Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3425050
Abhishek Choudhary;Deepak Sood
A folded-patch tag antenna measuring ( $53.5times 12times 3.3$ ) mm3 has been developed for effective operation on metallic surfaces. The antenna design features a distinctive serrated triangular patch radiator on its top layer, connected to the bottom ground plane through inductive stubs positioned at the ends. This triangular patch configuration is tailored to offer enhanced impedance matching. Furthermore, the inclusion of serrations, inductive stubs, and a thin rectangular stub on the top layer serves the dual purpose of fine-tuning the resonant frequency and reducing the overall size of the tag. The designed tag antenna works well for both ETSI and FCC bands. In practical testing scenarios in ETSI band, the designed tag antenna achieves a maximum read range of 8 meters in air and 5.1 meters when mounted on a metallic plate of size $20times 20$ cm2. For FCC band the read range is 4.5 m in air and 3.1 m for metallic surface. The tag also exhibit 4 m (ETSI) and 2.1 m (FCC) reading ranges on curved metallic surface. Notably, the wide operational frequency range of the tag encompasses both European/Indian and U.S. RFID bands.
为在金属表面有效工作，开发了一种尺寸为（53.5美元乘以12美元乘以3.3美元）mm3的折叠式贴片标签天线。天线设计的特点是顶层有一个独特的锯齿状三角形贴片辐射器，通过位于两端的电感桩与底层接地平面相连。这种三角形贴片配置可增强阻抗匹配。此外，在顶层加入锯齿、电感存根和薄矩形存根还能达到微调谐振频率和减小标签整体尺寸的双重目的。所设计的标签天线在 ETSI 和 FCC 波段都能很好地工作。在 ETSI 频段的实际测试场景中，设计的标签天线在空气中的最大读取距离为 8 米，安装在 20×20$ cm2 大小的金属板上时为 5.1 米。在 FCC 波段，空气中的读取距离为 4.5 米，金属表面的读取距离为 3.1 米。在弯曲的金属表面上，标签的读取范围也分别为 4 米（ETSI）和 2.1 米（FCC）。值得注意的是，该标签的工作频率范围很宽，包括欧洲/印度和美国的 RFID 频段。
{"title":"Wideband Long Range Compact Serrated Triangular Patch-Based UHF RFID Tag for Metallic Base Environment","authors":"Abhishek Choudhary;Deepak Sood","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3425050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3425050","url":null,"abstract":"A folded-patch tag antenna measuring (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$53.5times 12times 3.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) mm3 has been developed for effective operation on metallic surfaces. The antenna design features a distinctive serrated triangular patch radiator on its top layer, connected to the bottom ground plane through inductive stubs positioned at the ends. This triangular patch configuration is tailored to offer enhanced impedance matching. Furthermore, the inclusion of serrations, inductive stubs, and a thin rectangular stub on the top layer serves the dual purpose of fine-tuning the resonant frequency and reducing the overall size of the tag. The designed tag antenna works well for both ETSI and FCC bands. In practical testing scenarios in ETSI band, the designed tag antenna achieves a maximum read range of 8 meters in air and 5.1 meters when mounted on a metallic plate of size \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$20times 20$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cm2. For FCC band the read range is 4.5 m in air and 3.1 m for metallic surface. The tag also exhibit 4 m (ETSI) and 2.1 m (FCC) reading ranges on curved metallic surface. Notably, the wide operational frequency range of the tag encompasses both European/Indian and U.S. RFID bands.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"643-651"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141964896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3423711
Xiaoqiang Gu;Jorge Virgilio de Almeida;Simon Hemour;Roni Khazaka;Ke Wu
Temperature variation poses a significant challenge for battery-free sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, mainly due to the absence of built-in temperature compensation modules. This work presents a strategy to identify Schottky diodes for low-power RF-to-dc Dickson charge pump (DCP) rectifiers to enhance temperature stability. Theoretical analysis pinpoints that performance degradation in dynamic temperatures results from the mismatch loss between diode nonlinear junction resistance and load resistance. The analytical method is implemented to synthesize the optimum number of stages and identify suitable Schottky diodes for low-power RF-to-dc DCP rectifiers. Experimental measurements demonstrate that the SMS7621-based 3-stage RF-to-dc DCP rectifier maintains a wide matched operating temperature range from $- 32.5~^{circ }$ C to $70~^{circ }$ C. Further experiments show that its dc output voltage remains above 3.2 V across a wide temperature range of $- 40~^{circ }$ C to $80~^{circ }$ C when the RF input is −8 dBm, which can drive a commercial wireless sensor board. This work aims to serve as a benchmark for developing reliable low-power RF-to-dc DCP rectifiers that meet various operating temperature requirements of battery-free IoT sensors.
温度变化给无电池传感器和物联网（IoT）系统带来了巨大挑战，主要原因是没有内置温度补偿模块。本研究提出了一种为低功率射频到直流迪克森电荷泵（DCP）整流器识别肖特基二极管的策略，以提高温度稳定性。理论分析指出，二极管非线性结电阻和负载电阻之间的不匹配损耗会导致动态温度下的性能下降。该分析方法用于合成最佳级数，并为低功率射频到直流 DCP 整流器确定合适的肖特基二极管。进一步的实验表明，当射频输入为 -8 dBm 时，其直流输出电压在 $- 40~^{circ }$ C 到 $80~^{circ }$ C 的宽温度范围内保持在 3.2 V 以上，可以驱动商用无线传感器板。这项工作旨在为开发可靠的低功耗射频-直流 DCP 整流器提供基准，以满足无电池物联网传感器的各种工作温度要求。
{"title":"Temperature-Stable Low-Power RF-to-DC Dickson Charge Pump Rectifiers for Battery-Free Sensing and IoT Systems","authors":"Xiaoqiang Gu;Jorge Virgilio de Almeida;Simon Hemour;Roni Khazaka;Ke Wu","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3423711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3423711","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature variation poses a significant challenge for battery-free sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, mainly due to the absence of built-in temperature compensation modules. This work presents a strategy to identify Schottky diodes for low-power RF-to-dc Dickson charge pump (DCP) rectifiers to enhance temperature stability. Theoretical analysis pinpoints that performance degradation in dynamic temperatures results from the mismatch loss between diode nonlinear junction resistance and load resistance. The analytical method is implemented to synthesize the optimum number of stages and identify suitable Schottky diodes for low-power RF-to-dc DCP rectifiers. Experimental measurements demonstrate that the SMS7621-based 3-stage RF-to-dc DCP rectifier maintains a wide matched operating temperature range from \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$- 32.5~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$70~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C. Further experiments show that its dc output voltage remains above 3.2 V across a wide temperature range of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$- 40~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$80~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C when the RF input is −8 dBm, which can drive a commercial wireless sensor board. This work aims to serve as a benchmark for developing reliable low-power RF-to-dc DCP rectifiers that meet various operating temperature requirements of battery-free IoT sensors.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"632-642"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141964904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3418649
Hao Qi;Enguang Hou;Peijun Ye
The interpretability of decision-making in autonomous driving is crucial for the building of virtual driver, promoting the trust worth of artificial intelligence (AI) and the efficiency of human-machine interaction. However, current data-driven methods such as deep reinforcement learning (DRL) directly acquire driving policies from collected data, where the decision-making process is vague for safety validation. To address this issue, this paper proposes cognitive reinforcement learning that can both simulate the human driver’s deliberation and provide interpretability of the virtual driver’s behaviors. The new method involves cognitive modeling, reinforcement learning and reasoning path extraction. Experiments on the virtual driving environment indicate that our method can semantically interpret the virtual driver’s behaviors. The results show that the proposed cognitive reinforcement learning model combines the interpretability of cognitive models with the learning capability of reinforcement learning, providing a new approach for the construction of trustworthy virtual drivers.
{"title":"Cognitive Reinforcement Learning: An Interpretable Decision-Making for Virtual Driver","authors":"Hao Qi;Enguang Hou;Peijun Ye","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3418649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3418649","url":null,"abstract":"The interpretability of decision-making in autonomous driving is crucial for the building of virtual driver, promoting the trust worth of artificial intelligence (AI) and the efficiency of human-machine interaction. However, current data-driven methods such as deep reinforcement learning (DRL) directly acquire driving policies from collected data, where the decision-making process is vague for safety validation. To address this issue, this paper proposes cognitive reinforcement learning that can both simulate the human driver’s deliberation and provide interpretability of the virtual driver’s behaviors. The new method involves cognitive modeling, reinforcement learning and reasoning path extraction. Experiments on the virtual driving environment indicate that our method can semantically interpret the virtual driver’s behaviors. The results show that the proposed cognitive reinforcement learning model combines the interpretability of cognitive models with the learning capability of reinforcement learning, providing a new approach for the construction of trustworthy virtual drivers.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"627-631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141618035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3415746
Camillo Malnati;Felix Flentge
In this paper we present the results of two Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) demonstration activities carried out in the European Space Agency (ESA) Ground Segment. The first demonstration has been prepared with the OPS-SAT spacecraft, to demonstrate a full DTN protocol stack with CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), Bundle Protocol (BP), Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP), CCSDS Space Packet Protocol (SPP) and show the ESA Ground Segment BP implementation capabilities. In this first activity we demonstrated in-orbit file transfer on both uplink and downlink over a DTN network stack. The second demonstration has been performed in collaboration with Morehead State University (MSU), NASA JPL and D3TN, with the aim to show interoperability of DTN implementations across space agencies and external partners. Following a loss of communication with the spacecraft and failed lunar orbit insertion, the activity focused on an end-to-end data flow simulation with the spacecraft recorded data, involving the ESA Kourou ground station, the Lunar IceCube Engineering Model (EM), MSU ground segment and an operational DTN network of seven nodes. The demonstrations provide valuable lessons learned about interoperability testing, coordination, and planning in a multi-agency environment. The live operations performed during these activities provided insights on operational requirements that are relevant to future demonstrations and can help avoid some of the issues we encountered. The encouraging results obtained suggest that DTN technologies are getting ready for broader adoption.
{"title":"DTN Demonstrations With ESA Ground Segment","authors":"Camillo Malnati;Felix Flentge","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3415746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3415746","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present the results of two Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) demonstration activities carried out in the European Space Agency (ESA) Ground Segment. The first demonstration has been prepared with the OPS-SAT spacecraft, to demonstrate a full DTN protocol stack with CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), Bundle Protocol (BP), Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP), CCSDS Space Packet Protocol (SPP) and show the ESA Ground Segment BP implementation capabilities. In this first activity we demonstrated in-orbit file transfer on both uplink and downlink over a DTN network stack. The second demonstration has been performed in collaboration with Morehead State University (MSU), NASA JPL and D3TN, with the aim to show interoperability of DTN implementations across space agencies and external partners. Following a loss of communication with the spacecraft and failed lunar orbit insertion, the activity focused on an end-to-end data flow simulation with the spacecraft recorded data, involving the ESA Kourou ground station, the Lunar IceCube Engineering Model (EM), MSU ground segment and an operational DTN network of seven nodes. The demonstrations provide valuable lessons learned about interoperability testing, coordination, and planning in a multi-agency environment. The live operations performed during these activities provided insights on operational requirements that are relevant to future demonstrations and can help avoid some of the issues we encountered. The encouraging results obtained suggest that DTN technologies are getting ready for broader adoption.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"609-617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141474992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing number of space missions planned in the near future has created a need for a robust communication infrastructure. Such an infrastructure is being developed in the frame of lunar communications by ESA (2023) and NASA (2022) using Delay- and Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) and Bundle Protocol (BP). While their characteristics have made them the standard for future space communications, some areas such as Quality of Service (QoS) or quasi-real-time communications are still to be further developed. This study emphasizes the benefits of using traffic prioritization as a mechanism to enhance QoS and enable quasi-real-time communications between Earth and space. Through a three-state Markov Chain model, the specific channel between Earth and the Moon is modelled realistically, and the impact of traffic prioritization on bundle transmissions is analyzed for several types of transmitting sources. When looking at the amount of high-priority bundles arriving within the 2.5s mark set by ESA for it to be considered quasi-real-time communications, it is shown that there is a significant improvement of up to 23%. This feature is crucial for DTN BP to be able to support the requirements of the upcoming lunar missions, especially those involving extended astronaut stays. Moreover, a priority grid taking into account all the current requirements expressed by both ESA and NASA is presented, as well as implementation proposals to include traffic prioritization in BP as an extension block. Lastly, the need for a common policy for all DTN nodes in order to allow interoperability is highlighted. Therefore, this work contributes to the advancement of DTN BP, bringing it closer to the requirements ahead of us, and paves the way for the needed mechanisms to be implemented.
在不久的将来，越来越多的太空任务计划需要一个强大的通信基础设施。欧空局（2023 年）和美国国家航空航天局（2022 年）正在利用延迟和中断容忍网络（DTN）和捆绑协议（BP）在月球通信框架内开发这样一种基础设施。虽然它们的特点使其成为未来空间通信的标准，但某些领域如服务质量（QoS）或准实时通信仍有待进一步开发。本研究强调了将流量优先级作为一种机制来提高服务质量和实现地球与太空之间准实时通信的好处。通过一个三态马尔可夫链模型，对地球和月球之间的特定信道进行了真实建模，并分析了几类发射源的流量优先级对捆绑传输的影响。在研究欧空局规定的准实时通信 2.5 秒内到达的高优先级捆绑包数量时，结果表明有高达 23% 的显著改善。这一特性对于 DTN BP 能够支持即将到来的月球任务（尤其是涉及宇航员长期停留的任务）的要求至关重要。此外，考虑到欧空局和美国国家航空航天局当前提出的所有要求，还提出了优先级网格，以及将流量优先级作为扩展模块纳入 BP 的实施建议。最后，还强调了为所有 DTN 节点制定通用策略以实现互操作性的必要性。因此，这项工作有助于推动 DTN BP 的发展，使其更接近我们的要求，并为所需机制的实施铺平道路。
{"title":"Enabling Traffic Prioritization for Space Communications Over DTNs","authors":"Teresa Algarra Ulierte;Koojana Kuladinithi;Andreas Timm-Giel;Felix Flentge","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3415508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3415508","url":null,"abstract":"The growing number of space missions planned in the near future has created a need for a robust communication infrastructure. Such an infrastructure is being developed in the frame of lunar communications by ESA (2023) and NASA (2022) using Delay- and Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) and Bundle Protocol (BP). While their characteristics have made them the standard for future space communications, some areas such as Quality of Service (QoS) or quasi-real-time communications are still to be further developed. This study emphasizes the benefits of using traffic prioritization as a mechanism to enhance QoS and enable quasi-real-time communications between Earth and space. Through a three-state Markov Chain model, the specific channel between Earth and the Moon is modelled realistically, and the impact of traffic prioritization on bundle transmissions is analyzed for several types of transmitting sources. When looking at the amount of high-priority bundles arriving within the 2.5s mark set by ESA for it to be considered quasi-real-time communications, it is shown that there is a significant improvement of up to 23%. This feature is crucial for DTN BP to be able to support the requirements of the upcoming lunar missions, especially those involving extended astronaut stays. Moreover, a priority grid taking into account all the current requirements expressed by both ESA and NASA is presented, as well as implementation proposals to include traffic prioritization in BP as an extension block. Lastly, the need for a common policy for all DTN nodes in order to allow interoperability is highlighted. Therefore, this work contributes to the advancement of DTN BP, bringing it closer to the requirements ahead of us, and paves the way for the needed mechanisms to be implemented.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"748-760"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we present and deeply characterize a high-speed Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) system designed for use in space applications that operates at 1Gbit/s over a directed optical link for a point-to-point link inside a 3U CubeSat. The OWC transmitter is equipped with a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) that emits at 850nm, whilst the receiver uses a PIN Photo-Diode (PD) to detect the modulated signal. We tested the system under extreme conditions including mechanical stresses similar to those experienced during a launch on SpaceX Falcon-9 vehicle, with a realistic spectrum of mechanical vibrations (up to 10G), the temperature variation (between −40 and 80°C), and X-ray irradiation ranges (up to 1Mrad). All of these values were within the expected values (or even much higher) for a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) mission. The results demonstrate that the OWC system can be suitable for use in space applications.
{"title":"High-Speed Optical Wireless System for Extreme Space Conditions","authors":"Giulio Cossu;Lorenzo Gilli;Nicola Vincenti;Ezgi Ertunc;Maurizio Massa;Roberto Dell’Orso;Andrea Moggi;Fabrizio Palla;Ernesto Ciaramella","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3412413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3412413","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present and deeply characterize a high-speed Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) system designed for use in space applications that operates at 1Gbit/s over a directed optical link for a point-to-point link inside a 3U CubeSat. The OWC transmitter is equipped with a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) that emits at 850nm, whilst the receiver uses a PIN Photo-Diode (PD) to detect the modulated signal. We tested the system under extreme conditions including mechanical stresses similar to those experienced during a launch on SpaceX Falcon-9 vehicle, with a realistic spectrum of mechanical vibrations (up to 10G), the temperature variation (between −40 and 80°C), and X-ray irradiation ranges (up to 1Mrad). All of these values were within the expected values (or even much higher) for a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) mission. The results demonstrate that the OWC system can be suitable for use in space applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"601-608"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141474845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work presents the design and validation of a compact wireless system, adopting a modular wireless system composed of three co-located antennas operating in the 2.4 GHz band. The system is designed to be exploited for positioning purposes in secondary railway lines where the European railway traffic management system (ERTMS) is not available. An omnidirectional antenna, cross-polarized with respect to the other two, is used for transferring positioning data among the train and intelligent poles placed along the railway, while two directional radiating elements are arranged back-to-back, to perform wagon-to-wagon communication for train integrity purposes. The omnidirectional antenna has a radiation efficiency of 97.8% and a gain of 4.2 dBi, whereas the directive ones have 79.3% and 5.4 dBi, respectively. The data communication is established by using LoRa systems, enabling low-power, long-range communication with acceptable latency for the application purpose. Due to possible adverse environmental conditions, such as presence of dust or ice, a suitable enclosure of the system is designed to be as much as possible electromagnetically transparent. The whole system has been tested both in laboratory environment and on board of the moving train, inside and outside the wagon, demonstrating the successful communication between wagons and with the poles located along the railway. The highest bit error rate monitored was $2.08times 10{^{text {-4}}}$ in the worst testing configuration.
{"title":"An Innovative Multi-Port LoRa-Based Wireless Node for Railway Signaling and Positioning","authors":"Giacomo Paolini;Enrico Fazzini;Simone Trovarello;Davide Amato;Diego Masotti;Alessandra Costanzo","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3411814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3411814","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the design and validation of a compact wireless system, adopting a modular wireless system composed of three co-located antennas operating in the 2.4 GHz band. The system is designed to be exploited for positioning purposes in secondary railway lines where the European railway traffic management system (ERTMS) is not available. An omnidirectional antenna, cross-polarized with respect to the other two, is used for transferring positioning data among the train and intelligent poles placed along the railway, while two directional radiating elements are arranged back-to-back, to perform wagon-to-wagon communication for train integrity purposes. The omnidirectional antenna has a radiation efficiency of 97.8% and a gain of 4.2 dBi, whereas the directive ones have 79.3% and 5.4 dBi, respectively. The data communication is established by using LoRa systems, enabling low-power, long-range communication with acceptable latency for the application purpose. Due to possible adverse environmental conditions, such as presence of dust or ice, a suitable enclosure of the system is designed to be as much as possible electromagnetically transparent. The whole system has been tested both in laboratory environment and on board of the moving train, inside and outside the wagon, demonstrating the successful communication between wagons and with the poles located along the railway. The highest bit error rate monitored was \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.08times 10{^{text {-4}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 in the worst testing configuration.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"618-626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141474991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3410881
Zahra Jamadi;Amir G. Aghdam
In this paper, we present an integrated framework leveraging natural language processing (NLP) techniques and machine learning (ML) algorithms to detect malware at its early stage and predict its upcoming actions. We analyze application programming interface (API) call sequences in the same way as natural language inputs. Specifically, the proposed model employs Bi-LSTM neural networks and Bayesian neural networks (BNN) for this analysis. In the first part, a Bagging-XGBoost algorithm interprets consecutive API calls as 2-gram and 3-gram strings for early-stage malware detection and feature importance analysis. Additionally, a Bi-LSTM predicts the upcoming actions of an active malware by estimating the next API call in a sequence. Two separate Bayesian Bi-LSTMs are then developed in the second part to complement the above analysis. The first architecture is for early-stage malware detection, and the other is to predict the following action of active malware. The BNN not only predicts future malware actions but also assesses the uncertainty of each prediction. It enhances the process by providing the second and third most probable predictions, increasing system reliability and effectiveness. Our unified framework demonstrates efficiency in malware detection and action prediction, marking a significant advancement in countering malware threats. The Bayesian Bi-LSTM developed for predicting the next API call has an average accuracy of 89.53%. Additionally, the accuracy of the framework for malware detection at the early stage is 96.44%, demonstrating the superior performance of the proposed framework.
在本文中，我们提出了一个综合框架，利用自然语言处理（NLP）技术和机器学习（ML）算法在早期阶段检测恶意软件并预测其即将采取的行动。我们分析应用程序编程接口（API）调用序列的方法与分析自然语言输入的方法相同。具体来说，所提议的模型采用 Bi-LSTM 神经网络和贝叶斯神经网络 (BNN) 进行分析。在第一部分，Bagging-XGBoost 算法将连续的 API 调用解释为 2-gram 和 3-gram 字符串，用于早期恶意软件检测和特征重要性分析。此外，Bi-LSTM 通过估计序列中的下一个 API 调用，预测活动恶意软件即将采取的行动。第二部分开发了两个独立的贝叶斯 Bi-LSTM 来补充上述分析。第一个架构用于早期恶意软件检测，另一个架构用于预测活跃恶意软件的后续行动。BNN 不仅能预测恶意软件的未来行动，还能评估每次预测的不确定性。它通过提供第二和第三种最有可能的预测来增强这一过程，从而提高系统的可靠性和有效性。我们的统一框架提高了恶意软件检测和行动预测的效率，标志着在应对恶意软件威胁方面取得了重大进展。为预测下一次 API 调用而开发的贝叶斯 Bi-LSTM 的平均准确率为 89.53%。此外，该框架在早期阶段检测恶意软件的准确率为 96.44%，证明了所提出框架的卓越性能。
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Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3409362
Sayan Sarkar
This paper presents three dual-band, dual-linearly polarized antenna configurations for UHF-RFID and WLAN applications. The first configuration consists of a square patch with outer ring which exhibits two resonances at 865MHz and 2.45GHz respectively. At both these frequencies, the antenna has its main beam along the +z axis (broadside direction). Two superstrates, S3 and S4, are designed to be used separately with this antenna. Both S3 and S4, when placed above the antenna separately, shift the first resonance from 865MHz to 905MHz without affecting the 2.45GHz resonance. Placing S3 5mm above the antenna gives rise to a bi-directional radiation pattern (±z-axis) while replacing S3 with S4 generates a main beam along the -z axis (opposite broadside direction) at 905MHz. The radiation pattern remains unperturbed at 2.45GHz for both configurations. The first antenna configuration works within the European UHF-RFID band whereas the antenna + S3 and antenna + S4 configurations work within the North-American UHF-RFID band. Additionally, all three configurations also operate within the 2.45GHz WLAN band. Both the antenna-superstrate configurations have very low profiles of $lambda _{0}$ / $24.4~(lambda _{0} ,, {=}$ free space wavelength at 2.45GHz). The antenna can thus be used with/without the superstrates as an RFID reader depending upon requirements. The information received from the tags can then be transmitted via the WLAN channel.
{"title":"Three Dual-Band and Dual-Linearly Polarized Antenna Configurations for UHF-RFID and WLAN Applications","authors":"Sayan Sarkar","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3409362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3409362","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents three dual-band, dual-linearly polarized antenna configurations for UHF-RFID and WLAN applications. The first configuration consists of a square patch with outer ring which exhibits two resonances at 865MHz and 2.45GHz respectively. At both these frequencies, the antenna has its main beam along the +z axis (broadside direction). Two superstrates, S3 and S4, are designed to be used separately with this antenna. Both S3 and S4, when placed above the antenna separately, shift the first resonance from 865MHz to 905MHz without affecting the 2.45GHz resonance. Placing S3 5mm above the antenna gives rise to a bi-directional radiation pattern (±z-axis) while replacing S3 with S4 generates a main beam along the -z axis (opposite broadside direction) at 905MHz. The radiation pattern remains unperturbed at 2.45GHz for both configurations. The first antenna configuration works within the European UHF-RFID band whereas the antenna + S3 and antenna + S4 configurations work within the North-American UHF-RFID band. Additionally, all three configurations also operate within the 2.45GHz WLAN band. Both the antenna-superstrate configurations have very low profiles of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$24.4~(lambda _{0} ,, {=}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 free space wavelength at 2.45GHz). The antenna can thus be used with/without the superstrates as an RFID reader depending upon requirements. The information received from the tags can then be transmitted via the WLAN channel.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"571-579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141447993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-30DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3394062
James D. Rosenthal;Matthew S. Reynolds
Delta-sigma modulation (DSM) enables the use of all-digital switched impedance modulators to generate arbitrary backscatter signals. For example, a DSM-based backscatter modulator having only two or four impedance states can generate quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with e.g., 64 states, or multicarrier orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signals having many subcarriers. This paper describes potential improvements to in-channel spectral characteristics by adding single sideband (SSB) and double sideband (DSB) noise shaping to the DSM signal path. Using numerical simulation and hardware validation, we demonstrate that noise-shaped DSM can improve the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of OFDM subcarriers generated by a low-resolution two-state or four-state impedance digital-to-analog converter. The noise shaping approaches are validated using a prototype OFDM backscatter uplink based on an FPGA driving a single-pole-four-throw (SP4T) CMOS RF switch that serves as the backscatter modulator. The SSB and DSB noise shaping techniques are compared by over-the-air transmission of five-subcarrier OFDM backscatter symbols with a four-times oversampling DSM at up to 1.25 Mbps. With this approach, we find that DSB noise shaping yielded a 6.2 dB improvement in SFDR relative to SSB noise shaping, at the cost of 9.8 dB higher peak out-of-band quantization noise. These results confirm that an all-digital modulation approach with noise-shaped DSM can be used to balance in-band vs. out-of-band quantization noise and thus optimize the spectral characteristics of hardware-efficient, all-digital backscatter modulators for low-power wireless communication.
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