Pub Date : 2025-06-04DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3576481
Weitung Chen;Tara Boroushaki;Isaac Perper;John Carrick;Fadel Adib
We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of Ceilbot, a ceiling-mounted robot for efficient and accurate RFID localization. Unlike previous robotic RFID localization systems, which focused primarily on localization accuracy, Ceilbot learns to jointly optimize both the accuracy and speed of localization. To achieve this, we introduce a reinforcement-learning-based (RL) trajectory optimization network that determines the most effective trajectory for a robot-mounted reader antenna. Our algorithm integrates aperture length, estimated tag locations, and location confidence (using a wideband synthetic-aperture-radar formulation) into the state observations to learn the optimal trajectory. We developed an end-to-end prototype of Ceilbot and evaluated it in a practical stockroom-like environment. The prototype includes a standard RFID reader with our custom hardware extension (to enable wideband localization of off-the-shelf RFIDs) and a ceiling robot that moves on a 2D track. In our evaluation, Ceilbot demonstrated a median 3D localization accuracy of 0.17 meters and located over 50 RFID tags $12.5times $ faster than the state-of-the-art baseline. Our results highlight the potential for RL-based RFID localization to significantly enhance the efficiency of RFID inventory processes across sectors such as manufacturing, retail, and logistics.
{"title":"Ceilbot: A Ceiling-Mounted Robot for Fast and Accurate Localization of Off-the-Shelf RFIDs via Wideband SAR-Based Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Weitung Chen;Tara Boroushaki;Isaac Perper;John Carrick;Fadel Adib","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3576481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3576481","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of Ceilbot, a ceiling-mounted robot for efficient and accurate RFID localization. Unlike previous robotic RFID localization systems, which focused primarily on localization accuracy, Ceilbot learns to jointly optimize both the accuracy and speed of localization. To achieve this, we introduce a reinforcement-learning-based (RL) trajectory optimization network that determines the most effective trajectory for a robot-mounted reader antenna. Our algorithm integrates aperture length, estimated tag locations, and location confidence (using a wideband synthetic-aperture-radar formulation) into the state observations to learn the optimal trajectory. We developed an end-to-end prototype of Ceilbot and evaluated it in a practical stockroom-like environment. The prototype includes a standard RFID reader with our custom hardware extension (to enable wideband localization of off-the-shelf RFIDs) and a ceiling robot that moves on a 2D track. In our evaluation, Ceilbot demonstrated a median 3D localization accuracy of 0.17 meters and located over 50 RFID tags <inline-formula> <tex-math>$12.5times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> faster than the state-of-the-art baseline. Our results highlight the potential for RL-based RFID localization to significantly enhance the efficiency of RFID inventory processes across sectors such as manufacturing, retail, and logistics.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"361-376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575468
Y. Duroc
In a planetary context where natural resources, such as water, minerals, fossil fuels, and raw materials used for food and manufacturing, are increasingly overexploited to satisfy human needs, with increasingly worrying consequences for the environment and for future generations, new paradigms are emerging such as the circular economy. The aim is to identify new solutions for optimizing the use of resources and minimizing waste. In this context, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology appears to be a relevant tool for many industrial sectors, as it can potentially track and identify an object throughout its life cycle. This article aims to reflect on the use and impact of RFID in the circular economy, highlighting key issues at stake. To provide a broader perspective, this discussion incorporates ethical and philosophical concepts.
{"title":"RFID and the Circular Economy: A Cross View Between Technical Aspects and Philosophical Perspectives","authors":"Y. Duroc","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575468","url":null,"abstract":"In a planetary context where natural resources, such as water, minerals, fossil fuels, and raw materials used for food and manufacturing, are increasingly overexploited to satisfy human needs, with increasingly worrying consequences for the environment and for future generations, new paradigms are emerging such as the circular economy. The aim is to identify new solutions for optimizing the use of resources and minimizing waste. In this context, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology appears to be a relevant tool for many industrial sectors, as it can potentially track and identify an object throughout its life cycle. This article aims to reflect on the use and impact of RFID in the circular economy, highlighting key issues at stake. To provide a broader perspective, this discussion incorporates ethical and philosophical concepts.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"350-360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144323138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575348
Sepideh Ghasemi;Longyu Guo;Jimmy G. D. Hester;Aline Eid
Pavement markers play a critical role in ensuring the road safety and the guiding of drivers, particularly in adverse weather conditions where visibility is compromised. However, traditional detection methods using cameras and LiDARs often struggle to accurately detect road markings in such conditions, especially when factors like rain, fog, dust, and snow are considered. By contrast, radar technology offers a promising potential in recognizing these markers even in severe weather conditions and at long ranges, provided they are engineered to reflect the radar signals effectively. In this work, a low-cost, low-profile mmWave retrodirective surface capable of retrodirecting the signals emanating from an automotive radar was designed and tested. First, the design and test of a planar Substrate-Integrated-Waveguide (SIW) vertically-polarized horn antenna forming the basis of the electromagnetic marker is described, demonstrating a gain of 13 dBi and an 3-dB azimuth beamwidth of 21. Then, the arraying of this horn antenna using a Van Atta scheme for 1 to 3 pairs and the stacking of these arrays up to 5 layers is shown and the performance of these assemblies is characterized, displaying a maximum Radar-Cross-Section (RCS) of -16 dBsm and an azimuth coverage of 30. Finally, the pavement markers are tested in road-like conditions, displaying the ability to be detected and imaged at distances up to 25 m on different pavement surfaces and with the interference of snow, mud, ice, and rain. This low-cost electromagnetic pavement marker design—similar in dimensions and cost to conventional raised reflective optical markers—could set the foundation for the widespread deployment of safety and autonomy-enhancing electromagnetic road infrastructure for use by the now ubiquitous automotive radars that equip modern vehicles.
{"title":"Retrodirective Electromagnetic Pavement Markers for Enhanced Automotive Radar Vision","authors":"Sepideh Ghasemi;Longyu Guo;Jimmy G. D. Hester;Aline Eid","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575348","url":null,"abstract":"Pavement markers play a critical role in ensuring the road safety and the guiding of drivers, particularly in adverse weather conditions where visibility is compromised. However, traditional detection methods using cameras and LiDARs often struggle to accurately detect road markings in such conditions, especially when factors like rain, fog, dust, and snow are considered. By contrast, radar technology offers a promising potential in recognizing these markers even in severe weather conditions and at long ranges, provided they are engineered to reflect the radar signals effectively. In this work, a low-cost, low-profile mmWave retrodirective surface capable of retrodirecting the signals emanating from an automotive radar was designed and tested. First, the design and test of a planar Substrate-Integrated-Waveguide (SIW) vertically-polarized horn antenna forming the basis of the electromagnetic marker is described, demonstrating a gain of 13 dBi and an 3-dB azimuth beamwidth of 21. Then, the arraying of this horn antenna using a Van Atta scheme for 1 to 3 pairs and the stacking of these arrays up to 5 layers is shown and the performance of these assemblies is characterized, displaying a maximum Radar-Cross-Section (RCS) of -16 dBsm and an azimuth coverage of 30. Finally, the pavement markers are tested in road-like conditions, displaying the ability to be detected and imaged at distances up to 25 m on different pavement surfaces and with the interference of snow, mud, ice, and rain. This low-cost electromagnetic pavement marker design—similar in dimensions and cost to conventional raised reflective optical markers—could set the foundation for the widespread deployment of safety and autonomy-enhancing electromagnetic road infrastructure for use by the now ubiquitous automotive radars that equip modern vehicles.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"395-406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3562719
Chitturi Suneel Kumar;Situ Rani Patre
This review paper presents comprehensive literature on passive chipless Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) humidity sensor tags, including working principle, performance measures, and use cases. The RFID humidity sensor tag comprises of RF resonators for identification and separate resonators along with smart material for humidity sensing. The humidity sensor tags are effective permittivity-based sensors, where the smart material’s effective permittivity changes with humidity. The change is recorded with different coding methods, whereas the sensitivity depends on both tag configuration and sensing material. Therefore, this paper emphasizes state-of-the-art tag configurations, approaches to designing RFID humidity sensor tags, and the properties of the humidity-sensitive material. Most of the RFID humidity sensors are designed based on the frequency coding method where coding capacity depends on the number of resonators, hence the overall size of the tag. Therefore, a variety of resonators like patch- and slot-types, along with their orientation with respect to linearly polarized reader antenna are discussed. The advantages of slot-type tags coated with humidity-sensitive material are highlighted in terms of dual-side readability, polarization-independent nature, higher data coding capacity, and better sensitivity. RFID humidity sensors will be beneficial for future Internet-of-things (IoT) applications.
{"title":"Passive Chipless RFID Tags for Humidity Sensing: A Review","authors":"Chitturi Suneel Kumar;Situ Rani Patre","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3562719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3562719","url":null,"abstract":"This review paper presents comprehensive literature on passive chipless Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) humidity sensor tags, including working principle, performance measures, and use cases. The RFID humidity sensor tag comprises of RF resonators for identification and separate resonators along with smart material for humidity sensing. The humidity sensor tags are effective permittivity-based sensors, where the smart material’s effective permittivity changes with humidity. The change is recorded with different coding methods, whereas the sensitivity depends on both tag configuration and sensing material. Therefore, this paper emphasizes state-of-the-art tag configurations, approaches to designing RFID humidity sensor tags, and the properties of the humidity-sensitive material. Most of the RFID humidity sensors are designed based on the frequency coding method where coding capacity depends on the number of resonators, hence the overall size of the tag. Therefore, a variety of resonators like patch- and slot-types, along with their orientation with respect to linearly polarized reader antenna are discussed. The advantages of slot-type tags coated with humidity-sensitive material are highlighted in terms of dual-side readability, polarization-independent nature, higher data coding capacity, and better sensitivity. RFID humidity sensors will be beneficial for future Internet-of-things (IoT) applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"200-214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3561345
Ria Kanjilal;Muhammed Furkan Kucuk;Ismail Uysal
Human activity recognition (HAR) has garnered significant attention across diverse domains such as fitness enhancement, safety, elderly care, clinical monitoring, and smart environments. However, despite its potential, HAR faces challenges like handling noisy and diverse data, ensuring real-time performance, maintaining user privacy, and achieving high accuracy across varying contexts and activities. A primary challenge of HAR lies in maintaining consistency and accuracy during data collection amidst varied activities and environments. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in AI-enhanced HAR methods, with a focus on radio frequency identification system, wearable devices, and smartphone sensor technologies. We delve into the frameworks of these technologies, detailing processes like data collection, preprocessing, and the application of machine learning and deep learning algorithms. Additionally, we outline the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques and provide a brief comparison between them.
{"title":"Human Activity Recognition: A Review of RFID and Wearable Sensor Technologies Powered by AI","authors":"Ria Kanjilal;Muhammed Furkan Kucuk;Ismail Uysal","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3561345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3561345","url":null,"abstract":"Human activity recognition (HAR) has garnered significant attention across diverse domains such as fitness enhancement, safety, elderly care, clinical monitoring, and smart environments. However, despite its potential, HAR faces challenges like handling noisy and diverse data, ensuring real-time performance, maintaining user privacy, and achieving high accuracy across varying contexts and activities. A primary challenge of HAR lies in maintaining consistency and accuracy during data collection amidst varied activities and environments. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in AI-enhanced HAR methods, with a focus on radio frequency identification system, wearable devices, and smartphone sensor technologies. We delve into the frameworks of these technologies, detailing processes like data collection, preprocessing, and the application of machine learning and deep learning algorithms. Additionally, we outline the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques and provide a brief comparison between them.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"180-199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A compact dipolar patch antenna, which is embedded with a middle-layer patch internally, is proposed for designing an on-metal tag. Multiple tuning mechanisms have been employed for enabling frequency tuning over a wide bandwidth. First, the antenna’s shorting stubs are displaced diagonally to two opposite corners for lengthening the current paths. Then, the two patches are coupled capacitively for generating additional tuning reactance. Finally, multiple inductive slits have been incorporated with the patches for lowering the tag’s resonant frequency. Employment of the tuning mechanisms has successfully brought the tag resonance down to the UHF RFID passband. Notably, adjusting the slit length $(i_{2})$ allows the tag’s resonant frequency to be tuned across a broad range from 834 MHz to 964 MHz. Despite its compact size of $25times 25times 3.3$ mm3, the proposed tag can be read from a distance of 16 m (with 4W EIRP), which is much longer than most of the contemporary on-metal tags of this size.
{"title":"Compact Folded Dipolar Patch Antenna With Broad Tuning Range for On-Metal Tag Design","authors":"Subbiah Alagiasundaram;Kim-Yee Lee;Eng-Hock Lim;Pei-Song Chee","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3561277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3561277","url":null,"abstract":"A compact dipolar patch antenna, which is embedded with a middle-layer patch internally, is proposed for designing an on-metal tag. Multiple tuning mechanisms have been employed for enabling frequency tuning over a wide bandwidth. First, the antenna’s shorting stubs are displaced diagonally to two opposite corners for lengthening the current paths. Then, the two patches are coupled capacitively for generating additional tuning reactance. Finally, multiple inductive slits have been incorporated with the patches for lowering the tag’s resonant frequency. Employment of the tuning mechanisms has successfully brought the tag resonance down to the UHF RFID passband. Notably, adjusting the slit length <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(i_{2})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> allows the tag’s resonant frequency to be tuned across a broad range from 834 MHz to 964 MHz. Despite its compact size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$25times 25times 3.3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm3, the proposed tag can be read from a distance of 16 m (with 4W EIRP), which is much longer than most of the contemporary on-metal tags of this size.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"170-179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3561497
Ryan Jones;Shuai Yang;Richard Penty;Michael Crisp
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is frequently deployed in high tag density environments, where tag read rate can become a limiting factor. Current Class 1 Gen 2 (C1G2) RFID systems are limited in read rate by the Framed Slotted Aloha (FSA) scheduling algorithm and physical layer modulation parameters. We propose a multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) RFID system compatible with C1G2 which enables simultaneous communication with multiple tags, achieving greater read rates. Multiple monostatic reader antennas are exploited to recover collided tag data and perform channel estimation. These channel estimates are then used to precode the reader’s ACK signals across multiple transmit antennas into spatial channels such that the tags will receive separated acknowledgements. To evaluate potential performance gains, we calculate theoretical throughput improvements and empirically measure the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) required for commercial passive tags to respond to collided acknowledgements. Furthermore, we perform simulations to determine the effect of increasing number of tag responses on channel estimation accuracy, and hence the received SIR at tags. An experiment is carried out using two monostatic transceivers with two emulated tags, showing successful channel recoveries and uncollided reader acknowledgments commands at the tags, and hence compatability with C1G2 protocol provided a reader can be developed meeting the timing requirements.
{"title":"MU-MIMO for Passive UHF RFID","authors":"Ryan Jones;Shuai Yang;Richard Penty;Michael Crisp","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3561497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3561497","url":null,"abstract":"Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is frequently deployed in high tag density environments, where tag read rate can become a limiting factor. Current Class 1 Gen 2 (C1G2) RFID systems are limited in read rate by the Framed Slotted Aloha (FSA) scheduling algorithm and physical layer modulation parameters. We propose a multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) RFID system compatible with C1G2 which enables simultaneous communication with multiple tags, achieving greater read rates. Multiple monostatic reader antennas are exploited to recover collided tag data and perform channel estimation. These channel estimates are then used to precode the reader’s ACK signals across multiple transmit antennas into spatial channels such that the tags will receive separated acknowledgements. To evaluate potential performance gains, we calculate theoretical throughput improvements and empirically measure the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) required for commercial passive tags to respond to collided acknowledgements. Furthermore, we perform simulations to determine the effect of increasing number of tag responses on channel estimation accuracy, and hence the received SIR at tags. An experiment is carried out using two monostatic transceivers with two emulated tags, showing successful channel recoveries and uncollided reader acknowledgments commands at the tags, and hence compatability with C1G2 protocol provided a reader can be developed meeting the timing requirements.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"215-226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) security, reliable keys are essential. Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) prevent physical cloning, but they are sensitive to environmental variations and vulnerable to Machine Learning (ML) attacks. In this paper, a security system is proposed that aims to generate keys with high reliability and resistance to ML attacks. The entire system can be integrated into RFID tags. For reliable key generation, the proposed approach utilizes a two-step structure comprising a Coarse PUF and a Fine PUF, along with modified Ring Oscillator (RO) PUFs featuring varying ring counts. This design enhances resistance to machine learning (ML) attacks through challenge obfuscation. To further improve security against ML attacks, real-time power consumption is monitored using a novel analog circuit, and a hardware algorithm is developed based on the monitored power data. The proposed PUF (128-bit key generator) is implemented on an FPGA from the Xilinx family, specifically the Zynq-7 model. The robustness of the proposed PUF is evaluated through voltage and temperature variation tests. Experimental results demonstrate a Bit Error Rate (BER) of $3.42times 10^{-5}$ , with uniqueness and uniformity values of 49.77% and 50.27%, respectively. While a conventional PUF exhibits a vulnerability of 91.23%, the implementation of the proposed system and hardware algorithm reduces this vulnerability to 50.17%. The obtained results confirm that the proposed system offers a significantly more secure and robust solution compared to other competitors.
{"title":"A High-Reliability PUF Solution for Securing RFID Systems Against Machine Learning","authors":"Abolfazl Rajaiyan;Yas Hosseini Tehrani;Seyed Mojtaba Atarodi","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3560996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3560996","url":null,"abstract":"For Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) security, reliable keys are essential. Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) prevent physical cloning, but they are sensitive to environmental variations and vulnerable to Machine Learning (ML) attacks. In this paper, a security system is proposed that aims to generate keys with high reliability and resistance to ML attacks. The entire system can be integrated into RFID tags. For reliable key generation, the proposed approach utilizes a two-step structure comprising a Coarse PUF and a Fine PUF, along with modified Ring Oscillator (RO) PUFs featuring varying ring counts. This design enhances resistance to machine learning (ML) attacks through challenge obfuscation. To further improve security against ML attacks, real-time power consumption is monitored using a novel analog circuit, and a hardware algorithm is developed based on the monitored power data. The proposed PUF (128-bit key generator) is implemented on an FPGA from the Xilinx family, specifically the Zynq-7 model. The robustness of the proposed PUF is evaluated through voltage and temperature variation tests. Experimental results demonstrate a Bit Error Rate (BER) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.42times 10^{-5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, with uniqueness and uniformity values of 49.77% and 50.27%, respectively. While a conventional PUF exhibits a vulnerability of 91.23%, the implementation of the proposed system and hardware algorithm reduces this vulnerability to 50.17%. The obtained results confirm that the proposed system offers a significantly more secure and robust solution compared to other competitors.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"161-169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3560736
Karl Adolphs-Saura;Ferran Paredes;Amirhossein Karami-Horestani;Pau Casacuberta;Paris Vélez;Ferran Martín
In this paper, a new electromagnetic encoder system for motion sensing and near-field chipless-RFID applications is presented. The system consists of an encoder, based on chains of transversally oriented linear apertures in a dielectric substrate, and a reader with an open-ended quarter-wavelength resonator that is sensitive to the presence of the apertures. The reader can detect variations in the phase of the reflection coefficient due to the motion of the encoder. To validate the encoder system, two encoders are implemented in a low-loss rigid substrate, and four are fabricated in flexible substrates, such as paper and plastic (polyethylene terephthalate -PET). One of the rigid encoders is incremental (with a periodic chain of apertures) and the other one is quasi-absolute (with two aperture sizes), useful for both motion sensing and near-field chipless-RFID. For the encoders implemented in flexible substrates (quasi-absolute in all cases), the apertures are replaced with linear chains of small holes, with a period of ${p}{=}2$ .3 mm. The resulting density of bits per unit length is DPL ${=}4.35$ bit/cm. Such encoders provide a means to implement cost-effective and eco-friendly (“green”) systems.
{"title":"Phase-Modulation All-Dielectric and “Green” Electromagnetic Encoders for Motion Sensing and Near-Field Chipless-RFID","authors":"Karl Adolphs-Saura;Ferran Paredes;Amirhossein Karami-Horestani;Pau Casacuberta;Paris Vélez;Ferran Martín","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3560736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3560736","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new electromagnetic encoder system for motion sensing and near-field chipless-RFID applications is presented. The system consists of an encoder, based on chains of transversally oriented linear apertures in a dielectric substrate, and a reader with an open-ended quarter-wavelength resonator that is sensitive to the presence of the apertures. The reader can detect variations in the phase of the reflection coefficient due to the motion of the encoder. To validate the encoder system, two encoders are implemented in a low-loss rigid substrate, and four are fabricated in flexible substrates, such as paper and plastic (polyethylene terephthalate -PET). One of the rigid encoders is incremental (with a periodic chain of apertures) and the other one is quasi-absolute (with two aperture sizes), useful for both motion sensing and near-field chipless-RFID. For the encoders implemented in flexible substrates (quasi-absolute in all cases), the apertures are replaced with linear chains of small holes, with a period of <inline-formula> <tex-math>${p}{=}2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.3 mm. The resulting density of bits per unit length is DPL <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=}4.35$ </tex-math></inline-formula> bit/cm. Such encoders provide a means to implement cost-effective and eco-friendly (“green”) systems.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"146-160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3553925
Luca Catarinucci;Andrea Ria;Arnaud Vena
{"title":"Innovations in RFID and Wireless-IoT: Advancements in Smart Technologies and Sensing Applications Guest Editorial of the Special Issue on SpliTech 2024 Conference","authors":"Luca Catarinucci;Andrea Ria;Arnaud Vena","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3553925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3553925","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"123-125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10949084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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