Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3636554
Prateeti Ugale;Megan Brewster
The escalating volume of textile waste poses a critical challenge to global sustainability efforts. Each discarded garment, whether heavily worn, lightly worn, or unused, contributes to a growing environmental crisis. While sustainability remains the overarching goal, circularity offers a practical and immediate pathway to mitigate textile waste through reuse, repair, and recycling. However, a significant barrier to circularity is the industry’s inability to preserve and access a garment’s unique “fingerprint,” vital information such as fiber composition. Without this, efficient bulk sorting, and the production of high-purity feedstock for recycling remain limited. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the current textile waste management infrastructure, identifying key operational challenges, particularly those related to sorting and feedstock purity. It emphasizes the growing need for scalable solutions that can automate and enhance material identification at the end of a garment’s life. Radio frequency identification (RAIN) emerges as a promising technology to address this gap. By embedding RAIN tags directly into garments, it becomes possible to track items throughout their lifecycle. The paper also examines market forces accelerating RAIN adoption, including evolving regulatory mandates for product-level traceability, increasing brand participation driven by competitive pressure, and advancements in embedded and mobile device-readable RAIN tags. Alongside a comparative analysis of alternative identification technologies, the article concludes with a forward-looking vision of how a RAIN-enabled framework could empower producers, brands, consumers, and sorters, unlocking the full potential of textile circularity.
{"title":"Unlocking Circularity in Textiles Through a RAIN-Enabled Automated Framework","authors":"Prateeti Ugale;Megan Brewster","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3636554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3636554","url":null,"abstract":"The escalating volume of textile waste poses a critical challenge to global sustainability efforts. Each discarded garment, whether heavily worn, lightly worn, or unused, contributes to a growing environmental crisis. While sustainability remains the overarching goal, circularity offers a practical and immediate pathway to mitigate textile waste through reuse, repair, and recycling. However, a significant barrier to circularity is the industry’s inability to preserve and access a garment’s unique “fingerprint,” vital information such as fiber composition. Without this, efficient bulk sorting, and the production of high-purity feedstock for recycling remain limited. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the current textile waste management infrastructure, identifying key operational challenges, particularly those related to sorting and feedstock purity. It emphasizes the growing need for scalable solutions that can automate and enhance material identification at the end of a garment’s life. Radio frequency identification (RAIN) emerges as a promising technology to address this gap. By embedding RAIN tags directly into garments, it becomes possible to track items throughout their lifecycle. The paper also examines market forces accelerating RAIN adoption, including evolving regulatory mandates for product-level traceability, increasing brand participation driven by competitive pressure, and advancements in embedded and mobile device-readable RAIN tags. Alongside a comparative analysis of alternative identification technologies, the article concludes with a forward-looking vision of how a RAIN-enabled framework could empower producers, brands, consumers, and sorters, unlocking the full potential of textile circularity.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"919-936"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3635554
Jihan Liang;Jixuan Zhu;Bo Tao;Zhouping Yin
Passive magnetic relay technology offers an effective solution for enhancing the detection range of an underground low-frequency (LF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system. However, the parameter optimization of relay coils based on theoretical models remains an unresolved challenge. Firstly, this work establishes an equivalent circuit model for a three-coil RFID system and derives the transmission efficiency based on the reflected impedance theory. Compared to traditional two-coil RFID systems, the passive underground RFID detection system based on magnetic relay can improve the transmission efficiency, thereby increasing its detection range. Then, a genetic algorithm is designed to optimize the radius and deployment position of the relay coil with the goal of maximizing transmission efficiency, and the rationality of the optimal relay coil design is verified through simulations. Finally, a test platform for the three-coil RFID system is constructed, and the experimental results show that the maximum detection range of the three-coil RFID system is increased by 15.23% due to the passive relay coil, while also validating the feasibility of the proposed relay coil optimization design method.
{"title":"Optimization of a Passive Magnetic Relay Coil for Underground RFID Detection Systems","authors":"Jihan Liang;Jixuan Zhu;Bo Tao;Zhouping Yin","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3635554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3635554","url":null,"abstract":"Passive magnetic relay technology offers an effective solution for enhancing the detection range of an underground low-frequency (LF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system. However, the parameter optimization of relay coils based on theoretical models remains an unresolved challenge. Firstly, this work establishes an equivalent circuit model for a three-coil RFID system and derives the transmission efficiency based on the reflected impedance theory. Compared to traditional two-coil RFID systems, the passive underground RFID detection system based on magnetic relay can improve the transmission efficiency, thereby increasing its detection range. Then, a genetic algorithm is designed to optimize the radius and deployment position of the relay coil with the goal of maximizing transmission efficiency, and the rationality of the optimal relay coil design is verified through simulations. Finally, a test platform for the three-coil RFID system is constructed, and the experimental results show that the maximum detection range of the three-coil RFID system is increased by 15.23% due to the passive relay coil, while also validating the feasibility of the proposed relay coil optimization design method.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"910-918"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3633612
Christopher Saetia;Daniel M. Dobkin;Gregory D. Durgin
In this article, we briefly review the history of the use of radio signals to identify objects and of the key Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) standards for ultra-high-frequency (UHF) and near-field communications (NFC) that enabled broad use of these technologies in daily life. We will compare the vision for the future presented by the Auto-ID Lab in the early $21^{mathrm {st}}$ century with the reality we see today, two decades and a little after. We will review some of the applications in which UHF RFID technology has become hugely successful, others where High Frequency Near-field Communications (HF NFC) is preferred, and applications where optical identification or active wireless communications are dominant. We will then examine some possible future paths for RFID technology. We anticipate that UHF read capability will become widely available for cellphones, making it as universal as NFC and Bluetooth are today. We will look at more sophisticated radio interfaces, such as multiple antenna phased arrays for readers, and tunnel diode reflection for tags. We will discuss the integration of information from Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based image processing, barcodes, NFC and UHF tags, into a digital twin of the real environment experienced by the human user. We will examine the role of RFID with sensing in improving the management of perishable goods. The role that RFID might play in a truly circular economy, with intelligent recycling and reuse, will be discussed. Finally, we survey the many hazards and obstacles that obstruct the path to an RF-informed future.
{"title":"Radio Frequency Identification: Decades at a Time","authors":"Christopher Saetia;Daniel M. Dobkin;Gregory D. Durgin","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3633612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3633612","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we briefly review the history of the use of radio signals to identify objects and of the key Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) standards for ultra-high-frequency (UHF) and near-field communications (NFC) that enabled broad use of these technologies in daily life. We will compare the vision for the future presented by the Auto-ID Lab in the early <inline-formula> <tex-math>$21^{mathrm {st}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> century with the reality we see today, two decades and a little after. We will review some of the applications in which UHF RFID technology has become hugely successful, others where High Frequency Near-field Communications (HF NFC) is preferred, and applications where optical identification or active wireless communications are dominant. We will then examine some possible future paths for RFID technology. We anticipate that UHF read capability will become widely available for cellphones, making it as universal as NFC and Bluetooth are today. We will look at more sophisticated radio interfaces, such as multiple antenna phased arrays for readers, and tunnel diode reflection for tags. We will discuss the integration of information from Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based image processing, barcodes, NFC and UHF tags, into a digital twin of the real environment experienced by the human user. We will examine the role of RFID with sensing in improving the management of perishable goods. The role that RFID might play in a truly circular economy, with intelligent recycling and reuse, will be discussed. Finally, we survey the many hazards and obstacles that obstruct the path to an RF-informed future.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"895-909"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3628985
Clemens Korn;Joerg Robert
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a widely used technology for identifying and locating objects equipped with low-cost RFID transponders (tags). UHF (Ultra High Frequency) RFID operates in frequency bands around 900 MHz and supports communication distances of up to 15 m between the reader and the tag. Reliable motion detection is therefore a highly relevant feature in modern logistics – for example, to determine whether a tag is actually placed on a conveyor belt or merely in its vicinity. A promising approach for accurate motion detection is the use of the Doppler effect. Some state-of-the-art UHF-RFID readers already support Doppler shift measurements. However, their measurement accuracy is insufficient for many applications. In this paper, we propose enhancements for the precise Doppler shift estimation using existing RFID systems – an essential step toward enabling RFID-based motion detection in future logistics. Further, we also derive the theoretical bounds for Doppler-based motion detection in UHF-RFID systems based on the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound. These bounds analyze the influence of tag signal strength, signal duration, and the intervals between multiple tag replies on the performance of motion detection and speed estimation algorithms. In addition, we establish theoretical limits that account for hardware constraints in current UHF-RFID readers. The results of this work provide valuable insights into the limitations of Doppler-based motion detection and support system-level performance optimization. They enable prediction of achievable performance based on reader noise figure, aiding in the design and tuning of RFID systems.
{"title":"Theoretical Bounds for Enhanced Doppler-Based Motion Detection in UHF-RFID Readers","authors":"Clemens Korn;Joerg Robert","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3628985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3628985","url":null,"abstract":"Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a widely used technology for identifying and locating objects equipped with low-cost RFID transponders (tags). UHF (Ultra High Frequency) RFID operates in frequency bands around 900 MHz and supports communication distances of up to 15 m between the reader and the tag. Reliable motion detection is therefore a highly relevant feature in modern logistics – for example, to determine whether a tag is actually placed on a conveyor belt or merely in its vicinity. A promising approach for accurate motion detection is the use of the Doppler effect. Some state-of-the-art UHF-RFID readers already support Doppler shift measurements. However, their measurement accuracy is insufficient for many applications. In this paper, we propose enhancements for the precise Doppler shift estimation using existing RFID systems – an essential step toward enabling RFID-based motion detection in future logistics. Further, we also derive the theoretical bounds for Doppler-based motion detection in UHF-RFID systems based on the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound. These bounds analyze the influence of tag signal strength, signal duration, and the intervals between multiple tag replies on the performance of motion detection and speed estimation algorithms. In addition, we establish theoretical limits that account for hardware constraints in current UHF-RFID readers. The results of this work provide valuable insights into the limitations of Doppler-based motion detection and support system-level performance optimization. They enable prediction of achievable performance based on reader noise figure, aiding in the design and tuning of RFID systems.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"883-894"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3626017
Shuai Yang;Ryan Jones;Richard Penty;Michael Crisp
This paper introduces novel sensing applications leveraging tag-to-tag communication. Building on a prior method for inter-tag channel estimation, we explore various proof-of-concept sensing modalities enabled by this technique and compare these to conventional reader to tag measurements. We demonstrate that tag displacement information, including both 1D and 2D localization, can be accurately estimated. Specifically, our approach achieves better than 2.5 cm error in over 90% of the test locations with only a single reader antenna. Furthermore, we investigate the inter-tag channel dependence on angular misalignment of the tags, and show that the inter-tag channel phase is independent of rotation and hence our method is robust to tag angular misalignment. Finally we demonstrate liquid level sensing of a container in the inter-tag channel, showing that the fill level of a bottle can be estimated, independent of its position.
{"title":"Applications in Localization and Sensing Leveraging Inter-Tag Channel Estimation","authors":"Shuai Yang;Ryan Jones;Richard Penty;Michael Crisp","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3626017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3626017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces novel sensing applications leveraging tag-to-tag communication. Building on a prior method for inter-tag channel estimation, we explore various proof-of-concept sensing modalities enabled by this technique and compare these to conventional reader to tag measurements. We demonstrate that tag displacement information, including both 1D and 2D localization, can be accurately estimated. Specifically, our approach achieves better than 2.5 cm error in over 90% of the test locations with only a single reader antenna. Furthermore, we investigate the inter-tag channel dependence on angular misalignment of the tags, and show that the inter-tag channel phase is independent of rotation and hence our method is robust to tag angular misalignment. Finally we demonstrate liquid level sensing of a container in the inter-tag channel, showing that the fill level of a bottle can be estimated, independent of its position.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"874-882"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3622467
Yuheng He;Chinaza Ogbonna;Sree Adinarayana Dasari;Seung Yoon Lee;Luke A. Beardslee;Nima Ghalichechian
We present the design, simulation, fabrication, and measurement results of a biodegradable sensor for postoperative monitoring. The proposed sensor is composed of a modified split-ring resonator (SRR) loaded with interdigitated capacitors (IDCs). The sensor operates at around 3.2 GHz in free space and around 2 GHz in liquid solution. The designed sensor can resolve the sensing film thickness of $6.2~mu $ m. The sensitivity is extracted to be 4.2% in free space and 1.8% in the phantom box. A 2-tag configuration is developed to calibrate for the uncertain operating frequency when implanted. Additionally, both wired and wireless measurements are developed to fully characterize the sensor performance. Lastly, we demonstrated that the backscattering measurement data, quantified as resonance frequency in a laboratory environment, matches well with the simulation results. This work demonstrates the potential of using a wireless solution for microwave thickness sensing in next-generation biodegradable devices.
{"title":"A Bioresorbable Backscatter Sensor Facilitated by IDCs Loaded SRR for pH Monitoring","authors":"Yuheng He;Chinaza Ogbonna;Sree Adinarayana Dasari;Seung Yoon Lee;Luke A. Beardslee;Nima Ghalichechian","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3622467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3622467","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design, simulation, fabrication, and measurement results of a biodegradable sensor for postoperative monitoring. The proposed sensor is composed of a modified split-ring resonator (SRR) loaded with interdigitated capacitors (IDCs). The sensor operates at around 3.2 GHz in free space and around 2 GHz in liquid solution. The designed sensor can resolve the sensing film thickness of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.2~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m. The sensitivity is extracted to be 4.2% in free space and 1.8% in the phantom box. A 2-tag configuration is developed to calibrate for the uncertain operating frequency when implanted. Additionally, both wired and wireless measurements are developed to fully characterize the sensor performance. Lastly, we demonstrated that the backscattering measurement data, quantified as resonance frequency in a laboratory environment, matches well with the simulation results. This work demonstrates the potential of using a wireless solution for microwave thickness sensing in next-generation biodegradable devices.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"865-873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-13DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3620894
Marek Jahnke;Ben Palmer;Enrico Stoll;Ulf Kulau
LiFi for intra-satellite communication offers immense advantages like flexible AIT or reduced complexity (harness). However, high bandwidths and redundancies are equally required. Modulation methods that make use of the broad spectrum of light are Color Space Based Modulations (CSBMs). However, this requires precise knowledge of the transceivers and environments, as previous methods usually map to the CIE 1931 color scheme. But for intra-satellite communication, various assumptions can be made that favor the use of CSBM within the satellite. This paper presents an automated procedure that generates the symbols for CSBM. In order to ensure high reliability while using the entire color space for the symbols, a method based on cuboids is presented, which guarantees an overlap-free mapping between Transmit- and Signal-Space. In addition, the implementation of a Receiver based on an Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is presented and real world measurements are conducted in detail to show the automatic symbol generation and the evaluation of symbol detection capabilities for communication.
{"title":"Implementation and Evaluation of CSBM for Intra-Satellite Communication With Cuboid-Based Signal-Space Generated Symbols","authors":"Marek Jahnke;Ben Palmer;Enrico Stoll;Ulf Kulau","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3620894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3620894","url":null,"abstract":"LiFi for intra-satellite communication offers immense advantages like flexible AIT or reduced complexity (harness). However, high bandwidths and redundancies are equally required. Modulation methods that make use of the broad spectrum of light are Color Space Based Modulations (CSBMs). However, this requires precise knowledge of the transceivers and environments, as previous methods usually map to the CIE 1931 color scheme. But for intra-satellite communication, various assumptions can be made that favor the use of CSBM within the satellite. This paper presents an automated procedure that generates the symbols for CSBM. In order to ensure high reliability while using the entire color space for the symbols, a method based on cuboids is presented, which guarantees an overlap-free mapping between Transmit- and Signal-Space. In addition, the implementation of a Receiver based on an Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is presented and real world measurements are conducted in detail to show the automatic symbol generation and the evaluation of symbol detection capabilities for communication.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"852-864"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145352086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A limitation to the practical use of chipless tags is due to the short reading distance, the small number of bits to be used for identification and the stability of the response. For sensor tag a further limitation is the sensitivity. In this work we present a design method and a model of a chipless sensor tag for crack mouth opening displacement that allow to improve these limitations. The sensor tag has been realized and measured confirming the design characteristics. It, based on the spectral signature, has 6 spectral lines (‘bits’) for identification, 1 spectral line for the sensor with adjustable sensitivity. In the experimental measurements it resulted readable from a distance of around 40 cm, from a direction of ± 15° with respect to boresight and with a sensitivity of around 29MHz/mm.
{"title":"A Crack Mouth Opening Displacement Gauge Based on Van-Atta UWB Cross-Pol Chipless Tag Technology","authors":"Alessandro Di-Carlofelice;Emidio Di-Giampaolo;Piero Tognolatti","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3617957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3617957","url":null,"abstract":"A limitation to the practical use of chipless tags is due to the short reading distance, the small number of bits to be used for identification and the stability of the response. For sensor tag a further limitation is the sensitivity. In this work we present a design method and a model of a chipless sensor tag for crack mouth opening displacement that allow to improve these limitations. The sensor tag has been realized and measured confirming the design characteristics. It, based on the spectral signature, has 6 spectral lines (‘bits’) for identification, 1 spectral line for the sensor with adjustable sensitivity. In the experimental measurements it resulted readable from a distance of around 40 cm, from a direction of ± 15° with respect to boresight and with a sensitivity of around 29MHz/mm.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"841-851"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145352118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the secrecy performance of a non-linear energy-harvesting backscatter communication (BackCom) network in the presence of direct link and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) interference. The network comprises a source, multiple passive tags, an RIS, and a legitimate reader, with an eavesdropper attempting to intercept the communication. We analyze a tag selection scheme based on long-short-term memory (LSTM) to address the challenge of selecting tags under the influence of direct link and the RIS interference. The nonideal behavior of the RIS is exploited to enhance secrecy performance by modeling RIS phase errors using Von Mises and uniform distributions. Because of interference from the direct link and the RIS being common to all tags, the secrecy rates of different tags are correlated. The LSTM-based scheme effectively captures this correlation and perfectly matches the conventional selection scheme on low and high tag counts. The secrecy outage probability (SOP) achieved using the LSTM outperforms other machine learning techniques, such as $k$ -nearest neighbors ($k$ -NN), decision trees (DT), and support vector machines (SVM). We also demonstrate the impact of RIS elements, phase error parameters, and the number of tags on the SOP in the considered RIS-aided BackCom network.
{"title":"Deep Learning-Based Secure Tag Selection in BackCom Network With RIS-Induced Interference","authors":"Yasin Khan;Shalini Tripathi;Ankit Dubey;Sudhir Kumar;Sunish Kumar Orappanpara Soman","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3611299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3611299","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the secrecy performance of a non-linear energy-harvesting backscatter communication (BackCom) network in the presence of direct link and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) interference. The network comprises a source, multiple passive tags, an RIS, and a legitimate reader, with an eavesdropper attempting to intercept the communication. We analyze a tag selection scheme based on long-short-term memory (LSTM) to address the challenge of selecting tags under the influence of direct link and the RIS interference. The nonideal behavior of the RIS is exploited to enhance secrecy performance by modeling RIS phase errors using Von Mises and uniform distributions. Because of interference from the direct link and the RIS being common to all tags, the secrecy rates of different tags are correlated. The LSTM-based scheme effectively captures this correlation and perfectly matches the conventional selection scheme on low and high tag counts. The secrecy outage probability (SOP) achieved using the LSTM outperforms other machine learning techniques, such as <inline-formula> <tex-math>$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-nearest neighbors (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-NN), decision trees (DT), and support vector machines (SVM). We also demonstrate the impact of RIS elements, phase error parameters, and the number of tags on the SOP in the considered RIS-aided BackCom network.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"797-806"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145141695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3608617
Nadeem Rather;Roy B. V. B. Simorangkir;Dinesh R. Gawade;John L. Buckley;Brendan O’Flynn;Salvatore Tedesco
This paper presents a comprehensive design and implementation approach for robust detection of depolarizing chipless RFID (CRFID) tags. Depolarizing tags are advantageous compared to co-polar CRFID tags due to their improved performance on RF-lossy materials. This work introduces the application of deep learning (DL) regression modelling to a specialised dataset of depolarised Radar Cross Section (RCS) measurements of a custom 3-bit CRFID tag, acquired through an extensive robot-based data acquisition method. A dataset of 12,600 depolarised Electromagnetic (EM) RCS signatures were collected using an automated data acquisition system to train and validate a 1-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D CNN) architecture. A novel hybrid 1D CNN with Bi-LSTM and attention mechanism architecture was also implemented to visualize the model attention and improve detection performance. We present, for the first time reported in literature, a comprehensive design and AI implementation approach for reliably detecting identification (ID) information from depolarized signals. Also, we report the first instance of describing the impact of surface permittivity variations, tag deformations, tilt angles, and read ranges, all integrated into model training for enhanced robustness in detecting ID information. The developed models facilitate real-time identification and recording of objects, enhancing IoT applications in varied environments. It was observed that both models were able to generalize well to given data, with Model-1 achieving a low RMSE of 0.040 (0.66%) on an unseen test dataset. However, the hybrid model reduced the error further by 27.5% with a test RMSE of 0.029 (0.48%).
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