Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379875
Da Yi;Ren-Long Zhang;Ming-Chun Tang;Jing-Feng Fu;Yao Li;Xing-Xing Li;Huapeng Zhao;Richard W. Ziolkowski
A low-cost, pattern-reconfigurable, circularly polarized, high-gain, radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader antenna array is presented. It is a $2times2$ array whose elements are based on an innovative Archimedean spiral design. A 4-way power divider feed network with switchable delay lines is designed that enables reconfiguring the radiation patterns of the array. Because of its high realized gain and nine reconfigurable states, the developed reader antenna can be applied in long-distance, wide-coverage RFID inventorying. The fabricated prototype, with dimensions $1.15times 1.15times 0.07~lambda _{L}^{3}$ at 920 MHz, achieves a measured axial-ratio (AR) fractional bandwidth of 4.6%, and a peak realized gain (RG) of 10.5 dBic (12 dBic without the feed network). The RG of its reconfigurable patterns is greater than 6 dBic within $theta $ = $0^{circ }pm 45^{circ }$ for all azimuth angles. It was also tested in an outdoor range as the reader antenna for a practical RFID system. The maximum read distance was 22.3 m.
{"title":"Pattern-Reconfigurable, Circularly Polarized, High-Gain, Archimedean Spiral Antenna Array for Long-Distance, Wide-Coverage RFID Inventorying","authors":"Da Yi;Ren-Long Zhang;Ming-Chun Tang;Jing-Feng Fu;Yao Li;Xing-Xing Li;Huapeng Zhao;Richard W. Ziolkowski","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379875","url":null,"abstract":"A low-cost, pattern-reconfigurable, circularly polarized, high-gain, radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader antenna array is presented. It is a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 array whose elements are based on an innovative Archimedean spiral design. A 4-way power divider feed network with switchable delay lines is designed that enables reconfiguring the radiation patterns of the array. Because of its high realized gain and nine reconfigurable states, the developed reader antenna can be applied in long-distance, wide-coverage RFID inventorying. The fabricated prototype, with dimensions \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.15times 1.15times 0.07~lambda _{L}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at 920 MHz, achieves a measured axial-ratio (AR) fractional bandwidth of 4.6%, and a peak realized gain (RG) of 10.5 dBic (12 dBic without the feed network). The RG of its reconfigurable patterns is greater than 6 dBic within \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 = \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0^{circ }pm 45^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for all azimuth angles. It was also tested in an outdoor range as the reader antenna for a practical RFID system. The maximum read distance was 22.3 m.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379225
Min Zhou;Hairong Dong;Juanjuan Li;Runmei Li;Xuan Liu;Hongwei Wang
In order to tackle the intricate challenges of train dispatching and command within China’s extensive high-speed railways (HSRs) network, this paper presents a novel parallel dispatching approach founded on the ACP (Artificial systems, Computational experiments, and Parallel execution) methodology. We provide a comprehensive overview of the framework and technical architecture of the parallel dispatching system (PDS), offering detailed insights into each fundamental module. It initiates by establishing the PDS for HSRs, emphasizing the deep integration of the actual and artificial systems. The methods for train operation situation deduction, rapid dispatching strategy generation, and comprehensive evaluation of parallel dispatching are then expounded, each tailored to different scales. Subsequently, the paper proposes the creation of a parallel dispatching platform for HSRs, utilizing a real line’s dispatching system as a prototype. Two typical scenarios are considered to validate the effectiveness of the PDS. The computational experiments are designed and executed in the artificial dispatching system to facilitate accurate deduction of operational scenarios and swift generation of dispatching solutions within defined computational constraints. The adjustment effects are assessed and iteratively optimized through parallel execution. The research outcomes of this paper can serve as a theoretical foundation and technical resource for the design, implementation, and validation of PDS in China’s high-speed railway network.
{"title":"Parallel Dispatching: A New Paradigm for High-Speed Train Operation Management and Optimization","authors":"Min Zhou;Hairong Dong;Juanjuan Li;Runmei Li;Xuan Liu;Hongwei Wang","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379225","url":null,"abstract":"In order to tackle the intricate challenges of train dispatching and command within China’s extensive high-speed railways (HSRs) network, this paper presents a novel parallel dispatching approach founded on the ACP (Artificial systems, Computational experiments, and Parallel execution) methodology. We provide a comprehensive overview of the framework and technical architecture of the parallel dispatching system (PDS), offering detailed insights into each fundamental module. It initiates by establishing the PDS for HSRs, emphasizing the deep integration of the actual and artificial systems. The methods for train operation situation deduction, rapid dispatching strategy generation, and comprehensive evaluation of parallel dispatching are then expounded, each tailored to different scales. Subsequently, the paper proposes the creation of a parallel dispatching platform for HSRs, utilizing a real line’s dispatching system as a prototype. Two typical scenarios are considered to validate the effectiveness of the PDS. The computational experiments are designed and executed in the artificial dispatching system to facilitate accurate deduction of operational scenarios and swift generation of dispatching solutions within defined computational constraints. The adjustment effects are assessed and iteratively optimized through parallel execution. The research outcomes of this paper can serve as a theoretical foundation and technical resource for the design, implementation, and validation of PDS in China’s high-speed railway network.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140924706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3396948
Daniele Inserra;Andrea Michel
The RFID community is enjoying new impetus coming from the revolutionary Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm and its integration with new application scenarios like Industry 4.0. RFID technology, in fact, enables reliable communication at low cost and with lightweight apparatus, desirable features for pervasive devices employment as desired by the IoT. Nonetheless, commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) solutions cannot be always employed in some of emerging application scenarios, requiring customized reader and/or tag antenna design. In order to collect the most recent developments in the antenna design research for both legacy and novel RFID application contexts, the IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification proposed the special issue “Advanced Antennas for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems”. A RFID system and its performance clearly depend on the antenna ability, both on reader and tag sides, to make the system accessible from short or long distances, and on different environments. The latter is particularly important in the new RFID tag application contexts, e.g., industrial manufacturing processes, vehicular environments, etc., where tags are indifferently applied on heterogeneous materials, many times on metal surfaces, and for this reason the antenna design requires particular care. Moreover, the pervasive diffusion of RFID-IoT devices poses new challenges in inventory assessment, requiring even longer read ranges and wide coverage ability, which clearly translates in new reader/tag antenna requirements. The purpose of this special issue was therefore to encourage the research on novel RFID antenna design solutions for both reader and tag devices to face these new application scenarios and cope with the new challenging requirements. Starting from magnetic coupling resonant high-frequency (HF) RFID systems, Mukherjee et al. consider the annoying problem of HF RFID reading performance deterioration in the presence of metallic conductors in the close vicinity [A1]. This problem arises because of the eddy currents induced on the metal surface by a varying magnetic field generated by the reader coil, which in turn generate an opposite magnetic field that reduces the intensity of the original field, deteriorating the reader-tag communication performance. Authors study the possibility to employ an auxiliary coil in the proximity of the metal surface, and how this mitigates the deleterious surface current effect. Tag coils co-located with the auxiliary coil are fabricated and placed on the cap of a plastic container (where the cap contains an aluminum foil) and on a credit card size metal sheet to benchmark the read range capabilities, showing an almost doubled read range and an improvement of more than 44% if compared with the case no auxiliary coil, respectively.
革命性的物联网（IoT）模式及其与工业 4.0 等新应用场景的整合为 RFID 业界带来了新的动力。事实上，射频识别（RFID）技术能以低成本和轻便的设备实现可靠的通信，这是物联网所需的普及型设备的理想功能。然而，商业现货（COTS）解决方案并不能始终应用于某些新兴应用场景，这就需要定制化的读取器和/或标签天线设计。为了收集传统和新型 RFID 应用背景下天线设计研究的最新进展，《电气和电子工程师学会射频识别学报》（IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification）提议出版 "射频识别（RFID）系统的先进天线 "特刊。射频识别（RFID）系统及其性能显然取决于读取器和标签两侧天线的能力，以实现系统在不同环境下的长距离或短距离访问。后者在新的 RFID 标签应用环境中尤为重要，如工业生产过程、车辆环境等，标签被随意地贴在不同的材料上，很多时候是贴在金属表面上，因此天线的设计需要特别小心。此外，RFID-IoT 设备的普及为库存评估带来了新的挑战，需要更远的读取距离和更广的覆盖能力，这显然需要新的读取器/标签天线。因此，本特刊旨在鼓励针对读写器和标签设备的新型 RFID 天线设计方案的研究，以应对这些新的应用场景和新的挑战性要求。Mukherjee 等人从磁耦合谐振高频 (HF) RFID 系统入手，研究了在金属导体近距离存在的情况下 HF RFID 读取性能下降的恼人问题[A1]。出现这一问题的原因是读取器线圈产生的变化磁场在金属表面诱发了涡流，涡流反过来又产生了相反的磁场，从而降低了原始磁场的强度，恶化了读取器与标签之间的通信性能。作者研究了在金属表面附近使用辅助线圈的可能性，以及如何减轻有害的表面电流效应。作者制作了与辅助线圈同位的标签线圈，并将其放置在塑料容器的盖子上（盖子上有铝箔）和信用卡大小的金属片上，对读取范围能力进行了基准测试，结果显示，与没有辅助线圈的情况相比，读取范围几乎增加了一倍，读取性能提高了 44% 以上。
{"title":"Guest Editorial on Advanced Antennas for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems","authors":"Daniele Inserra;Andrea Michel","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3396948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3396948","url":null,"abstract":"The RFID community is enjoying new impetus coming from the revolutionary Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm and its integration with new application scenarios like Industry 4.0. RFID technology, in fact, enables reliable communication at low cost and with lightweight apparatus, desirable features for pervasive devices employment as desired by the IoT. Nonetheless, commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) solutions cannot be always employed in some of emerging application scenarios, requiring customized reader and/or tag antenna design. In order to collect the most recent developments in the antenna design research for both legacy and novel RFID application contexts, the IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification proposed the special issue “Advanced Antennas for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems”. A RFID system and its performance clearly depend on the antenna ability, both on reader and tag sides, to make the system accessible from short or long distances, and on different environments. The latter is particularly important in the new RFID tag application contexts, e.g., industrial manufacturing processes, vehicular environments, etc., where tags are indifferently applied on heterogeneous materials, many times on metal surfaces, and for this reason the antenna design requires particular care. Moreover, the pervasive diffusion of RFID-IoT devices poses new challenges in inventory assessment, requiring even longer read ranges and wide coverage ability, which clearly translates in new reader/tag antenna requirements. The purpose of this special issue was therefore to encourage the research on novel RFID antenna design solutions for both reader and tag devices to face these new application scenarios and cope with the new challenging requirements. Starting from magnetic coupling resonant high-frequency (HF) RFID systems, Mukherjee et al. consider the annoying problem of HF RFID reading performance deterioration in the presence of metallic conductors in the close vicinity [A1]. This problem arises because of the eddy currents induced on the metal surface by a varying magnetic field generated by the reader coil, which in turn generate an opposite magnetic field that reduces the intensity of the original field, deteriorating the reader-tag communication performance. Authors study the possibility to employ an auxiliary coil in the proximity of the metal surface, and how this mitigates the deleterious surface current effect. Tag coils co-located with the auxiliary coil are fabricated and placed on the cap of a plastic container (where the cap contains an aluminum foil) and on a credit card size metal sheet to benchmark the read range capabilities, showing an almost doubled read range and an improvement of more than 44% if compared with the case no auxiliary coil, respectively.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10534238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141073583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new double-layered serpentine antenna is proposed for designing an anti-metal tag with an omnidirectional radiation pattern on metallic surfaces using the concept of electric and magnetic loop currents. The zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) structure here is made up of two closely stacked serpentine lines for providing the strong capacitive reactance and parasitic elements that are required for supporting the zeroth-order resonance. Also, the geometrical parameters of the double-layered serpentine structure can control the capacitive reactance for tuning the tag resonant frequency effectively. Due to the successful excitation of the ZOR mode, our tag antenna can generate a reasonably good omnidirectional radiation pattern with a consistent read range of 7.9 m– 8.9 m (at EIRP of 4 W) on metal in all directions in the azimuth plane. It has a uniform spatial coverage ( $>$ 8 m) in the entire azimuth plane. Additionally, the antenna’s good impedance matching allows for an excellent power transmission of $sim 99$ %. The tag resonant frequency is found to be very stable and not affected much by any changes in the backing object and the maximum measured read range is $sim 9$ meters in $theta ,,{=},,pm $ 50 o at 915 MHz. It has a footprint of 50 mm $times50$ mm ( $0.153lambda times 0.153lambda$ ) with a low profile of 3.38 mm ( $0.010lambda$ ). Furthermore, the antenna configuration is a simple folded structure around the foam substrate, without comprising any complex structures.
{"title":"Zeroth-Order Serpentine Antenna With Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern for Anti-Metal Tag Antenna Design","authors":"Muthukannan Murugesh;Eng-Hock Lim;Pei-Song Chee;Fwee-Leong Bong","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3376333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3376333","url":null,"abstract":"A new double-layered serpentine antenna is proposed for designing an anti-metal tag with an omnidirectional radiation pattern on metallic surfaces using the concept of electric and magnetic loop currents. The zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) structure here is made up of two closely stacked serpentine lines for providing the strong capacitive reactance and parasitic elements that are required for supporting the zeroth-order resonance. Also, the geometrical parameters of the double-layered serpentine structure can control the capacitive reactance for tuning the tag resonant frequency effectively. Due to the successful excitation of the ZOR mode, our tag antenna can generate a reasonably good omnidirectional radiation pattern with a consistent read range of 7.9 m– 8.9 m (at EIRP of 4 W) on metal in all directions in the azimuth plane. It has a uniform spatial coverage (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$>$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 8 m) in the entire azimuth plane. Additionally, the antenna’s good impedance matching allows for an excellent power transmission of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 99$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000%. The tag resonant frequency is found to be very stable and not affected much by any changes in the backing object and the maximum measured read range is \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 9$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 meters in \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta ,,{=},,pm $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u000050 o at 915 MHz. It has a footprint of 50 mm \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$times50$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.153lambda times 0.153lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) with a low profile of 3.38 mm (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.010lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000). Furthermore, the antenna configuration is a simple folded structure around the foam substrate, without comprising any complex structures.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141073582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3375795
Lorenzo Bianchi;Emidio Di Giampaolo;Francesco Martinelli;Fabrizio Romanelli
We consider the close relative motion of two UHF RFID tags and the problem is the estimation of the distance between the two tags, by measuring the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and the phase of the RFID signal backscattered by one of the two tags. Due to the short distance considered, and hence to the electromagnetic coupling between the antennas, the measured RSSI and phase present a complex and ambiguous dependence on the distance between the tags. The problem is solved through two approaches, based respectively on a Multi-Hypothesis Extended and a Multi-Hypothesis Unscented Kalman Filter (MHEKF and MHUKF). The availability of phase and RSSI allows to mitigate the ambiguity in the problem and to estimate the distance without any information on its initial value. Simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the approach, with the MHUKF presenting slightly better performances compared to the MHEKF. The proposed setup can be applied in manufacturing, robotics, safety and in any context where the variable distance between two close objects should be monitored.
我们考虑了两个超高频 RFID 标签的近距离相对运动，问题是通过测量接收信号强度指示器（RSSI）和两个标签之一反向散射的 RFID 信号的相位来估计两个标签之间的距离。由于所考虑的距离很短，因此天线之间存在电磁耦合，测量到的 RSSI 和相位与标签之间的距离有着复杂而模糊的关系。该问题通过两种方法来解决，分别基于多假设扩展卡尔曼滤波器（MHEKF）和多假设无标点卡尔曼滤波器（MHUKF）。有了相位和 RSSI，就可以减少问题的模糊性，并在没有任何初始值信息的情况下估计距离。仿真和实验结果表明了该方法的有效性，其中 MHUKF 的性能略优于 MHEKF。建议的设置可应用于制造、机器人、安全以及任何需要监控两个近距离物体之间可变距离的场合。
{"title":"Close Motion Estimation of UHF-RFID Tagged Objects Based on Electromagnetic Coupling","authors":"Lorenzo Bianchi;Emidio Di Giampaolo;Francesco Martinelli;Fabrizio Romanelli","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3375795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3375795","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the close relative motion of two UHF RFID tags and the problem is the estimation of the distance between the two tags, by measuring the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and the phase of the RFID signal backscattered by one of the two tags. Due to the short distance considered, and hence to the electromagnetic coupling between the antennas, the measured RSSI and phase present a complex and ambiguous dependence on the distance between the tags. The problem is solved through two approaches, based respectively on a Multi-Hypothesis Extended and a Multi-Hypothesis Unscented Kalman Filter (MHEKF and MHUKF). The availability of phase and RSSI allows to mitigate the ambiguity in the problem and to estimate the distance without any information on its initial value. Simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the approach, with the MHUKF presenting slightly better performances compared to the MHEKF. The proposed setup can be applied in manufacturing, robotics, safety and in any context where the variable distance between two close objects should be monitored.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10466392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3398443
Joseph Patton;Alexander C. Barrie;Stewart Doe;Daniel Gershman;Levon Avanov;Ali Abedi
The Fast Plasma Investigation (FPI) is an instrument suite aboard NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale space physics mission, which is designed to study magnetic reconnection in the Earth’s magnetosphere. In this work, a predictive model of microchannel plate (MCP) current was developed for FPI to autonomously monitor the device currents. The results of an analysis of the resistance of the microchannel plates included in the FPI particle spectrometers are presented along with a new model that combines a physically-informed model of MCP resistance with an empirically-derived model of FPI instrument temperature. This improved estimation of MCP resistance allows for a more precise determination of nominal MCP current, enabling accurate detection of current anomalies.
{"title":"Automated Current Monitoring for Microchannel Plates on Fast Plasma Investigation","authors":"Joseph Patton;Alexander C. Barrie;Stewart Doe;Daniel Gershman;Levon Avanov;Ali Abedi","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3398443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3398443","url":null,"abstract":"The Fast Plasma Investigation (FPI) is an instrument suite aboard NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale space physics mission, which is designed to study magnetic reconnection in the Earth’s magnetosphere. In this work, a predictive model of microchannel plate (MCP) current was developed for FPI to autonomously monitor the device currents. The results of an analysis of the resistance of the microchannel plates included in the FPI particle spectrometers are presented along with a new model that combines a physically-informed model of MCP resistance with an empirically-derived model of FPI instrument temperature. This improved estimation of MCP resistance allows for a more precise determination of nominal MCP current, enabling accurate detection of current anomalies.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141334028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ZeroPower devices are the next generation of Internet of Things. Typically taping from ambient energy, or activated by a remote reader, their first and foremost challenge is the operation distance from the nearest RF source. Unfortunately, these systems can only be activated within a range of a few tens of meters due to their minimum activation power (also named reading sensitivity). This work reduces the harvesting power to a new threshold of −28dBm ( $1.5 mu text{W}$ ). We demonstrate a wireless motion sensor operating in burst mode with as low as 120 mV of DC voltage and $0.72 mu text{J}$ of stored energy. This efficient operation is achieved without any DC/DC conversion thanks to a four-stages rectifier biasing a tunnel diode Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).
零功耗设备是下一代物联网。它们通常利用环境能源或通过远程读取器激活，其首要挑战是与最近的射频源的操作距离。遗憾的是，由于这些系统的最小激活功率（也称为读取灵敏度），它们只能在几十米的范围内被激活。这项研究将采集功率降低到了-28dBm（1.5 美元）的新阈值。我们展示了一种在突发模式下工作的无线运动传感器，其直流电压低至 120 mV，存储能量为 0.72 mu text{J}$。由于采用了四级整流器为隧道二极管压控振荡器（VCO）提供偏压，因此无需任何直流/直流转换即可实现这种高效运行。
{"title":"A Wireless Motion Sensor Operating Down to −28-dBm Energy Harvesting","authors":"Yero Dia;Helena Ribeiro;Laurent Oyhenart;Elie Zaraket;Ludivine Fadel;Valerie Vigneras;Corinne Dejous;Nuno Carvalho;Simon Hemour","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3374648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3374648","url":null,"abstract":"ZeroPower devices are the next generation of Internet of Things. Typically taping from ambient energy, or activated by a remote reader, their first and foremost challenge is the operation distance from the nearest RF source. Unfortunately, these systems can only be activated within a range of a few tens of meters due to their minimum activation power (also named reading sensitivity). This work reduces the harvesting power to a new threshold of −28dBm (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.5 mu text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000). We demonstrate a wireless motion sensor operating in burst mode with as low as 120 mV of DC voltage and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.72 mu text{J}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of stored energy. This efficient operation is achieved without any DC/DC conversion thanks to a four-stages rectifier biasing a tunnel diode Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3397575
A. Baris Gok;Diego Masotti;Alessandra Costanzo
This paper investigates the design and fabrication, by additive manufacturing, of optically transparent meshed patch antenna arrays atop photovoltaic (PV) panels. This integration is foreseen to be exploited in space by small satellites to enable wireless power transfer among them, while maintaining optimal solar power production, with no need for extra areas for the antenna subsystems. The proposed antenna arrays utilize a novel approach, where horizontal conductive strips of a meshed metallization are removed, to enhance transparency without compromising antenna performance. Two arrays are designed at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, and the associated design choices and issues are discussed. The antenna metallizations make use of vertical strips only with a line spacing of $0.04boldsymbol {lambda }$ , found to be the best compromise to ensure maximal transparency and antenna performance, using low-cost printing technique on 110 mm $times $ 110 mm borosilicate glass. Simulations and experiments show that the underlying PV metallization patterns have a significant impact on the antenna radiation properties at the highest operating frequency of 5.8 GHz. In this case, a degradation of the antenna gain compared to the predictions is observed. Through a reverse-engineering method, this effect is modeled by the effective electromagnetic characteristics of the glass substrate, rather than by accounting for the pattern layout-wise. It is demonstrated that this choice enables an efficient yet accurate full-wave simulation of the entire system, suggesting the necessity for a co-design of the PV panel and the antenna to facilitate an accurate representation of the entire system and its current radiating characteristics.
{"title":"Co-Location of PV Panel With Meshed Antenna Array for Inter-Satellite Energy Transmission","authors":"A. Baris Gok;Diego Masotti;Alessandra Costanzo","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3397575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3397575","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the design and fabrication, by additive manufacturing, of optically transparent meshed patch antenna arrays atop photovoltaic (PV) panels. This integration is foreseen to be exploited in space by small satellites to enable wireless power transfer among them, while maintaining optimal solar power production, with no need for extra areas for the antenna subsystems. The proposed antenna arrays utilize a novel approach, where horizontal conductive strips of a meshed metallization are removed, to enhance transparency without compromising antenna performance. Two arrays are designed at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, and the associated design choices and issues are discussed. The antenna metallizations make use of vertical strips only with a line spacing of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.04boldsymbol {lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, found to be the best compromise to ensure maximal transparency and antenna performance, using low-cost printing technique on 110 mm \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 110 mm borosilicate glass. Simulations and experiments show that the underlying PV metallization patterns have a significant impact on the antenna radiation properties at the highest operating frequency of 5.8 GHz. In this case, a degradation of the antenna gain compared to the predictions is observed. Through a reverse-engineering method, this effect is modeled by the effective electromagnetic characteristics of the glass substrate, rather than by accounting for the pattern layout-wise. It is demonstrated that this choice enables an efficient yet accurate full-wave simulation of the entire system, suggesting the necessity for a co-design of the PV panel and the antenna to facilitate an accurate representation of the entire system and its current radiating characteristics.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141334048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3397582
Ricardo Lent
This study conducts an experimental evaluation of a decentralized cognitive routing approach to improve the performance of Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) in challenging environments, particularly in space. The primary goal is to minimize latency while concurrently extending the operational lifetimes of nodes by strategically avoiding bundle transmission through low-charged relay nodes. The approach addresses multi-objective routing through a reinforcement learning formulation that considers either the delay or path length to the destination, jointly with the residual energy levels of nodes along the transmission path. It also defines suitable networking mechanisms to obtain accurate estimates of delay-energy metrics associated with node contacts. The paper provides details of the implementation strategy for the High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking (HDTN) framework and the design of a battery emulation system that provides precise control over experimental conditions, ensuring test reproducibility. The results demonstrate significant reductions in bundle losses and extended network lifetimes while maintaining either delay or path lengths within reasonable bounds compared to what can be achieved with the current routing standard. The proposed approach holds the promise of significantly improving the reliability of DTN communications in space.
{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of a Cognitive Routing Strategy for Efficient Energy Management in DTN","authors":"Ricardo Lent","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3397582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3397582","url":null,"abstract":"This study conducts an experimental evaluation of a decentralized cognitive routing approach to improve the performance of Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) in challenging environments, particularly in space. The primary goal is to minimize latency while concurrently extending the operational lifetimes of nodes by strategically avoiding bundle transmission through low-charged relay nodes. The approach addresses multi-objective routing through a reinforcement learning formulation that considers either the delay or path length to the destination, jointly with the residual energy levels of nodes along the transmission path. It also defines suitable networking mechanisms to obtain accurate estimates of delay-energy metrics associated with node contacts. The paper provides details of the implementation strategy for the High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking (HDTN) framework and the design of a battery emulation system that provides precise control over experimental conditions, ensuring test reproducibility. The results demonstrate significant reductions in bundle losses and extended network lifetimes while maintaining either delay or path lengths within reasonable bounds compared to what can be achieved with the current routing standard. The proposed approach holds the promise of significantly improving the reliability of DTN communications in space.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141333981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-02DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3396333
Alberto Facchini;Francesco Paolo Chietera;Riccardo Colella;Luca Catarinucci;Pietro Bia;Luciano Mescia
In this work, the design of a novel class of 3D dielectric lens antennas through the use of a lab-made electromagnetic tool is presented. The lens antenna is modeled using a generalized superformula allowing additional degree of freedom which can be exploited to obtain complex lens shapes with flat surface regions, steep sides, a non-rotational symmetry, or a modulated and aspherical surface profile. Thanks to the free parameters characterizing this formula, the lens geometry can be adjusted in a simple and analytical way. The electromagnetic tool is based on the geometrical optics and tube tracing approximations as well as the physical optics approach. In this way, the multiple wave reflections within the lens region as well as the far field outside the lens can be calculated. Moreover, an efficient synthesis procedure based on swarm intelligence has been developed and integrated in the numerical code. Thanks to this design tool it is possible to identify the lens parameters yielding the optimal antenna characteristic and a desired radiation patterns with low computational burden.
{"title":"Lens Antenna Design Tool Based on Generalized Superformula","authors":"Alberto Facchini;Francesco Paolo Chietera;Riccardo Colella;Luca Catarinucci;Pietro Bia;Luciano Mescia","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3396333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3396333","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the design of a novel class of 3D dielectric lens antennas through the use of a lab-made electromagnetic tool is presented. The lens antenna is modeled using a generalized superformula allowing additional degree of freedom which can be exploited to obtain complex lens shapes with flat surface regions, steep sides, a non-rotational symmetry, or a modulated and aspherical surface profile. Thanks to the free parameters characterizing this formula, the lens geometry can be adjusted in a simple and analytical way. The electromagnetic tool is based on the geometrical optics and tube tracing approximations as well as the physical optics approach. In this way, the multiple wave reflections within the lens region as well as the far field outside the lens can be calculated. Moreover, an efficient synthesis procedure based on swarm intelligence has been developed and integrated in the numerical code. Thanks to this design tool it is possible to identify the lens parameters yielding the optimal antenna characteristic and a desired radiation patterns with low computational burden.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10517938","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141308677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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