Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3389868
Erbo Shen;Weidong Yang;Xuyu Wang;Bo Kang;Shiwen Mao
Grain is a major source of food, while grain security has been considered as a strategic issue in many countries. Temperature and moisture as the two key properties affect the quality of stored grain. Most existing approaches for sensing these properties are expensive, time-consuming, and are difficult to deploy. In this paper, we design a TagSense system to sense the temperature and moisture level of stored wheat using commodity RFID devices, where tag’s impedance is exploited as a feature for target sensing at a low cost. Since impedance is sensitive to the signal propagation distance and incidence angle, we propose a distance-independent algorithm and an angle-agnostic approach to mitigate the impact of distance and angles on the sensing performance. Our extensive experiment results demonstrate that TagSense can achieve a satisfactory sensing performance at any distance and any angle within the sensing range.
谷物是粮食的主要来源，而谷物安全在许多国家都被视为一个战略问题。温度和水分是影响储藏谷物质量的两个关键属性。现有的感知这些属性的方法大多昂贵、耗时，而且难以部署。在本文中，我们设计了一种 TagSense 系统，利用商品 RFID 设备来感知储存小麦的温度和湿度水平，其中标签的阻抗被用作目标感知的一个特征，而且成本低廉。由于阻抗对信号传播距离和入射角度很敏感，我们提出了一种与距离无关的算法和一种与角度无关的方法，以减轻距离和角度对传感性能的影响。我们的大量实验结果表明，TagSense 可以在感应范围内的任何距离和任何角度实现令人满意的感应性能。
{"title":"TagSense: Robust Wheat Moisture and Temperature Sensing Using RFID","authors":"Erbo Shen;Weidong Yang;Xuyu Wang;Bo Kang;Shiwen Mao","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3389868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3389868","url":null,"abstract":"Grain is a major source of food, while grain security has been considered as a strategic issue in many countries. Temperature and moisture as the two key properties affect the quality of stored grain. Most existing approaches for sensing these properties are expensive, time-consuming, and are difficult to deploy. In this paper, we design a TagSense system to sense the temperature and moisture level of stored wheat using commodity RFID devices, where tag’s impedance is exploited as a feature for target sensing at a low cost. Since impedance is sensitive to the signal propagation distance and incidence angle, we propose a distance-independent algorithm and an angle-agnostic approach to mitigate the impact of distance and angles on the sensing performance. Our extensive experiment results demonstrate that TagSense can achieve a satisfactory sensing performance at any distance and any angle within the sensing range.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140826000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3387996
Rakiba Rayhana;Ling Bai;Gaozhi Xiao;Min Liao;Zheng Liu
In the rapidly evolving landscape of Industry 4.0, digital twins have emerged as a transformative technology across various industrial sectors. This paper presents a comprehensive, in-depth review of digital twin models in terms of the concept and evolution, fundamental components and frameworks, and existing digital twin models based on their functionalities. The paper also discusses how the existing digital twin models are used/adopted in different industries and highlights the existing challenges and potential solutions to address the current issues. This paper aims to provide researchers and industry professionals with a clear insight into the unique benefits and applications of different digital twin models. This review will help to comprehend their significance for specific industrial purposes and foster the advancement of state-of-the-art techniques in this field.
{"title":"Digital Twin Models: Functions, Challenges, and Industry Applications","authors":"Rakiba Rayhana;Ling Bai;Gaozhi Xiao;Min Liao;Zheng Liu","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3387996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3387996","url":null,"abstract":"In the rapidly evolving landscape of Industry 4.0, digital twins have emerged as a transformative technology across various industrial sectors. This paper presents a comprehensive, in-depth review of digital twin models in terms of the concept and evolution, fundamental components and frameworks, and existing digital twin models based on their functionalities. The paper also discusses how the existing digital twin models are used/adopted in different industries and highlights the existing challenges and potential solutions to address the current issues. This paper aims to provide researchers and industry professionals with a clear insight into the unique benefits and applications of different digital twin models. This review will help to comprehend their significance for specific industrial purposes and foster the advancement of state-of-the-art techniques in this field.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140924754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3384483
Gaofeng Zhu;Zhixue Wang;Fenghua Zhu;Gang Xiong;Zheng Li
Drone detection plays a key role in various fields, but from the perspective of drones, factors such as the size of the target, interference from different backgrounds, and lighting affect the detection effect, which can easily lead to missed detections and false detections. To address this problem, this paper proposes a small target detection algorithm. First, the hybrid control of attention mechanism and a convolutional module (HCAC) are used to effectively extract contextual details of targets of different scales, directions, and shapes, while relative position encoding is used to associate targets with position information. Secondly, in view of the small size characteristics of small targets, a high-resolution detection branch is introduced, the large target detection head and its redundant network layers are pruned, and a multi-level weighted feature fusion network (MWFN) is used for multi-dimensional fusion. Finally, the WIoU loss is used as a bounding box regression loss, combined with a dynamic non-monotonic focusing mechanism, to evaluate the quality of anchor boxes so that the detector can handle anchor boxes of different qualities, thus improving the overall performance. Experiments were conducted on the UAV aerial photography data set VisDrone2019. The results showed that the accuracy of P increased by 9.0% and MAP by 9.8%, with higher detection results.
{"title":"Small Object Recognition Algorithm Based on Hybrid Control and Feature Fusion","authors":"Gaofeng Zhu;Zhixue Wang;Fenghua Zhu;Gang Xiong;Zheng Li","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3384483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3384483","url":null,"abstract":"Drone detection plays a key role in various fields, but from the perspective of drones, factors such as the size of the target, interference from different backgrounds, and lighting affect the detection effect, which can easily lead to missed detections and false detections. To address this problem, this paper proposes a small target detection algorithm. First, the hybrid control of attention mechanism and a convolutional module (HCAC) are used to effectively extract contextual details of targets of different scales, directions, and shapes, while relative position encoding is used to associate targets with position information. Secondly, in view of the small size characteristics of small targets, a high-resolution detection branch is introduced, the large target detection head and its redundant network layers are pruned, and a multi-level weighted feature fusion network (MWFN) is used for multi-dimensional fusion. Finally, the WIoU loss is used as a bounding box regression loss, combined with a dynamic non-monotonic focusing mechanism, to evaluate the quality of anchor boxes so that the detector can handle anchor boxes of different qualities, thus improving the overall performance. Experiments were conducted on the UAV aerial photography data set VisDrone2019. The results showed that the accuracy of P increased by 9.0% and MAP by 9.8%, with higher detection results.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141315249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382687
Austin L. Oursland;Oleg Ianchenko;Sara M. Reyes;Ryan Douglas;Theodore J. Moody;Madeleine Lee;Matthew S. Reynolds
In this paper, we present a series of experiments with a 2.4 GHz dual-polarized electronic mode stirring system for mitigating the dense multipath observed in biomedical telemetry within metal animal cages, including automated control over the mode stirring configuration. Four dual-polarized mode stirring antennas establish eight bits of digital control over the mode structure in a 0.2 m3 metal cage volume. With an optimized mode stirring configuration, we observe 26 dB improvement in the worst case one-way path loss across the 2400–2483 MHz band at 2,124 surveyed locations, sampled with a 1 cm grid on the floor of the cage. Using an example Bluetooth Low Energy link budget, we compare three automated mode stirring strategies for re-configuring the mode structure in response to simulated Brownian animal motion within the cage. Without mode stirring, the link budget has margin in only 68% of the surveyed locations, while with mode stirring, the link budget has margin in 99% of the locations in a stationary-animal scenario, and 92% of the animal locations in a moving-animal scenario. Finally, we present a demonstration of the link margin improvement in an actual communication link using a backscatter-based Bluetooth Low Energy implementation.
{"title":"Automated Optimization of Electronic Mode Stirring for Enhanced Backscatter Link Margin in Reverberant Cavities","authors":"Austin L. Oursland;Oleg Ianchenko;Sara M. Reyes;Ryan Douglas;Theodore J. Moody;Madeleine Lee;Matthew S. Reynolds","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382687","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a series of experiments with a 2.4 GHz dual-polarized electronic mode stirring system for mitigating the dense multipath observed in biomedical telemetry within metal animal cages, including automated control over the mode stirring configuration. Four dual-polarized mode stirring antennas establish eight bits of digital control over the mode structure in a 0.2 m3 metal cage volume. With an optimized mode stirring configuration, we observe 26 dB improvement in the worst case one-way path loss across the 2400–2483 MHz band at 2,124 surveyed locations, sampled with a 1 cm grid on the floor of the cage. Using an example Bluetooth Low Energy link budget, we compare three automated mode stirring strategies for re-configuring the mode structure in response to simulated Brownian animal motion within the cage. Without mode stirring, the link budget has margin in only 68% of the surveyed locations, while with mode stirring, the link budget has margin in 99% of the locations in a stationary-animal scenario, and 92% of the animal locations in a moving-animal scenario. Finally, we present a demonstration of the link margin improvement in an actual communication link using a backscatter-based Bluetooth Low Energy implementation.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3384289
Yiqing Tang;Xingyuan Dai;Yisheng Lv
In the field of urban traffic management, optimising traffic signal control on major arterial road is crucial for reducing congestion and improving overall road efficiency. In this paper, we explore a novel approach to design and implement green wave control for urban arterials using Large Language Models (LLM), such as GPT-4. Our approach combines state-of-the-art LLM with traffic signal control policies, aiming to explore the potential of LLM for application in the field of traffic control. We design a workflow for LLM-driven green wave control generation for urban arterial road traffic signal control as an example. The experiments use SUMO simulation software to construct the traffic signal control problem of the arterial road. We verify that LLM can implement the analysis and solution process of the traffic signal control problem. The traffic signal control policy is generated interactively through natural language, which reduces the data analysis and computation pressure of traffic managers. The experimental results show that the process generates the green wave control of the arterial road that can improve the average speed of the road. The potential application of LLM in the field of traffic control is verified in this work.
{"title":"Large Language Model-Assisted Arterial Traffic Signal Control","authors":"Yiqing Tang;Xingyuan Dai;Yisheng Lv","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3384289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3384289","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of urban traffic management, optimising traffic signal control on major arterial road is crucial for reducing congestion and improving overall road efficiency. In this paper, we explore a novel approach to design and implement green wave control for urban arterials using Large Language Models (LLM), such as GPT-4. Our approach combines state-of-the-art LLM with traffic signal control policies, aiming to explore the potential of LLM for application in the field of traffic control. We design a workflow for LLM-driven green wave control generation for urban arterial road traffic signal control as an example. The experiments use SUMO simulation software to construct the traffic signal control problem of the arterial road. We verify that LLM can implement the analysis and solution process of the traffic signal control problem. The traffic signal control policy is generated interactively through natural language, which reduces the data analysis and computation pressure of traffic managers. The experimental results show that the process generates the green wave control of the arterial road that can improve the average speed of the road. The potential application of LLM in the field of traffic control is verified in this work.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140924700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3383609
Jie Sun;Antoine Diet;Yann Le Bihan;Marc Biancheri-Astier;Chadi Gannouni;Michel Police
Benefiting from advantages such as miniaturization, lightweight design, and cost-effectiveness, 13.56 MHz High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (HF RFID) and Near Field Communication (NFC) tags have found increasing applications across various fields like biomedical, tracking, and logistics, bringing a lot of convenience to the industries and commercials, as well as decreasing the medical and employment pressure. Nevertheless, the smaller the tag, the less likely it is to be fixed in orientation. As the detection of such tags relies on magnetic coupling, the orientation sensitivity is high, and some nulls of detection are introduced inside the considered volume of interest in practical applications. It is essential to optimize the magnetic field vectorial distribution generated by the NFC reader. This paper uses a combination of two paralleled tuned coils (RLC resonator model) in series to be the RFID/NFC reader coils. In such a system, the currents feeding the coils are in quadrature. The system is made of two-phase coils. Additionally, each coil is composed of two sub-coils placed on opposite surfaces of a cube, for the prototype of this system presented in the paper. CST simulations have been analyzed and a 3D printed cube structure with copper tapes has been realized, to validate the idea experimentally. Detection tests were performed with a commercial HF RFID reader and an ISO15693 NFC tag.
13.56 MHz 高频射频识别（HF RFID）和近场通信（NFC）标签具有小型化、轻量化设计和成本效益高等优点，在生物医学、跟踪和物流等各个领域的应用日益广泛，为工业和商业带来了极大的便利，同时也减轻了医疗和就业压力。然而，标签越小，越不容易固定方向。由于这类标签的检测依赖于磁耦合，因此方向灵敏度很高，在实际应用中，在所考虑的相关体积内会出现一些检测空。因此，必须优化 NFC 阅读器产生的磁场矢量分布。本文使用两个串联的并联调谐线圈（RLC 谐振器模型）组合作为 RFID/NFC 阅读器线圈。在这种系统中，馈入线圈的电流是正交的。该系统由两相线圈组成。此外，每个线圈都由放置在立方体相对表面上的两个子线圈组成，这就是本文介绍的系统原型。我们对 CST 仿真进行了分析，并实现了带有铜带的 3D 打印立方体结构，通过实验验证了这一想法。使用商用高频 RFID 阅读器和 ISO15693 NFC 标签进行了检测测试。
{"title":"Planar Omnidirectional Detection of RFID/NFC Patches Inside a Cubic Structure","authors":"Jie Sun;Antoine Diet;Yann Le Bihan;Marc Biancheri-Astier;Chadi Gannouni;Michel Police","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3383609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3383609","url":null,"abstract":"Benefiting from advantages such as miniaturization, lightweight design, and cost-effectiveness, 13.56 MHz High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (HF RFID) and Near Field Communication (NFC) tags have found increasing applications across various fields like biomedical, tracking, and logistics, bringing a lot of convenience to the industries and commercials, as well as decreasing the medical and employment pressure. Nevertheless, the smaller the tag, the less likely it is to be fixed in orientation. As the detection of such tags relies on magnetic coupling, the orientation sensitivity is high, and some nulls of detection are introduced inside the considered volume of interest in practical applications. It is essential to optimize the magnetic field vectorial distribution generated by the NFC reader. This paper uses a combination of two paralleled tuned coils (RLC resonator model) in series to be the RFID/NFC reader coils. In such a system, the currents feeding the coils are in quadrature. The system is made of two-phase coils. Additionally, each coil is composed of two sub-coils placed on opposite surfaces of a cube, for the prototype of this system presented in the paper. CST simulations have been analyzed and a 3D printed cube structure with copper tapes has been realized, to validate the idea experimentally. Detection tests were performed with a commercial HF RFID reader and an ISO15693 NFC tag.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3406890
Pablo G. Madoery;Renato Cherini;Alessandro Cammarano;Juan Grosso;Jorge M. Finochietto
As space information networks become more heterogeneous by integrating various space platforms, layers and operators, new security challenges arise that need proper investigation. Existing works mainly focus on specific solutions but do not provide security models that can address these challenges holistically. This work analyzes the adoption of the Bundle Protocol Security (BPSec) to safeguard these networks. Our work demonstrates the flexibility of this protocol in such heterogeneous scenario. We propose different security models that can be adopted based on traffic conditions and node’s knowledge, resulting in a security model that can evolve and adapt over time. Overall, our study unveils new opportunities associated with BPSec in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) environments, encouraging further investigation in this domain.
{"title":"Bundle Protocol Security Models and Policies for Safeguarding Space Information Networks","authors":"Pablo G. Madoery;Renato Cherini;Alessandro Cammarano;Juan Grosso;Jorge M. Finochietto","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3406890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3406890","url":null,"abstract":"As space information networks become more heterogeneous by integrating various space platforms, layers and operators, new security challenges arise that need proper investigation. Existing works mainly focus on specific solutions but do not provide security models that can address these challenges holistically. This work analyzes the adoption of the Bundle Protocol Security (BPSec) to safeguard these networks. Our work demonstrates the flexibility of this protocol in such heterogeneous scenario. We propose different security models that can be adopted based on traffic conditions and node’s knowledge, resulting in a security model that can evolve and adapt over time. Overall, our study unveils new opportunities associated with BPSec in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) environments, encouraging further investigation in this domain.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141333958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382252
Bin Hu;Xiaodong Zhang;Xinjie Liu;Minghua Qin;Tao Cheng;Rurui Xue;Gang Xiong;Shichao Chen
In response to the agility demands of Industry 5.0, this study pioneers a laboratory-based prototype of a DAO-powered, cyber-physical-social system (CPSS) employing intelligent collaborative robots for parallel manufacturing and management. We introduce the concept of Parallel Triplets, integrating the microphysical dimension into the existing digital and physical realms of the digital twin, enabling faster prototype realization and simultaneous execution of production tasks. This facilitates a decentralized DAO framework where intelligent agents, guided by parallel triplets data, make real-time production decisions and optimize resource allocation, leading to dynamic, collaborative, and autonomous manufacturing. Our empirical research demonstrates the success of this approach, achieving enhanced production efficiency, reduced defect rates, and empowered worker autonomy. This paper contributes to the advancement of Parallel Triplets technology and showcases the transformative potential of DAOs in driving agile, intelligent, and collaborative manufacturing within Industry 5.0.
为响应工业 5.0 对敏捷性的要求，本研究率先在实验室中开发了一个由 DAO 驱动的网络物理社会系统（CPSS）原型，该系统采用智能协作机器人进行并行制造和管理。我们引入了并行三胞胎（Parallel Triplets）的概念，将微物理维度整合到数字孪生的现有数字和物理领域中，从而实现更快的原型实现和生产任务的同步执行。这有助于建立一个去中心化的 DAO 框架，智能代理在并行三元组数据的指导下，做出实时生产决策并优化资源分配，从而实现动态、协作和自主制造。我们的实证研究证明了这种方法的成功，它提高了生产效率，降低了缺陷率，增强了工人的自主性。本文有助于推动并行三元组技术的发展，并展示了 DAO 在工业 5.0 中推动敏捷、智能和协作制造的变革潜力。
{"title":"DAO-Based Parallel Triplets Application in Parallel Manufacturing and Industries 5.0","authors":"Bin Hu;Xiaodong Zhang;Xinjie Liu;Minghua Qin;Tao Cheng;Rurui Xue;Gang Xiong;Shichao Chen","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382252","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the agility demands of Industry 5.0, this study pioneers a laboratory-based prototype of a DAO-powered, cyber-physical-social system (CPSS) employing intelligent collaborative robots for parallel manufacturing and management. We introduce the concept of Parallel Triplets, integrating the microphysical dimension into the existing digital and physical realms of the digital twin, enabling faster prototype realization and simultaneous execution of production tasks. This facilitates a decentralized DAO framework where intelligent agents, guided by parallel triplets data, make real-time production decisions and optimize resource allocation, leading to dynamic, collaborative, and autonomous manufacturing. Our empirical research demonstrates the success of this approach, achieving enhanced production efficiency, reduced defect rates, and empowered worker autonomy. This paper contributes to the advancement of Parallel Triplets technology and showcases the transformative potential of DAOs in driving agile, intelligent, and collaborative manufacturing within Industry 5.0.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140924687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Developing accurate mathematical or data-driven models for effective controller design under dynamic variable conditions becomes increasingly challenging. For this reason, the concept of a digital twin (DT) as a virtual representation of a physical asset has been introduced as a tool for process modelling, design, and control implementation while providing additional knowledge of the system that can be used to enable awareness capabilities on the asset. However, digital twin models used to be complex, requiring expensive computational times depending on the application to provide the most accurate system representation, limiting its application in edge, embedded, and register transfer level computing domains. Therefore, using reduced-order digital twin models is an alternative to get DT closer to the physical asset. Considering these challenges, we propose a reduced-order FPGA-based digital twin implementation that directly sources data from the real system, operates in parallel with the virtual system, and enables awareness mechanisms to improve the system’s operation. This setup removes large data transfers, cloud interfaces and expensive computational times deriving into a faster and more efficient DT. To illustrate the capabilities of this embedded digital twin, we present a case study focused on monitoring a power converter. The study involves establishing and enforcing a safe operating area (SOA) for the power converter, implementing error awareness mechanisms, and enabling machine learning models to predict converter load conditions and fault events detection. Thus, we aim to showcase the effectiveness of our proposed FPGA-based digital twin approach in addressing real-time control challenges towards smart control engineering.
{"title":"A Reduced-Order Digital Twin FPGA-Based Implementation With Self-Awareness Capabilities for Power Electronics Applications","authors":"Justus Nwoke;Marco Milanesi;Jairo Viola;YangQuan Chen;Antonio Visioli","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3404563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3404563","url":null,"abstract":"Developing accurate mathematical or data-driven models for effective controller design under dynamic variable conditions becomes increasingly challenging. For this reason, the concept of a digital twin (DT) as a virtual representation of a physical asset has been introduced as a tool for process modelling, design, and control implementation while providing additional knowledge of the system that can be used to enable awareness capabilities on the asset. However, digital twin models used to be complex, requiring expensive computational times depending on the application to provide the most accurate system representation, limiting its application in edge, embedded, and register transfer level computing domains. Therefore, using reduced-order digital twin models is an alternative to get DT closer to the physical asset. Considering these challenges, we propose a reduced-order FPGA-based digital twin implementation that directly sources data from the real system, operates in parallel with the virtual system, and enables awareness mechanisms to improve the system’s operation. This setup removes large data transfers, cloud interfaces and expensive computational times deriving into a faster and more efficient DT. To illustrate the capabilities of this embedded digital twin, we present a case study focused on monitoring a power converter. The study involves establishing and enforcing a safe operating area (SOA) for the power converter, implementing error awareness mechanisms, and enabling machine learning models to predict converter load conditions and fault events detection. Thus, we aim to showcase the effectiveness of our proposed FPGA-based digital twin approach in addressing real-time control challenges towards smart control engineering.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141315234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382505
Emuobosan Enakerakpo;Ashraf Umar;Mohammed Alhendi;Riadh Al-Haidari;Dylan J. Richmond;Udara Sandakelum Somarathna;Stephen Gonya;Mark D. Poliks;Tom Rovere;Matthew Beckford;Jonathan Nichols
The development of innovative, miniaturized, and low-cost Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags for application in asset monitoring, counterfeit prevention, or personnel tracking requires advancements in materials, fabrication processes, and packaging. Typical RFID tags can be circumvented by tampering, cloning, or spoofing; however, by adding security features to the tag, nefarious actions such as these can be mitigated. Toward this objective, this paper presents the design and fabrication of an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID tag through flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) materials and processes for authentication and anti-tamper /anti-counterfeit applications. The presented UHF RFID tag consists of a passive RF chip and dipole antenna with embedded hardware and software security features. The tag was fabricated using a hybrid of manufacturing techniques including, conventional photolithography and additive aerosol jet printing. The design, materials selection, processing, and tailored FHE fabrication processes, led to achieving a system-level functional RFID tag with a read distance of up to 15 in (0.381 m). The dependency of the read distance on the host surface was studied by attaching tags to different materials including surfaces with various dielectric constants and thicknesses. The performance of the tags was evaluated under realistic use conditions by performing thermal cycling, bending, and wearability tests. The RFID tag’s resistance to different tamper attack vectors (vulnerability assessment) is demonstrated. Overall, the demonstrated UHF RFID tag opens new opportunities for the development of flexible, lightweight, and low-cost RFID tags that leverage FHE fabrication techniques and materials for authentication and anti-tamper applications.
要开发创新型、小型化和低成本的射频识别（RFID）标签，用于资产监控、防伪或人员追踪，就必须在材料、制造工艺和包装方面取得进步。典型的 RFID 标签可以通过篡改、克隆或伪造来规避；但是，通过在标签中添加安全功能，可以减少此类不法行为。为实现这一目标，本文介绍了通过柔性混合电子（FHE）材料和工艺设计和制造的超高频（UHF）射频识别（RFID）标签，用于身份验证和防篡改/防伪造应用。该超高频射频识别（UHF RFID）标签由无源射频芯片和偶极子天线组成，具有嵌入式硬件和软件安全功能。该标签采用混合制造技术制造，包括传统的光刻技术和增材气溶胶喷射打印技术。通过设计、材料选择、加工和量身定制的 FHE 制造工艺，实现了读取距离达 15 英寸（0.381 米）的系统级功能 RFID 标签。通过在不同材料（包括具有不同介电常数和厚度的表面）上安装标签，研究了读取距离与主机表面的关系。通过热循环、弯曲和耐磨测试，评估了标签在实际使用条件下的性能。此外，还展示了 RFID 标签对不同篡改攻击向量的抵抗能力（脆弱性评估）。总之，所展示的超高频 RFID 标签为开发灵活、轻质、低成本的 RFID 标签提供了新的机遇，这些标签利用了用于身份验证和防篡改应用的超高频电子元件制造技术和材料。
{"title":"Passive UHF-RFID Tag With Printed Security Features for Authentication and Tamper Resistance","authors":"Emuobosan Enakerakpo;Ashraf Umar;Mohammed Alhendi;Riadh Al-Haidari;Dylan J. Richmond;Udara Sandakelum Somarathna;Stephen Gonya;Mark D. Poliks;Tom Rovere;Matthew Beckford;Jonathan Nichols","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382505","url":null,"abstract":"The development of innovative, miniaturized, and low-cost Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags for application in asset monitoring, counterfeit prevention, or personnel tracking requires advancements in materials, fabrication processes, and packaging. Typical RFID tags can be circumvented by tampering, cloning, or spoofing; however, by adding security features to the tag, nefarious actions such as these can be mitigated. Toward this objective, this paper presents the design and fabrication of an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID tag through flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) materials and processes for authentication and anti-tamper /anti-counterfeit applications. The presented UHF RFID tag consists of a passive RF chip and dipole antenna with embedded hardware and software security features. The tag was fabricated using a hybrid of manufacturing techniques including, conventional photolithography and additive aerosol jet printing. The design, materials selection, processing, and tailored FHE fabrication processes, led to achieving a system-level functional RFID tag with a read distance of up to 15 in (0.381 m). The dependency of the read distance on the host surface was studied by attaching tags to different materials including surfaces with various dielectric constants and thicknesses. The performance of the tags was evaluated under realistic use conditions by performing thermal cycling, bending, and wearability tests. The RFID tag’s resistance to different tamper attack vectors (vulnerability assessment) is demonstrated. Overall, the demonstrated UHF RFID tag opens new opportunities for the development of flexible, lightweight, and low-cost RFID tags that leverage FHE fabrication techniques and materials for authentication and anti-tamper applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140633568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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