convert the RF signal into dual DC output voltages. The sixstage rectifier enhances the transistor overdrive voltage through dynamic negative biasing a. Furthermore, a novel differential ASK/OOK demodulator provides high-sensitivity detection of RFID signals transmitted from the reader. Measurement results demonstrate a startup sensitivity of -28.48 dBm for a capacitive load at a 1 V DC output, outperforming previously reported designs. The peak end-to-end power conversion efficiency reaches 45.5% at an input power of -2.26 dBm, delivering a load current of $106 mu$ A and an output voltage of 2.53 V.
{"title":"A 915 – MHz Differential Rectifier and ASK/OOK Demodulator SoC for RF Energy Harvesting in Battery-Less ESL and IoT Applications","authors":"Chien-Chin Huang;Hsin Chen","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3595432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3595432","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design and implementation of a novel receiver system-on-chip (SoC) for an RF energy harvester, which integrates a differential rectifier and a differential ASK/OOK demodulator. The SoC is fabricated using a standard 180 nm CMOS process. Targeted for applications in electronic shelf labels (ESL) and the Internet of Things (IoT), the proposed design operates in the 915 MHz ISM band. An off-chip differential matching network passively enhances the weak RF input signal from the antenna. A limiter circuit is incorporated within the proposed self-compensated differential rectifier to convert the RF signal into dual DC output voltages. The sixstage rectifier enhances the transistor overdrive voltage through dynamic negative biasing a. Furthermore, a novel differential ASK/OOK demodulator provides high-sensitivity detection of RFID signals transmitted from the reader. Measurement results demonstrate a startup sensitivity of -28.48 dBm for a capacitive load at a 1 V DC output, outperforming previously reported designs. The peak end-to-end power conversion efficiency reaches 45.5% at an input power of -2.26 dBm, delivering a load current of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$106 mu$ </tex-math></inline-formula> A and an output voltage of 2.53 V.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"590-604"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3595615
Francesco Silino;Marco Alberti;Marco Tatangeli;Federico Brega;Marta Albano;Enrico Cavallini;Pietro Savazzi
In the aerospace field, weight reduction is of paramount importance. The main objective of this work is the development of a novel wireless sensor network to acquire telemetry data in aerospace environments. Wireless sensing introduces many advantages with respect to the use of wired sensors, such as lower costs derived from reduced weight and flexibility in arranging sensors in locations even where wires cannot be placed. However, some drawbacks must be managed, such as batteries that need to satisfy a good trade-off between energy budget and size. Furthermore, wireless propagation effects need to be counteracted, especially when considering transmission in a challenging environment like that of a launcher. Different protocols for wireless personal area network (WPAN) are analyzed to find the most suitable for space applications, focusing on high throughput, low latency, and power consumption features. Among them, the IEEE 802.15.4 and 802.11ah standards have been taken into account, performing a comparative analysis using simulations and experimental tests based on evaluation boards (EVB). The analysis showed that IEEE 802.15.4 achieved latencies below 8 ms but was limited to an effective data rate of about 154 kbps and short coverage ranges, making it unsuitable for large-scale telemetry. Conversely, IEEE 802.11ah achieved a PHY data rate up to 6.5 Mbps with negligible packet jitter and a packet loss ratio below 1% even with channel occupancy up to 80%. Latency was below 15 ms for 99% of packets, and energy efficiency was enhanced using packet aggregation and optimized modulation and coding schemes (MCS). A custom hardware platform integrating the NRC7394 transceiver and a switchable power amplifier was developed, demonstrating improved robustness and a transmit power up to 30 dBm for extended range. These results confirm suitability of the IEEE 802.11ah-based architecture for space environments and demonstrate its capability to meet stringent aerospace telemetry requirements.
{"title":"Wireless Sensors Network Design for Aerospace Telemetry Data Collection","authors":"Francesco Silino;Marco Alberti;Marco Tatangeli;Federico Brega;Marta Albano;Enrico Cavallini;Pietro Savazzi","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3595615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3595615","url":null,"abstract":"In the aerospace field, weight reduction is of paramount importance. The main objective of this work is the development of a novel wireless sensor network to acquire telemetry data in aerospace environments. Wireless sensing introduces many advantages with respect to the use of wired sensors, such as lower costs derived from reduced weight and flexibility in arranging sensors in locations even where wires cannot be placed. However, some drawbacks must be managed, such as batteries that need to satisfy a good trade-off between energy budget and size. Furthermore, wireless propagation effects need to be counteracted, especially when considering transmission in a challenging environment like that of a launcher. Different protocols for wireless personal area network (WPAN) are analyzed to find the most suitable for space applications, focusing on high throughput, low latency, and power consumption features. Among them, the IEEE 802.15.4 and 802.11ah standards have been taken into account, performing a comparative analysis using simulations and experimental tests based on evaluation boards (EVB). The analysis showed that IEEE 802.15.4 achieved latencies below 8 ms but was limited to an effective data rate of about 154 kbps and short coverage ranges, making it unsuitable for large-scale telemetry. Conversely, IEEE 802.11ah achieved a PHY data rate up to 6.5 Mbps with negligible packet jitter and a packet loss ratio below 1% even with channel occupancy up to 80%. Latency was below 15 ms for 99% of packets, and energy efficiency was enhanced using packet aggregation and optimized modulation and coding schemes (MCS). A custom hardware platform integrating the NRC7394 transceiver and a switchable power amplifier was developed, demonstrating improved robustness and a transmit power up to 30 dBm for extended range. These results confirm suitability of the IEEE 802.11ah-based architecture for space environments and demonstrate its capability to meet stringent aerospace telemetry requirements.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"605-618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-24DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3592242
Taotao Wu;Yuxiao Zhao;Xiaochuan Peng;Jing Feng;Hao Min
Battery-less RFID sensor tags in the Internet of Things (IoT) expect low-cost and power-efficiency multiparameter sensing solutions. Traditional sensor designs rely on time-multiplexed parameter selection to prevent output coupling, which introduces extra control logic and increases cost and design complexity. This paper presents a temperature and capacitance (T/C) sensor with analog pulse-width-modulated (PWM) backscatter. The sensor achieves self-decoupling T/C sensing through the proposed self-switching double sampling (SDS) interface, eliminating the demand for parameter selection. With double sampling, a temperature-sensitive current alternately charges a reference capacitor and a sensing capacitor, simultaneously translating T/C information into a PWM waveform. The low pulse width (LPW) and pulse width ratio (PWR) independently represent temperature and capacitance, enabling simultaneous and decoupled readout. Meanwhile, SDS reuses the PWM waveform as the double-sampling control signal without external control logic. The PWM signal is sent back by analog PWM backscatter without the need for digitization. The SDS sensor employs a compact, ultra-low-power dual-slope relaxation oscillator (RxO) with inherent self-switching topology for T/C-to-PWM conversion. Fabricated in 55-nm CMOS technology, the sensor occupies 0.037 mm2 and consumes 65.8 nW at 0.8 V. Measurement results show that the T/C sensor achieves a temperature inaccuracy of −1.22/+1.17°C ($3{sigma }$ ) in $- 20sim 100^{circ }$ C and a capacitance inaccuracy of −197/192 fF ($3{sigma }$ ) in $0sim 35$ pF.
{"title":"A 0.037-mm², 65.8-nW Temperature and Capacitance Sensor With Analog Pulse-Width-Modulation Backscatter","authors":"Taotao Wu;Yuxiao Zhao;Xiaochuan Peng;Jing Feng;Hao Min","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3592242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3592242","url":null,"abstract":"Battery-less RFID sensor tags in the Internet of Things (IoT) expect low-cost and power-efficiency multiparameter sensing solutions. Traditional sensor designs rely on time-multiplexed parameter selection to prevent output coupling, which introduces extra control logic and increases cost and design complexity. This paper presents a temperature and capacitance (T/C) sensor with analog pulse-width-modulated (PWM) backscatter. The sensor achieves self-decoupling T/C sensing through the proposed self-switching double sampling (SDS) interface, eliminating the demand for parameter selection. With double sampling, a temperature-sensitive current alternately charges a reference capacitor and a sensing capacitor, simultaneously translating T/C information into a PWM waveform. The low pulse width (LPW) and pulse width ratio (PWR) independently represent temperature and capacitance, enabling simultaneous and decoupled readout. Meanwhile, SDS reuses the PWM waveform as the double-sampling control signal without external control logic. The PWM signal is sent back by analog PWM backscatter without the need for digitization. The SDS sensor employs a compact, ultra-low-power dual-slope relaxation oscillator (RxO) with inherent self-switching topology for T/C-to-PWM conversion. Fabricated in 55-nm CMOS technology, the sensor occupies 0.037 mm2 and consumes 65.8 nW at 0.8 V. Measurement results show that the T/C sensor achieves a temperature inaccuracy of −1.22/+1.17°C (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3{sigma }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) in <inline-formula> <tex-math>$- 20sim 100^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C and a capacitance inaccuracy of −197/192 fF (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3{sigma }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) in <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0sim 35$ </tex-math></inline-formula> pF.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"579-589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-16DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3589528
Christopher Saetia;Kaitlyn M. Graves;Serhat Tadik;Gregory D. Durgin
Within the field of radio-frequency identification (RFID) research, tunnel diodes have traditionally been researched for extending backscatter read-ranges for ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags as reflection amplifiers due to their negative resistance. This same negative resistance can also be used to help construct oscillators. This paper further explores the use of tunnel diodes to make oscillators for harmonic RFID applications and the natural harmonics that arise when biasing these diodes within their negative differential resistance (NDR) regions and with no external injection-locking, interrogating signal from a transmitting source, such as an RFID reader. These harmonics are characterized for five tunnel diode boards, made with the same components, and with each board’s fundamental frequencies’ RF strength measuring at above –15 dBm at a biasing voltage of 200 mV when measured over-the-cable. The best DC-to-RF conversion efficiency achieved in this work was 30%. The occurrence of harmonics from the tunnel diodes creates unique harmonic signatures for each board and demonstrates possible harmonic RFID applications that involve RFID readers discovering and even identifying RFID tags with backscatter-less, hardware-intrinsic, and memory-less IDs generated by such tunnel diodes on these tags. Thus, these harmonic signatures provide alternative or complementary IDs to the traditional IDs stored in tags’ memory.
{"title":"Memory-Less and Backscatter-Less Tunnel Diode Harmonic Signatures for RFID","authors":"Christopher Saetia;Kaitlyn M. Graves;Serhat Tadik;Gregory D. Durgin","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3589528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3589528","url":null,"abstract":"Within the field of radio-frequency identification (RFID) research, tunnel diodes have traditionally been researched for extending backscatter read-ranges for ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags as reflection amplifiers due to their negative resistance. This same negative resistance can also be used to help construct oscillators. This paper further explores the use of tunnel diodes to make oscillators for harmonic RFID applications and the natural harmonics that arise when biasing these diodes within their negative differential resistance (NDR) regions and with no external injection-locking, interrogating signal from a transmitting source, such as an RFID reader. These harmonics are characterized for five tunnel diode boards, made with the same components, and with each board’s fundamental frequencies’ RF strength measuring at above –15 dBm at a biasing voltage of 200 mV when measured over-the-cable. The best DC-to-RF conversion efficiency achieved in this work was 30%. The occurrence of harmonics from the tunnel diodes creates unique harmonic signatures for each board and demonstrates possible harmonic RFID applications that involve RFID readers discovering and even identifying RFID tags with backscatter-less, hardware-intrinsic, and memory-less IDs generated by such tunnel diodes on these tags. Thus, these harmonic signatures provide alternative or complementary IDs to the traditional IDs stored in tags’ memory.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"554-566"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144773272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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