Ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) systems with energy harvesting (EH) can achieve competitive data rates, making them a robust choice for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. In this case, channel characteristics are fundamental to the performance and efficiency of AmBC. However, the existing channel estimation methods are mostly considered in fixed scenarios, resulting in significant performance loss. Thus, in this work, we explore a backscatter relay system comprising a radio frequency (RF) source, mobile RFID tag, and reader. We propose two channel estimation schemes: Dynamic Least Squares (DLS) and Dynamic Minimum Mean Square Error (DMMSE) and derive the closed-form expression for achievable rate. By comparing analytical results for achievable rate and mean squared error (MSE) with the considered channel estimation schemes that incorporate variable input power and frequency, we can better understand the performance improvements and trade-offs. The numerical results show that AmBC using dynamic RC channel estimation schemes have a higher average achievable rate than conventional methods, and the DMMSE scheme performs better than the DLS scheme. Additionally, we achieve the optimal power and frequency corresponding to the optimal RC, which will significantly improve the performance of the AmBC system.
{"title":"Channel Estimation for Backscatter Relay System With Dynamic Reflection Coefficient","authors":"Yulin Zhou;Yang Zhang;Aziz Altaf Khuwaja;Qifei Zhang;Xianmin Zhang;Xiaonan Hui","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3449555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3449555","url":null,"abstract":"Ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) systems with energy harvesting (EH) can achieve competitive data rates, making them a robust choice for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. In this case, channel characteristics are fundamental to the performance and efficiency of AmBC. However, the existing channel estimation methods are mostly considered in fixed scenarios, resulting in significant performance loss. Thus, in this work, we explore a backscatter relay system comprising a radio frequency (RF) source, mobile RFID tag, and reader. We propose two channel estimation schemes: Dynamic Least Squares (DLS) and Dynamic Minimum Mean Square Error (DMMSE) and derive the closed-form expression for achievable rate. By comparing analytical results for achievable rate and mean squared error (MSE) with the considered channel estimation schemes that incorporate variable input power and frequency, we can better understand the performance improvements and trade-offs. The numerical results show that AmBC using dynamic RC channel estimation schemes have a higher average achievable rate than conventional methods, and the DMMSE scheme performs better than the DLS scheme. Additionally, we achieve the optimal power and frequency corresponding to the optimal RC, which will significantly improve the performance of the AmBC system.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"743-747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3434642
Richard Fischbacher;Jose Romero Lopera;David Pommerenke;Ralph Prestros;Bernhard Auinger;Wolfgang Bösch;Jasmin Grosinger
This work presents, for the first time, a communication and power transfer analysis of interfering wireless power transfer (WPT) and near-field communication (NFC) systems. The communication analysis is conducted by investigating the NFC tag-to-reader communication quality in the digital baseband while being interfered with by WPT. The power transfer analysis is conducted by investigating the maximum power transferred and WPT efficiency $eta $ while being affected by the passive loading effects of the NFC prototype system. Inductive decoupling techniques are applied to improve the communication quality and WPT performance. Good communication quality was achieved with at least $60~%$ inductive decoupling. A system-level adjustment of the communication signal demodulation achieved further communication quality improvements, requiring only $15~%$ inductive decoupling. The WPT performance was improved by inductive decoupling, shown by an improved maximum power transfer of up to $27~%$ and an improved WPT efficiency $eta $ from 0.42 to 0.67. Additionally, inductive decoupling reduced the chance of the WPT system damaging the NFC system due to too much energy being delivered. These investigations were conducted using time-efficient broadband circuit-level simulations and measurement-verified broadband equivalent circuit coil models.
{"title":"Communication and Power Transfer Analysis of Interfering Magnetically Resonant Coupled Systems","authors":"Richard Fischbacher;Jose Romero Lopera;David Pommerenke;Ralph Prestros;Bernhard Auinger;Wolfgang Bösch;Jasmin Grosinger","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3434642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3434642","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents, for the first time, a communication and power transfer analysis of interfering wireless power transfer (WPT) and near-field communication (NFC) systems. The communication analysis is conducted by investigating the NFC tag-to-reader communication quality in the digital baseband while being interfered with by WPT. The power transfer analysis is conducted by investigating the maximum power transferred and WPT efficiency \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$eta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 while being affected by the passive loading effects of the NFC prototype system. Inductive decoupling techniques are applied to improve the communication quality and WPT performance. Good communication quality was achieved with at least \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$60~%$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 inductive decoupling. A system-level adjustment of the communication signal demodulation achieved further communication quality improvements, requiring only \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$15~%$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 inductive decoupling. The WPT performance was improved by inductive decoupling, shown by an improved maximum power transfer of up to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$27~%$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and an improved WPT efficiency \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$eta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 from 0.42 to 0.67. Additionally, inductive decoupling reduced the chance of the WPT system damaging the NFC system due to too much energy being delivered. These investigations were conducted using time-efficient broadband circuit-level simulations and measurement-verified broadband equivalent circuit coil models.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"713-723"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10612814","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3435875
AmirHossein Zamani;Kamran Ghaffari;Amir G. Aghdam
An essential yet challenging step in the 3D reconstruction problem is to train a machine or a robot to model 3D objects. Many 3D reconstruction applications depend on real-time data processing, so computational efficiency is a fundamental requirement in such systems. Despite considerable progress in 3D reconstruction techniques in recent years, developing efficient algorithms for real-time implementation remains an open problem. The present study addresses current issues in the high-precision reconstruction of objects displayed in a single-view image with sufficiently high accuracy and computational efficiency. To this end, we propose two neural frameworks: a CNN-based autoencoder architecture called Fast-Image2Point (FI2P) and a transformer-based network called TransCNN3D. These frameworks consist of two stages: perception and construction. The perception stage addresses the understanding and extraction process of the underlying contexts and features of the image. The construction stage, on the other hand, is responsible for recovering the 3D geometry of an object by using the knowledge and contexts extracted in the perception stage. The FI2P is a simple yet powerful architecture to reconstruct 3D objects from images faster (in real-time) without losing accuracy. Then, the TransCNN3D framework provides a more accurate 3D reconstruction without losing computational efficiency. The output of the reconstruction framework is represented in the point cloud format. The ShapeNet dataset is utilized to compare the proposed method with the existing ones in terms of computation time and accuracy. Simulations demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed strategy. Our dataset and code are available on IEEE DataPort website and first author’s GitHub repository respectively.
{"title":"A High-Performance Learning-Based Framework for Monocular 3-D Point Cloud Reconstruction","authors":"AmirHossein Zamani;Kamran Ghaffari;Amir G. Aghdam","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3435875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3435875","url":null,"abstract":"An essential yet challenging step in the 3D reconstruction problem is to train a machine or a robot to model 3D objects. Many 3D reconstruction applications depend on real-time data processing, so computational efficiency is a fundamental requirement in such systems. Despite considerable progress in 3D reconstruction techniques in recent years, developing efficient algorithms for real-time implementation remains an open problem. The present study addresses current issues in the high-precision reconstruction of objects displayed in a single-view image with sufficiently high accuracy and computational efficiency. To this end, we propose two neural frameworks: a CNN-based autoencoder architecture called Fast-Image2Point (FI2P) and a transformer-based network called TransCNN3D. These frameworks consist of two stages: perception and construction. The perception stage addresses the understanding and extraction process of the underlying contexts and features of the image. The construction stage, on the other hand, is responsible for recovering the 3D geometry of an object by using the knowledge and contexts extracted in the perception stage. The FI2P is a simple yet powerful architecture to reconstruct 3D objects from images faster (in real-time) without losing accuracy. Then, the TransCNN3D framework provides a more accurate 3D reconstruction without losing computational efficiency. The output of the reconstruction framework is represented in the point cloud format. The ShapeNet dataset is utilized to compare the proposed method with the existing ones in terms of computation time and accuracy. Simulations demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed strategy. Our dataset and code are available on IEEE DataPort website and first author’s GitHub repository respectively.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"695-712"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hybrid wireless sensing nodes, composed of different sampling/processing and communication interfaces are gaining increasing interest in industrial scenarios thanks to their capability to create sensing networks with limited impact on operational costs and architectures. In this paper, the authors present the design and characterization of a Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) board for the on-demand activation of sensing nodes. The device resorts to the functionalities of the EM4325 RFID IC which can emit simple voltage transitions upon the reception of RF events to wake up an external device. The antenna, namely a coplanar F-antenna, fulfills the design constraints due to its application in a potentially explosive environment and achieves a realized gain of 4 dBi. The latter, combined with the extremely low power sensitivity of the IC configured in semi-active mode, grants a reading distance of approximately 10 m. The potentialities of the IC are then investigated by comparing two configurations of the IC in terms of the duration of the wake-up signal and thus power consumption. The findings indicate that the most selective configuration is the most indicated choice in case of limited power sources.
混合无线传感节点由不同的采样/处理和通信接口组成，能够创建对运营成本和架构影响有限的传感网络，因此在工业场景中越来越受到关注。在本文中，作者介绍了用于按需激活传感节点的射频识别（RFID）板的设计和特性。该设备利用 EM4325 RFID IC 的功能，在接收到射频事件时发出简单的电压转换，以唤醒外部设备。天线（共面 F 天线）满足了在潜在爆炸环境中应用的设计限制，实现了 4 dBi 的增益。通过比较集成电路在唤醒信号持续时间和功耗方面的两种配置，研究了集成电路的潜力。研究结果表明，在电源有限的情况下，选择性最强的配置是最合适的选择。
{"title":"Design and Integration of Low Power RFID Wake-Up Radio for the Activation of Sensing Nodes in Industrial Plants","authors":"Alessio Mostaccio;Nicola D’Uva;Sara Amendola;Cecilia Occhiuzzi;Gaetano Marrocco","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3432185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3432185","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid wireless sensing nodes, composed of different sampling/processing and communication interfaces are gaining increasing interest in industrial scenarios thanks to their capability to create sensing networks with limited impact on operational costs and architectures. In this paper, the authors present the design and characterization of a Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) board for the on-demand activation of sensing nodes. The device resorts to the functionalities of the EM4325 RFID IC which can emit simple voltage transitions upon the reception of RF events to wake up an external device. The antenna, namely a coplanar F-antenna, fulfills the design constraints due to its application in a potentially explosive environment and achieves a realized gain of 4 dBi. The latter, combined with the extremely low power sensitivity of the IC configured in semi-active mode, grants a reading distance of approximately 10 m. The potentialities of the IC are then investigated by comparing two configurations of the IC in terms of the duration of the wake-up signal and thus power consumption. The findings indicate that the most selective configuration is the most indicated choice in case of limited power sources.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"677-684"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3431198
Nurfarahin Miswadi;Nurul Huda Abd Rahman;Eng-Hock Lim;Suhaila bt Subahir;Mohd Aziz Aris;Muthukannan Murugesh
A novel radio frequency identification (RFID) folded-patch tag antenna that is designed using a double-layered configuration embedded with multiple inclined slots has been proposed for on-metal applications. The slots are functioning as a tuning mechanism for adjusting the operating frequency and antenna reactance. The operating frequency can be efficiently scaled down to the desired ultra-high frequency (UHF) band, while the reactance can be easily optimized to match with the chip reactance by adjusting the embedded inclined slots, without altering the antenna structure. The proposed tag antenna has a compact size of 32 mm $times $ 40 mm $times 3$ .35 mm ( $0.097lambda times 0.122lambda times 0.010lambda $ ), and it can be fabricated on the single side of a thin polyimide substrate through chemical etching. The tag antenna has demonstrated a far-read distance of 16m when it is tested using an EIRP power of 4W. The stability of the tag operating frequency has been proven. It is unaffected by the size variation of the backing metal object.
{"title":"Embedded Inductance Folded-Patch Antenna With Inclined Slots for On-Metal Tag Design","authors":"Nurfarahin Miswadi;Nurul Huda Abd Rahman;Eng-Hock Lim;Suhaila bt Subahir;Mohd Aziz Aris;Muthukannan Murugesh","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3431198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3431198","url":null,"abstract":"A novel radio frequency identification (RFID) folded-patch tag antenna that is designed using a double-layered configuration embedded with multiple inclined slots has been proposed for on-metal applications. The slots are functioning as a tuning mechanism for adjusting the operating frequency and antenna reactance. The operating frequency can be efficiently scaled down to the desired ultra-high frequency (UHF) band, while the reactance can be easily optimized to match with the chip reactance by adjusting the embedded inclined slots, without altering the antenna structure. The proposed tag antenna has a compact size of 32 mm \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 40 mm \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000.35 mm (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.097lambda times 0.122lambda times 0.010lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000), and it can be fabricated on the single side of a thin polyimide substrate through chemical etching. The tag antenna has demonstrated a far-read distance of 16m when it is tested using an EIRP power of 4W. The stability of the tag operating frequency has been proven. It is unaffected by the size variation of the backing metal object.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"685-694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3428359
Roman Willi;Lars Kamm;Paul Zbinden;Matthias Schütz
This work concerns advanced implementations of a battery-less transponder operated by intentionally generated wireless signals in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The wireless signals consist of a power supplying data stream and of a quasi-continuous Bluetooth RF (radio frequency) signal, which enables the transponder to back-scatter the RF signal to a receiver. Our setup uses two regular, unmodified mobile telephones, one for transmitting the signals, the other for receiving the scattered signals. The transponder modulates the quasi-continuous RF signal according to a subcarrier and a predetermined 1 Mbit/s bit-stream. The present extended study further compares advanced implementation techniques: Micro Controller Unit (MCU), FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) and ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) and implements a CPLD test version. Experimental results suggest that our CPLD is more suitable than MCU or FPGA implementations. The paper further demonstrates the transition from a fully synchronous to a low-power asynchronous CPLD implementation. The measured power consumption for generating the bit-stream is $mathrm {87,mu W}$ , which results in a 6-fold reduction compared to our previous work. Accordingly, the asynchronous CPLD implementation increases total efficiency by 40% and it is expected that this will significantly extend the wireless operational range of the battery-less transponder. Thus, the CPLD technology enables fast, flexible, and cost-effective implementation, particularly in the field of research and development.
{"title":"Implementations for Scattering at 1.8 Volt Between Battery-Less Transponder and Mobile Telephones","authors":"Roman Willi;Lars Kamm;Paul Zbinden;Matthias Schütz","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3428359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3428359","url":null,"abstract":"This work concerns advanced implementations of a battery-less transponder operated by intentionally generated wireless signals in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The wireless signals consist of a power supplying data stream and of a quasi-continuous Bluetooth RF (radio frequency) signal, which enables the transponder to back-scatter the RF signal to a receiver. Our setup uses two regular, unmodified mobile telephones, one for transmitting the signals, the other for receiving the scattered signals. The transponder modulates the quasi-continuous RF signal according to a subcarrier and a predetermined 1 Mbit/s bit-stream. The present extended study further compares advanced implementation techniques: Micro Controller Unit (MCU), FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device) and ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) and implements a CPLD test version. Experimental results suggest that our CPLD is more suitable than MCU or FPGA implementations. The paper further demonstrates the transition from a fully synchronous to a low-power asynchronous CPLD implementation. The measured power consumption for generating the bit-stream is \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {87,mu W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, which results in a 6-fold reduction compared to our previous work. Accordingly, the asynchronous CPLD implementation increases total efficiency by 40% and it is expected that this will significantly extend the wireless operational range of the battery-less transponder. Thus, the CPLD technology enables fast, flexible, and cost-effective implementation, particularly in the field of research and development.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"671-676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3425050
Abhishek Choudhary;Deepak Sood
A folded-patch tag antenna measuring ( $53.5times 12times 3.3$ ) mm3 has been developed for effective operation on metallic surfaces. The antenna design features a distinctive serrated triangular patch radiator on its top layer, connected to the bottom ground plane through inductive stubs positioned at the ends. This triangular patch configuration is tailored to offer enhanced impedance matching. Furthermore, the inclusion of serrations, inductive stubs, and a thin rectangular stub on the top layer serves the dual purpose of fine-tuning the resonant frequency and reducing the overall size of the tag. The designed tag antenna works well for both ETSI and FCC bands. In practical testing scenarios in ETSI band, the designed tag antenna achieves a maximum read range of 8 meters in air and 5.1 meters when mounted on a metallic plate of size $20times 20$ cm2. For FCC band the read range is 4.5 m in air and 3.1 m for metallic surface. The tag also exhibit 4 m (ETSI) and 2.1 m (FCC) reading ranges on curved metallic surface. Notably, the wide operational frequency range of the tag encompasses both European/Indian and U.S. RFID bands.
为在金属表面有效工作，开发了一种尺寸为（53.5美元乘以12美元乘以3.3美元）mm3的折叠式贴片标签天线。天线设计的特点是顶层有一个独特的锯齿状三角形贴片辐射器，通过位于两端的电感桩与底层接地平面相连。这种三角形贴片配置可增强阻抗匹配。此外，在顶层加入锯齿、电感存根和薄矩形存根还能达到微调谐振频率和减小标签整体尺寸的双重目的。所设计的标签天线在 ETSI 和 FCC 波段都能很好地工作。在 ETSI 频段的实际测试场景中，设计的标签天线在空气中的最大读取距离为 8 米，安装在 20×20$ cm2 大小的金属板上时为 5.1 米。在 FCC 波段，空气中的读取距离为 4.5 米，金属表面的读取距离为 3.1 米。在弯曲的金属表面上，标签的读取范围也分别为 4 米（ETSI）和 2.1 米（FCC）。值得注意的是，该标签的工作频率范围很宽，包括欧洲/印度和美国的 RFID 频段。
{"title":"Wideband Long Range Compact Serrated Triangular Patch-Based UHF RFID Tag for Metallic Base Environment","authors":"Abhishek Choudhary;Deepak Sood","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3425050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3425050","url":null,"abstract":"A folded-patch tag antenna measuring (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$53.5times 12times 3.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) mm3 has been developed for effective operation on metallic surfaces. The antenna design features a distinctive serrated triangular patch radiator on its top layer, connected to the bottom ground plane through inductive stubs positioned at the ends. This triangular patch configuration is tailored to offer enhanced impedance matching. Furthermore, the inclusion of serrations, inductive stubs, and a thin rectangular stub on the top layer serves the dual purpose of fine-tuning the resonant frequency and reducing the overall size of the tag. The designed tag antenna works well for both ETSI and FCC bands. In practical testing scenarios in ETSI band, the designed tag antenna achieves a maximum read range of 8 meters in air and 5.1 meters when mounted on a metallic plate of size \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$20times 20$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cm2. For FCC band the read range is 4.5 m in air and 3.1 m for metallic surface. The tag also exhibit 4 m (ETSI) and 2.1 m (FCC) reading ranges on curved metallic surface. Notably, the wide operational frequency range of the tag encompasses both European/Indian and U.S. RFID bands.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"643-651"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141964896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3423711
Xiaoqiang Gu;Jorge Virgilio de Almeida;Simon Hemour;Roni Khazaka;Ke Wu
Temperature variation poses a significant challenge for battery-free sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, mainly due to the absence of built-in temperature compensation modules. This work presents a strategy to identify Schottky diodes for low-power RF-to-dc Dickson charge pump (DCP) rectifiers to enhance temperature stability. Theoretical analysis pinpoints that performance degradation in dynamic temperatures results from the mismatch loss between diode nonlinear junction resistance and load resistance. The analytical method is implemented to synthesize the optimum number of stages and identify suitable Schottky diodes for low-power RF-to-dc DCP rectifiers. Experimental measurements demonstrate that the SMS7621-based 3-stage RF-to-dc DCP rectifier maintains a wide matched operating temperature range from $- 32.5~^{circ }$ C to $70~^{circ }$ C. Further experiments show that its dc output voltage remains above 3.2 V across a wide temperature range of $- 40~^{circ }$ C to $80~^{circ }$ C when the RF input is −8 dBm, which can drive a commercial wireless sensor board. This work aims to serve as a benchmark for developing reliable low-power RF-to-dc DCP rectifiers that meet various operating temperature requirements of battery-free IoT sensors.
温度变化给无电池传感器和物联网（IoT）系统带来了巨大挑战，主要原因是没有内置温度补偿模块。本研究提出了一种为低功率射频到直流迪克森电荷泵（DCP）整流器识别肖特基二极管的策略，以提高温度稳定性。理论分析指出，二极管非线性结电阻和负载电阻之间的不匹配损耗会导致动态温度下的性能下降。该分析方法用于合成最佳级数，并为低功率射频到直流 DCP 整流器确定合适的肖特基二极管。进一步的实验表明，当射频输入为 -8 dBm 时，其直流输出电压在 $- 40~^{circ }$ C 到 $80~^{circ }$ C 的宽温度范围内保持在 3.2 V 以上，可以驱动商用无线传感器板。这项工作旨在为开发可靠的低功耗射频-直流 DCP 整流器提供基准，以满足无电池物联网传感器的各种工作温度要求。
{"title":"Temperature-Stable Low-Power RF-to-DC Dickson Charge Pump Rectifiers for Battery-Free Sensing and IoT Systems","authors":"Xiaoqiang Gu;Jorge Virgilio de Almeida;Simon Hemour;Roni Khazaka;Ke Wu","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3423711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3423711","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature variation poses a significant challenge for battery-free sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, mainly due to the absence of built-in temperature compensation modules. This work presents a strategy to identify Schottky diodes for low-power RF-to-dc Dickson charge pump (DCP) rectifiers to enhance temperature stability. Theoretical analysis pinpoints that performance degradation in dynamic temperatures results from the mismatch loss between diode nonlinear junction resistance and load resistance. The analytical method is implemented to synthesize the optimum number of stages and identify suitable Schottky diodes for low-power RF-to-dc DCP rectifiers. Experimental measurements demonstrate that the SMS7621-based 3-stage RF-to-dc DCP rectifier maintains a wide matched operating temperature range from \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$- 32.5~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$70~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C. Further experiments show that its dc output voltage remains above 3.2 V across a wide temperature range of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$- 40~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$80~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C when the RF input is −8 dBm, which can drive a commercial wireless sensor board. This work aims to serve as a benchmark for developing reliable low-power RF-to-dc DCP rectifiers that meet various operating temperature requirements of battery-free IoT sensors.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"632-642"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141964904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3418649
Hao Qi;Enguang Hou;Peijun Ye
The interpretability of decision-making in autonomous driving is crucial for the building of virtual driver, promoting the trust worth of artificial intelligence (AI) and the efficiency of human-machine interaction. However, current data-driven methods such as deep reinforcement learning (DRL) directly acquire driving policies from collected data, where the decision-making process is vague for safety validation. To address this issue, this paper proposes cognitive reinforcement learning that can both simulate the human driver’s deliberation and provide interpretability of the virtual driver’s behaviors. The new method involves cognitive modeling, reinforcement learning and reasoning path extraction. Experiments on the virtual driving environment indicate that our method can semantically interpret the virtual driver’s behaviors. The results show that the proposed cognitive reinforcement learning model combines the interpretability of cognitive models with the learning capability of reinforcement learning, providing a new approach for the construction of trustworthy virtual drivers.
{"title":"Cognitive Reinforcement Learning: An Interpretable Decision-Making for Virtual Driver","authors":"Hao Qi;Enguang Hou;Peijun Ye","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3418649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3418649","url":null,"abstract":"The interpretability of decision-making in autonomous driving is crucial for the building of virtual driver, promoting the trust worth of artificial intelligence (AI) and the efficiency of human-machine interaction. However, current data-driven methods such as deep reinforcement learning (DRL) directly acquire driving policies from collected data, where the decision-making process is vague for safety validation. To address this issue, this paper proposes cognitive reinforcement learning that can both simulate the human driver’s deliberation and provide interpretability of the virtual driver’s behaviors. The new method involves cognitive modeling, reinforcement learning and reasoning path extraction. Experiments on the virtual driving environment indicate that our method can semantically interpret the virtual driver’s behaviors. The results show that the proposed cognitive reinforcement learning model combines the interpretability of cognitive models with the learning capability of reinforcement learning, providing a new approach for the construction of trustworthy virtual drivers.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"627-631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141618035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3415746
Camillo Malnati;Felix Flentge
In this paper we present the results of two Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) demonstration activities carried out in the European Space Agency (ESA) Ground Segment. The first demonstration has been prepared with the OPS-SAT spacecraft, to demonstrate a full DTN protocol stack with CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), Bundle Protocol (BP), Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP), CCSDS Space Packet Protocol (SPP) and show the ESA Ground Segment BP implementation capabilities. In this first activity we demonstrated in-orbit file transfer on both uplink and downlink over a DTN network stack. The second demonstration has been performed in collaboration with Morehead State University (MSU), NASA JPL and D3TN, with the aim to show interoperability of DTN implementations across space agencies and external partners. Following a loss of communication with the spacecraft and failed lunar orbit insertion, the activity focused on an end-to-end data flow simulation with the spacecraft recorded data, involving the ESA Kourou ground station, the Lunar IceCube Engineering Model (EM), MSU ground segment and an operational DTN network of seven nodes. The demonstrations provide valuable lessons learned about interoperability testing, coordination, and planning in a multi-agency environment. The live operations performed during these activities provided insights on operational requirements that are relevant to future demonstrations and can help avoid some of the issues we encountered. The encouraging results obtained suggest that DTN technologies are getting ready for broader adoption.
{"title":"DTN Demonstrations With ESA Ground Segment","authors":"Camillo Malnati;Felix Flentge","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3415746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3415746","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present the results of two Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) demonstration activities carried out in the European Space Agency (ESA) Ground Segment. The first demonstration has been prepared with the OPS-SAT spacecraft, to demonstrate a full DTN protocol stack with CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), Bundle Protocol (BP), Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP), CCSDS Space Packet Protocol (SPP) and show the ESA Ground Segment BP implementation capabilities. In this first activity we demonstrated in-orbit file transfer on both uplink and downlink over a DTN network stack. The second demonstration has been performed in collaboration with Morehead State University (MSU), NASA JPL and D3TN, with the aim to show interoperability of DTN implementations across space agencies and external partners. Following a loss of communication with the spacecraft and failed lunar orbit insertion, the activity focused on an end-to-end data flow simulation with the spacecraft recorded data, involving the ESA Kourou ground station, the Lunar IceCube Engineering Model (EM), MSU ground segment and an operational DTN network of seven nodes. The demonstrations provide valuable lessons learned about interoperability testing, coordination, and planning in a multi-agency environment. The live operations performed during these activities provided insights on operational requirements that are relevant to future demonstrations and can help avoid some of the issues we encountered. The encouraging results obtained suggest that DTN technologies are getting ready for broader adoption.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"609-617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141474992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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