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Performing well but not appreciating it – A trait feature of anorexia nervosa 表现出色却不自知--神经性厌食症的特征之一
Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12194
Tine Schuppli Hjerresen, Mette Bentz, Ayna Baladi Nejad, Estelle Raffin, Kasper Winther Andersen, Oliver James Hulme, Hartwig Roman Siebner, Kerstin Jessica Plessen

Background

Despite advances in the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN), a large subgroup of individuals does not profit optimally from treatment. Perfectionism has been found to be a risk factor predicting the onset, severity, and duration of AN episodes. To date, perfectionism has been studied predominantly by the use of self-report questionnaires, a useful approach that may, however, be impacted by demand characteristics, or other distortions of introspective or metacognitive access.

Methods

Here we circumvent these problems via a behavioral paradigm in which participants perform a modified Go/NoGo task, whilst self-evaluating their performance. We compared a group of 33 adolescent females during their first episode of AN (age = 16.0) with 29 female controls (age = 16.2), and 23 adolescent girls recovered from AN (age = 18.3) with 23 female controls (age = 18.5). The controls were closely matched by intelligence quotient and age to the two clinical groups.

Results

First-episode AN and control participants performed equally well on the task (reaction time and errors of commission), whereas the recovered group displayed significantly faster reaction times but incurred the same error rate. Despite performing at least as good as and predominantly better than control groups, both clinical groups evaluated their performances more negatively than controls.

Conclusion

We offer a novel behavioral method for measuring perfectionism independent of self-report, and we provide tentative evidence that this behavioral manifestation of perfectionism is evident during first-episode AN and persists even after recovery.

背景 尽管神经性厌食症(AN)的病因学研究取得了进展,但仍有很大一部分人无法从治疗中获得最佳效果。研究发现,完美主义是预测神经性厌食症发病、严重程度和持续时间的一个风险因素。迄今为止,完美主义主要是通过使用自我报告问卷进行研究的,这是一种有用的方法,但可能会受到需求特征或其他内省或元认知访问扭曲的影响。 方法 在这里,我们通过一个行为范例来规避这些问题,在这个范例中,参与者会执行一个经过修改的围棋/NoGo 任务,同时对自己的表现进行自我评估。我们比较了一组 33 名处于自闭症首次发作期的青少年女性(年龄 = 16.0)和 29 名女性对照组(年龄 = 16.2),以及 23 名自闭症康复期的青少年女性(年龄 = 18.3)和 23 名女性对照组(年龄 = 18.5)。对照组与两个临床组在智商和年龄上非常匹配。 结果 首次发作的自闭症患者和对照组在任务中的表现(反应时间和犯错率)相当,而康复组的反应时间明显更快,但犯错率相同。尽管两组临床参与者的表现至少和对照组一样好,而且主要优于对照组,但他们对自己表现的评价比对照组更消极。 结论 我们提供了一种独立于自我报告的测量完美主义的新型行为方法,并初步证明了完美主义的这种行为表现在首次发作的自闭症中是明显的,甚至在康复后仍然存在。
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引用次数: 0
Identifying non-adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder individuals using a stacked machine learning algorithm using administrative data population registers in a universal healthcare system 利用全民医疗保健系统中的行政数据人口登记册,使用堆叠式机器学习算法识别非成人注意力缺陷/多动症患者
Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12193
David Roche, Toni Mora, Jordi Cid

Background

This research project aims to build a Machine Learning algorithm (ML) to predict first-time ADHD diagnosis, given that it is the most frequent mental disorder for the non-adult population.

Methods

We used a stacked model combining 4 ML approaches to predict the presence of ADHD. The dataset contains data from population health care administrative registers in Catalonia comprising 1,225,406 non-adult individuals for 2013–2017, linked to socioeconomic characteristics and dispensed drug consumption. We defined a measure of proper ADHD diagnoses based on medical factors.

Results

We obtained an AUC of 79.6% with the stacked model. Significant variables that explain the ADHD presence are the dispersion across patients' visits to healthcare providers; the number of visits, diagnoses related to other mental disorders and drug consumption; age, and sex.

Conclusions

ML techniques can help predict ADHD early diagnosis using administrative registers. We must continuously investigate the potential use of ADHD early detection strategies and intervention in the health system.

背景 本研究项目旨在建立一种机器学习算法(ML)来预测多动症的首次诊断,因为多动症是非成年人群中最常见的精神疾病。 方法 我们使用了一个结合 4 种 ML 方法的堆叠模型来预测多动症的存在。数据集包含来自加泰罗尼亚人口医疗保健管理登记册的数据,其中包含 2013-2017 年间 1,225,406 名非成年人,这些数据与社会经济特征和配药消费相关联。我们根据医疗因素确定了正确诊断多动症的标准。 结果 叠加模型的 AUC 为 79.6%。解释多动症存在的重要变量包括患者就诊于医疗机构的分散性、就诊次数、与其他精神障碍和药物消耗相关的诊断、年龄和性别。 结论 ML 技术有助于利用行政登记册预测多动症的早期诊断。我们必须继续研究在医疗系统中使用多动症早期检测策略和干预措施的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Sustained improvements by behavioural parent training for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review of longer-term child and parental outcomes 父母行为训练对注意力缺陷/多动障碍儿童的持续改善:对长期儿童和父母结果的荟萃分析综述。
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12196
Dominique P. A. Doffer, Tycho J. Dekkers, Rianne Hornstra, Saskia van der Oord, Marjolein Luman, Patty Leijten, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker, Annabeth P. Groenman

Background

Behavioural parent training is an evidence-based intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but little is known about the extent to which initial benefits are maintained.

Aims

This meta-analytic review investigated longer-term (i.e., more than 2 months post-intervention) child and parental outcomes of behavioural parent training for children with ADHD.

Materials & Methods

We searched for randomized controlled trials and examined ADHD symptoms, behavioural problems, positive parenting, negative parenting, parenting sense of competence, parent-child relationship quality, and parental mental health as outcomes. We included 27 studies (31 interventions; 217 effect sizes), used multilevel random-effects meta-analyses for between- and within-group comparisons (pre-intervention to follow-up and post-intervention to follow-up), and explored twelve predictors of change.

Results

Between pre-intervention and follow-up (M = 5.3 months), we found significant small-to-moderate between-group effects of the intervention on ADHD symptoms, behavioural problems, positive parenting, parenting sense of competence and parent-child relationship quality. Within-group findings show sustained improvements in the intervention conditions for all outcome domains. There were few significant changes from post-intervention to follow-up. Additionally, the large majority of the individual effect sizes indicated sustained outcomes from post-intervention to follow-up. There were seven significant predictors of change in child outcomes, including stronger reductions in ADHD symptoms of girls and behaviour problems of younger children. In contrast with some meta-analyses on short-term effects, we found no differences between masked and unmasked outcomes on ADHD symptoms at follow-up.

Discussion & Conclusion

We conclude that behavioural parent training has longer-term benefits for children's ADHD symptoms and behavioural problems, and for positive parenting behaviours, parenting sense of competence and quality of the parent-child relationship.

背景:行为父母培训是一种针对注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的循证干预措施,但对最初的益处在多大程度上得以维持知之甚少。目的:这项荟萃分析综述调查了多动症儿童行为父母训练的长期(即干预后2个月以上)儿童和父母结果。材料和方法:我们搜索随机对照试验,检查了多动症症状、行为问题、积极育儿、消极育儿、育儿能力感,亲子关系质量和父母心理健康作为结果。我们纳入了27项研究(31项干预措施;217个效应大小),使用多水平随机效应荟萃分析进行组间和组内比较(干预前与随访和干预后与随访),并探讨了12个变化预测因素。结果:在干预前和随访期间(M=5.3个月),我们发现干预对多动症症状、行为问题、积极育儿、育儿能力感和亲子关系质量的组间影响具有显著的小到中等程度。组内研究结果显示,所有结果领域的干预条件都得到了持续改善。从干预后到随访,几乎没有显著变化。此外,绝大多数个体效应大小表明从干预后到随访的持续结果。有七个显著的儿童结果变化预测因素,包括女孩多动症症状和年幼儿童行为问题的显著减少。与一些关于短期影响的荟萃分析相比,我们发现在随访中,多动症症状的掩盖和未掩盖结果之间没有差异。讨论和结论:我们得出结论,行为父母培训对儿童的多动症症状和行为问题以及积极的育儿行为有着长期的益处,父母的能力感和亲子关系的质量。
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引用次数: 5
Evidence-based child and adolescent mental health care: The role of high-quality and transparently reported evidence synthesis studies 基于证据的儿童和青少年心理健康护理:高质量和透明报告的证据综合研究的作用。
Pub Date : 2023-08-25 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12197
Alessio Bellato, Ioana Alina Cristea, Cinzia Del Giovane, Seena Fazel, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, Marco Solmi, Henrik Larsson

The publication of evidence synthesis studies (e.g., systematic reviews, meta-analyses of aggregated data or individual participant data, network meta-analyses, umbrella reviews) has grown exponentially in recent decades, with many placing these studies at the top of the pyramid of what is considered good evidence (Murad et al., 2016). Evidence synthesis studies integrate and analyse the collective evidence from multiple sources, thus providing comprehensive overviews and analyses of the available literature. Importantly, clinicians, policymakers and researchers make informed decisions, suggest healthcare policies, and guide clinical practice, based on such studies. It is therefore important to ensure that high-quality studies are conducted and published according to specific standardised protocols, to make sure that the evidence synthesis remains rigorous, accessible, and informative. The 13 evidence synthesis studies published in the current special issue of JCPP Advances report comprehensive overviews of several important areas in child and adolescent mental health.

An important focus of the studies in the special issue is on outcomes and prognosis, such as those demonstrating an association between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and cardiovascular problems (Li et al., 2023) and sleep problems (Marten et al., 2023), as well as for poor health-related quality of life associated with low socio-economic status amongst children and adolescents with ADHD (Sevastidis et al., 2023). Bogdan et al. (2023) presented a comprehensive summary of the main characteristics of longitudinal studies investigating child and adolescent mental health conditions in the general population; Aymerich et al. (2023) found that internalising and externalising problems are present in children with enuresis or encopresis; while Pollard et al. (2023) observed that anxiety problems during childhood are associated with multifaceted poor outcomes and considerable economic costs.

Another key focus was on early predictors, including one study reporting an association between markers of autonomic functioning and self-injurious thoughts and behaviours in children and young people (Bellato et al., 2023), and another showing that sleep disturbances are transdiagnostic mediating factors of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and psychopathology in children and adolescents (Liu et al., 2023).

Other studies in the current issue focused on interventions. For example, studies reported evidence for the effectiveness of stimulant medication for pre-schoolers with ADHD (Sugaya et al., 2023), and long-term benefits of behavioural parent training for children with ADHD (Doffer, in press). Keiller et al. (2023) found preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of dramathera

近几十年来,证据综合研究(例如,系统综述、汇总数据或个人参与者数据的荟萃分析、网络荟萃分析、伞形综述)的发表呈指数级增长,许多研究将这些研究置于金字塔的顶端,被认为是良好的证据(Murad et al., 2016)。证据综合研究整合和分析来自多个来源的集体证据,从而提供对现有文献的全面概述和分析。重要的是,临床医生、政策制定者和研究人员可以根据这些研究做出明智的决定,提出医疗保健政策建议,并指导临床实践。因此,重要的是确保根据特定的标准化方案进行和发表高质量的研究,以确保证据合成保持严格、可获取和信息丰富。发表在本期《JCPP进展》特刊上的13项证据综合研究报告全面概述了儿童和青少年心理健康的几个重要领域。特刊研究的一个重要重点是结果和预后,例如那些证明注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)与心血管问题(Li等人,2023)和睡眠问题(Marten等人,2023)之间存在关联的研究,以及与患有ADHD的儿童和青少年的低社会经济地位相关的健康相关生活质量差的研究(Sevastidis等人,2023)。Bogdan等人(2023)对调查普通人群中儿童和青少年心理健康状况的纵向研究的主要特征进行了全面总结;Aymerich等人(2023)发现,在遗尿或遗尿的儿童中存在内化和外化问题;而Pollard等人(2023)观察到,儿童时期的焦虑问题与多方面的不良后果和可观的经济成本有关。另一个重点是早期预测因素,包括一项研究报告了儿童和青少年自主功能标记物与自伤思想和行为之间的关联(Bellato等人,2023),另一项研究表明,睡眠障碍是儿童和青少年不良童年经历与精神病理之间关系的跨诊断中介因素(Liu等人,2023)。当前问题的其他研究集中在干预措施上。例如,研究报告了兴奋剂药物对学龄前ADHD儿童有效性的证据(Sugaya等人,2023),以及行为父母训练对ADHD儿童的长期益处(Doffer,出版中)。Keiller等人(2023)发现了戏剧疗法在减少儿童和年轻人情绪困扰方面的有效性的初步证据,但建议需要更严格的方法研究。同样,Hipolito等人(2023)强调缺乏关于非药物干预(如行为治疗)对患有选择性缄默症的儿童和年轻人的有效性的明确证据。最后,Cawthorne等人(2023)调查了认知行为疗法对患有焦虑症的青少年的适度疗效是否可以通过缺乏在该人群中进行的随机对照试验(RCTs)来解释;他们发现,在大多数情况下,单例实验设计没有进行随机对照试验,这突出了未来研究应该解决的一个重要空白。这些论文不仅关注重要的研究问题,而且展示了证据合成方法的最新发展以及报告系统评价和荟萃分析结果的良好实践。特别是Liu等人(2023)使用元分析结构方程模型作为他们的主要分析方法。这种新的证据合成方法可以结合元分析和结构方程模型的优势,研究不同结果测量之间的复杂关系(在这种情况下,不良童年经历、睡眠问题和精神病理)。我们也要赞扬Sugaya等人(2023)以“实用指导:临床建议”部分结束他们的论文。这应该更普遍地进行,因为它为临床专业人员提供了关于临床相关主题的证据的简短而全面的总结,并为临床实践提供了一套明确的建议。本期特刊的目标之一是发表高质量的证据综合研究,为未来的短期和长期研究提供指导。本特刊的“征稿”中包含了一个方案模板,作者在被编辑邀请提交最终论文之前完成了该方案模板。 这种方法可能会鼓励作者根据某些指导方针和标准来计划和组织他们的研究,然而,这些指导方针和标准并不是所有期刊都采用的标准。应寻求证据综合专家之间的共识,以确定和商定作者在规划、实施和报告证据综合研究时可以遵循的良好做法。此外,为了减少与系统评价和/或荟萃分析质量评价相关的不一致,我们认为重要的是向同行审稿人提供具体的编辑指南,说明在评论报告证据综合数据的手稿质量时应考虑哪些标准(Gates et al., 2020);我们的目标是在未来为JCPP advance做这件事。我们通过实验评估了发表在本期特刊上的论文的质量,以评估报告的总体质量以及遵循了多少开放科学实践。在通常用于评估系统评价和荟萃分析质量的工具中,我们使用了AMSTAR-2 (Shea等人,2017)。所有13项研究在报告其基于PICO组成部分和遵循PRISMA指南的研究问题时都是一致的,它们都包括在进行研究之前发表的协议(通常在PROSPERO或OSF上),使用全面的搜索策略(至少在四个独立的在线数据库中),报告了系统评价中研究的详细信息,报告了任何潜在的利益冲突和主要资金来源。并使用适当的工具来评估偏倚风险/研究质量(见图1)。然而,并非所有的研究都进行了独立筛选(即,不止一位作者独立检查每个标题/摘要/全文),然而,在筛选阶段,可以合理地对一定比例(例如,20%的纳入研究)或数据提取(或他们没有报告这样做)进行筛选。考虑到人工智能(AI)技术的最新进展及其在系统综述中筛选文章的潜在用途(van Dijk等人,2023),未来的证据合成研究必须透明地报告筛选过程的信息。13项研究中有8项包括荟萃分析。虽然偏倚风险和发表偏倚的评估通常是准确的(即,通过使用适当的统计检验和准确报告信息),但它们往往不被视为分析中潜在的混淆因素。例如,只有两项研究(8项研究中)使用了敏感性分析或元回归来评估纳入低质量研究或高度偏倚研究是否以及在多大程度上影响了元分析的主要结果。五项研究提供了与存储原始数据和分析代码的外部存储库的链接,两项研究报告说,数据可根据要求提供。公开数据和代码尤为重要,这不仅是因为遵循开放科学实践是JCPP进展的核心组成部分,而且还因为更多地遵守这些原则可能会提高传播循证发现的透明度,并促进进一步的合作。例如,如果单个研究的数据是公开的,则可以很容易地进行二次分析或更大的荟萃分析(例如,总体评价和网络荟萃分析)。但是,我们也承认,在某些情况下,公开共享数据可能是不可能的;因此,透明地报告主要调查结果(例如,提供森林样地、代码和产出)是至关重要的。我们还想强调的是,本特刊没有提交总括性综述:总括性综述是评估多个荟萃分析证据的有力工具(例如,参见Arrondo等人,2022),因此我们鼓励作者将这类证据综合研究提交给JCPP Advances。Alessio Bellato:概念化;可视化;写作-原稿。Ioana Alina Cristea, Cinzia Del Giovane, Seena Fazel, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, Marco Solmi:写作-评论和编辑。Henrik Larsson:概念化;监督;写作-原稿。Alessio Bellato, Henrik Larsson, Guilherme V. Polanczyk和Marco Solmi是本期杂志中收录的一些论文的作者,并在本期社论中进行了讨论。Henrik Larsson是JCPP Advances的主编。Guilherme V. Polanczyk和Marco Solmi是JCPP Advances的联合编辑。Seena Fazel是JCPP advance编辑顾问委员会的成员。Henrik Larsson报道从Shire Pharmaceuticals获得资助;担任
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引用次数: 0
Heterogeneity in the trajectories of psychological distress among late adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic COVID - 19大流行期间晚期青少年心理困扰轨迹的异质性
Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12195
Jean-Philippe Gouin, Alejandro de la Torre-Luque, Yolanda Sánchez-Carro, Marie-Claude Geoffroy, Cecilia Essau

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has constrained opportunities in social, educational and professional domains, leading to developmental challenges for adolescents initiating their transition to adulthood. Meta-analysis indicated that there was a small increase in psychological distress during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, significant heterogeneity in the psychological response to the COVID-19 pandemic was noted. Developmental antecedents as well as social processes may account for such heterogeneity. The goal of this study was to characterize trajectories of psychological distress in late adolescence during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

5014 late adolescents born between 2000 and 2002 from the UK Millennium Cohort Study completed online self-reported assessments at three occasions during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (May 2020, September/October 2020 and February/March 2021). These surveys assessed psychological distress, loneliness, social support, family conflict, as well as other pandemic stressors. Information on developmental antecedents were obtained when cohort members were 17 years of age.

Results

Four distinct trajectories class were identified. Normative class (52.13%) experienced low and decreasing levels of psychological distress, while moderately increasing class (31.84%) experienced a small, but significant increase in distress over time and increasing class (8.75%) exhibited a larger increase in distress after the first wave of the pandemic. Inverted U-shaped class (7.29%) experienced elevated psychological distress during the first wave of the pandemic, followed by a decrease in distress in subsequent waves of the pandemic. Larger longitudinal increases in loneliness were noted among individuals in the elevated distress trajectory, compared to other trajectories. Pre-pandemic psychopathology was associated with elevated distress early in the pandemic.

Conclusions

The largest trajectory showed low and declining psychological distress, highlighting the resilience of the majority of late adolescents. However, a subgroup of adolescents experienced large increases in psychological distress, identifying a group of individuals more vulnerable to pandemic-related stress.

2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行限制了社会、教育和专业领域的机会,给开始向成年过渡的青少年带来了发展挑战。荟萃分析表明,在2019冠状病毒病大流行的第一年,心理困扰略有增加。然而,人们注意到对新冠肺炎疫情的心理反应存在显著的异质性。发展前因和社会过程可能是造成这种异质性的原因。这项研究的目的是描述新冠肺炎疫情期间青春期晚期的心理困扰轨迹。英国千年队列研究中2000年至2002年出生的514名晚期青少年在新冠肺炎大流行的第一年(2020年5月、2020年9月/10月和2021年2月/3月)三次完成了在线自我报告评估。这些调查评估了心理困扰、孤独、社会支持、家庭冲突以及其他疫情压力源。当队列成员为17岁时,获得有关发育前因的信息。确定了四个不同的轨迹类别。正常班级(52.13%)的心理痛苦程度较低且不断下降,而适度增加的班级(31.84%)的痛苦程度随着时间的推移略有但显著增加,增加的班级在第一波疫情后的痛苦程度更大(8.75%)。倒U型阶级(7.29%)在第一波疫情期间经历了更高的心理痛苦,随后在随后的几波疫情中痛苦减少。与其他轨迹相比,处于上升痛苦轨迹的个体孤独感的纵向增加幅度更大。大流行前的精神病理学与大流行早期的痛苦增加有关。最大的轨迹显示出较低且不断下降的心理痛苦,突出了大多数晚期青少年的韧性。然而,一个青少年亚组经历了心理痛苦的大幅增加,确定了一组更容易受到疫情相关压力的个体。
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引用次数: 0
Transactional associations of child irritability and anxiety with parent psychological control in Taiwanese school-aged children 台湾学龄儿童易怒、焦虑与父母心理控制的交易关联
Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12192
Ka Shu Lee, Eli R. Lebowitz, Wendy K. Silverman, Wan-Ling Tseng

Background

Child irritability and anxiety are associated with parent psychological control; yet their transactional relations over time are not well-characterized at the within-person level. Research addressing generalizability of past Western-based literature in non-Western, collectivist community samples is lacking.

Methods

Sample comprised 285 children aged 8.8–11.4 years (145 girls; Mage = 9.9 years, SD = 0.6) in Northern Taiwan. Participants were assessed at baseline (T1), 6-month (T2), and 12-month (T3) follow-ups. Child irritability and anxiety symptoms were assessed using parent-rated Child Behavior Checklist. Parent psychological control was assessed using the parent- and child-rated Psychological Control Scale. Within-person processes were specified using the random-intercept cross-lagged panel models.

Results

Models showed that psychological control predicted increased child irritability when analyzing parenting data from parents and children. However, the lagged effect from psychological control to child anxiety was only seen in parent-rated parenting data. We found limited evidence for a back-and-forth transactional pathway among constructs. Child irritability predicted increased child anxiety in all models.

Conclusions

Directional effects from psychological control to child irritability and anxiety support parent-involved interventions that prioritize collaborative parenting and positive reinforcement techniques. Future validations in combined clinical and typically developing samples and direct cross-cultural comparisons are warranted.

儿童易怒、焦虑与家长心理控制有关;然而,随着时间的推移,他们的交易关系并没有在个人层面上得到很好的表征。关于过去以西方为基础的文献在非西方集体主义社区样本中的普遍性的研究是缺乏的。样本包括285名年龄在8.8-11.4岁之间的儿童(145名女孩;Mage = 9.9年,SD = 0.6)。参与者在基线(T1)、6个月(T2)和12个月(T3)随访时进行评估。使用家长评定的儿童行为检查表评估儿童易怒和焦虑症状。家长心理控制采用家长-儿童心理控制量表进行评估。使用随机截距交叉滞后面板模型指定了人内部过程。在分析父母和孩子的育儿数据时,模型显示心理控制预示着孩子易怒的增加。然而,心理控制对儿童焦虑的滞后效应仅在父母评价的育儿数据中可见。我们发现有限的证据表明构念之间存在来回交易通路。在所有模型中,儿童易怒预示着儿童焦虑的增加。从心理控制到儿童易怒和焦虑的定向效应支持家长参与的干预,优先考虑合作育儿和积极强化技术。未来联合临床和典型发展样本的验证和直接跨文化比较是有必要的。
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引用次数: 0
Longitudinal studies of child mental disorders in the general population: A systematic review of study characteristics 普通人群中儿童精神障碍的纵向研究:研究特征的系统综述。
Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12186
Theodora Bogdan, Weiyi Xie, Habeba Talaat, Hafsa Mir, Bhargavi Venkataraman, Laura E. Banfield, Katholiki Georgiades, Laura Duncan

Introduction

Longitudinal studies of child mental disorders in the general population (herein study) investigate trends in prevalence, incidence, risk/protective factors, and sequelae for disorders. They are time and resource intensive but offer life-course perspectives and examination of causal mechanisms. Comprehensive syntheses of the methods of existing studies will provide an understanding of studies conducted to date, inventory studies, and inform the planning of new longitudinal studies.

Methods

A systematic review of the research literature in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO was conducted in December 2022 for longitudinal studies of child mental disorders in the general population. Records were grouped by study and assessed for eligibility. Data were extracted from one of four sources: a record reporting study methodology, a record documenting child mental disorder prevalence, study websites, or user guides. Narrative and tabular syntheses of the scope and design features of studies were generated.

Results

There were 18,133 unique records for 487 studies—159 of these were eligible for inclusion. Studies occurred from 1934 to 2019 worldwide, with data collection across 1 to 68 time points, with 70% of studies ongoing. Baseline sample sizes ranged from n = 151 to 64,136. Studies were most frequently conducted in the United States and at the city/town level. Internalizing disorders and disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders were the most frequently assessed mental disorders. Of studies reporting methods of disorder assessment, almost all used measurement scales. Individual, familial and environmental risk and protective factors and sequelae were examined.

Conclusions

These results summarize characteristics of existing longitudinal studies of child mental disorders in the general population, provide an understanding of studies conducted to date, encourage comprehensive and consistent reporting of study methodology to facilitate meta-analytic syntheses of longitudinal evidence, and offer recommendations and suggestions for the design of future studies. Registration DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/73HSW.

引言:对普通人群中儿童精神障碍的纵向研究(本文研究)调查了疾病的患病率、发病率、风险/保护因素和后遗症的趋势。它们是时间和资源密集型的,但提供了人生历程的视角和因果机制的检验。对现有研究方法的全面综合将提供对迄今为止进行的研究的理解、清单研究,并为新的纵向研究的规划提供信息。方法:2022年12月,对MEDLINE、EMBASE和PsycINFO的研究文献进行了系统综述,对普通人群中儿童精神障碍的纵向研究进行了系统回顾。记录按研究分组,并评估其合格性。数据来自四个来源之一:记录报告研究方法、记录儿童精神障碍患病率的记录、研究网站或用户指南。对研究的范围和设计特点进行了叙述和表格综合。结果:487项研究共有18133项独特记录,其中159项符合入选条件。研究发生在1934年至2019年的全球范围内,数据收集跨越1至68个时间点,70%的研究正在进行中。基线样本量范围从n=151到64136。研究最频繁地在美国和城市/城镇一级进行。内化障碍和破坏性、冲动控制和行为障碍是最常见的精神障碍。在报告疾病评估方法的研究中,几乎所有的研究都使用了测量量表。检查了个人、家庭和环境风险以及保护因素和后遗症。结论:这些结果总结了现有的普通人群儿童精神障碍纵向研究的特征,提供了对迄今为止进行的研究的理解,鼓励全面一致地报告研究方法,以促进纵向证据的元分析综合,并为今后研究的设计提供建议和建议。注册DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/73HSW。
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引用次数: 1
When do the effects of single-session interventions persist? Testing the mindset + supportive context hypothesis in a longitudinal randomized trial 单次干预的效果何时持续?在一项纵向随机试验中检验心态+支持性环境假说
Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12191
Cameron A. Hecht, Samuel D. Gosling, Christopher J. Bryan, Jeremy P. Jamieson, Jared S. Murray, David S. Yeager

Background

Single-session interventions have the potential to address young people's mental health needs at scale, but their effects are heterogeneous. We tested whether the mindset + supportive context hypothesis could help explain when intervention effects persist or fade over time. The hypothesis posits that interventions are more effective in environments that support the intervention message. We tested this hypothesis using the synergistic mindsets intervention, a preventative treatment for stress-related mental health symptoms that helps students appraise stress as a potential asset in the classroom (e.g., increasing oxygenated blood flow) rather than debilitating. In an introductory college course, we examined whether intervention-consistent messages from instructors sustained changes in appraisals over time, as well as impacts on students' predisposition to try demanding academic tasks that could enhance learning.

Methods

We randomly assigned 1675 students in the course to receive the synergistic mindsets intervention (or a control activity) at the beginning of the semester, and subsequently, to receive intervention-supportive messages from their instructor (or neutral messages) four times throughout the term. We collected weekly measures of students' appraisals of stress in the course and their predisposition to take on academic challenges. Trial-registration: OSF.io; DOI: 10.17605/osf.io/fchyn.

Results

A conservative Bayesian analysis indicated that receiving both the intervention and supportive messages led to the greatest increases in positive stress appraisals (0.35 SD; 1.00 posterior probability) and challenge-seeking predisposition (2.33 percentage points; 0.94 posterior probability), averaged over the course of the semester. In addition, intervention effects grew larger throughout the semester when complemented by supportive instructor messages, whereas without these messages, intervention effects shrank somewhat over time.

Conclusions

This study shows, for the first time, that supportive cues in local contexts can be the difference in whether a single-session intervention's effects fade over time or persist and even amplify.

单次干预有可能大规模解决年轻人的心理健康需求,但其效果是不同的。我们测试了心态+支持性情境假设是否有助于解释干预效果何时持续或随着时间的推移而消退。该假说认为,干预措施在支持干预信息的环境中更有效。我们使用协同心态干预来检验这一假设,这是一种针对压力相关心理健康症状的预防性治疗方法,有助于学生将压力评估为课堂上的潜在资产(例如,增加含氧血流量),而不是使人衰弱。在一门大学入门课程中,我们研究了教师的干预一致性信息是否会随着时间的推移而持续改变评估,以及对学生尝试高要求的学术任务的倾向的影响,这些任务可以增强学习。我们在课程中随机分配了1675名学生,让他们在学期初接受协同心态干预(或控制活动),然后在整个学期中四次接受老师的干预支持信息(或中性信息)。我们每周收集学生对课程压力的评价以及他们应对学术挑战的倾向。试验注册:OSF.io;DOI:10.17605/osf.io/fchyn。保守的贝叶斯分析表明,接受干预和支持信息会导致积极压力评估(0.35 SD;1.00后验概率)和寻求挑战倾向(2.33个百分点;0.94后验概率。此外,在整个学期,当得到支持性教师信息的补充时,干预效果会变得更大,而如果没有这些信息,干预效果就会随着时间的推移而有所下降。这项研究首次表明,局部环境中的支持性线索可能是单次干预效果是否会随着时间的推移而减弱或持续甚至扩大的区别。
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引用次数: 0
Three year outcomes in infants with a family history of autism and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 有自闭症和/或注意缺陷多动障碍家族史的婴儿的三年结果
Pub Date : 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12189
Tony Charman, Greg Pasco, Alexandra Hendry, Tessel Bazelmans, Nisha Narvekar, Amy Goodwin, Hanna Halkola, Mary Agyapong, Rebecca Holman, Jannath Begum Ali, Mutluhan Ersoy, Mark H. Johnson, Andrew Pickles, Emily J. H. Jones, The STAARS Team

Background

Most research on early outcomes in infants with a family history (FH) of autism has focussed on categorically defined autism, although some have language and developmental delays. Less is known about outcomes in infants with a FH of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods

Infants with and without a FH of autism and/or ADHD, due to a first-degree relative with either or both conditions, were recruited at 5 or 10 months. Three year outcomes were characterised using latent profile analysis (LPA) across measures of cognitive ability, adaptive functioning and autism, ADHD and anxiety traits (n = 131). We additionally ran an LPA using only autism and ADHD measures, and the broader LPA in an independent cohort (n = 139) and in both cohorts combined (n = 270).

Results

A Low Developmental Level + High Behavioural Concerns class had elevated autism, ADHD and anxiety scores, low cognitive and adaptive function, and included all but one child with autism. A Low Developmental Level + Typical Behaviour class had average cognitive ability and typical behaviour but low adaptive function. A Typical Developmental Level + Some Behavioural Concerns class had average cognitive and adaptive function but slightly elevated behaviour scores. A High Developmental Level + Typical Behaviour class had above average cognitive ability and typical behaviour. All four LPAs identified classes characterised by combinations of either, or both, Low Development Level and elevated behaviour scores, as well as a typically developing class. No classes had elevated autism or ADHD traits in isolation.

Conclusions

Some infants with a FH of autism or ADHD have atypical developmental and behavioural outcomes, but do not show strong autism or ADHD traits in isolation. The field needs to recalibrate aims and methods to embrace the broader transdiagnostic pattern of outcomes seen in these infants.

大多数关于有自闭症家族史(FH)的婴儿早期结果的研究都集中在明确定义的自闭症上,尽管有些人有语言和发育迟缓。对于FH婴儿的注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的结果知之甚少。在5个月或10个月时招募患有或不患有自闭症和/或ADHD的婴儿,因为有一级亲属患有其中一种或两种情况。使用潜在轮廓分析(LPA)对认知能力、适应功能、自闭症、多动症和焦虑特征的测量进行三年结果表征(n = 131)。此外,我们仅使用自闭症和ADHD测量方法进行LPA,并在独立队列(n = 139)和两个队列联合(n = 270)中进行更广泛的LPA。低发育水平+高行为关注班的自闭症、多动症和焦虑得分较高,认知和适应功能较低,除了一名自闭症儿童外,其他所有儿童都患有自闭症。低发育水平+典型行为组的认知能力和典型行为一般,但适应功能较低。一个典型的发展水平+一些行为问题班的认知和适应功能一般,但行为得分略高。高发展水平+典型行为班认知能力和典型行为均高于平均水平。所有四个指标都确定了以低发展水平和高行为分数的组合或两者的组合为特征的类别,以及典型的发展类别。在孤立的班级中,没有自闭症或ADHD特征升高的班级。一些患有自闭症或多动症的婴儿有非典型的发育和行为结果,但孤立地不表现出强烈的自闭症或多动症特征。该领域需要重新调整目标和方法,以接受在这些婴儿中看到的更广泛的转诊模式。
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引用次数: 1
More frequent naps are associated with lower cognitive development in a cohort of 8–38-month-old children, during the Covid-19 pandemic 在一组8-38个月大的儿童中,在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,更频繁的小睡与较低的认知发育有关
Pub Date : 2023-07-27 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12190
Teodora Gliga, Alexandra Hendry, Shannon P. Kong, Ben Ewing, Catherine Davies, Michelle McGillion, Nayeli Gonzalez-Gomez

Background

How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a child's sleep needs (e.g., attending daycare) has clouded our ability to understand the role of intrinsic drivers of napping frequency.

Methods

Here we investigate sleep patterns in association with two measures of cognitive ability, vocabulary size, measured with the Oxford-Communicative Development Inventory (N = 298) and cognitive executive functions (EF), measured with the Early EF Questionnaire (N = 463), in a cohort of 8–38-month-olds. Importantly, because of the social distancing measures imposed during the Covid-19 Spring 2020 lockdown, in the UK, measures of sleep were taken when children did not access daycare settings.

Results

We find that children with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had lower concurrent receptive vocabularies, lower cognitive EF and a slower increase in expressive vocabulary from spring to winter 2020, when age, sex, and SES were accounted for. The negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps became stronger with age.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development and highlight the importance of considering environmental perturbations and age when investigating developmental correlates of sleep.

儿童在婴儿期小睡的频率被认为反映了两个内在因素,即不成熟的大脑需要在获得信息后不久巩固信息,以及环境因素。难以解释影响儿童睡眠需求的重要环境因素(例如,参加日托),使我们无法理解午睡频率的内在驱动因素的作用。方法研究了8- 38个月大婴儿的睡眠模式与两项认知能力指标的关系:词汇量(用牛津交际发展量表(N = 298)测量)和认知执行功能(EF)(用早期EF问卷(N = 463)测量)。重要的是,由于在2020年春季Covid-19封锁期间实施的社会距离措施,在英国,当儿童无法进入日托机构时,采取了睡眠措施。结果我们发现,当考虑到年龄、性别和社会经济地位时,从2020年春季到冬季,比同龄儿童更频繁但更短的小睡的儿童同时接受性词汇量更低,认知EF更低,表达性词汇量增长更慢。词汇量和小睡频率之间的负相关关系随着年龄的增长而增强。这些发现表明,白天睡眠结构是认知发展的一个指标,并强调了在研究睡眠发育相关因素时考虑环境扰动和年龄的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
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JCPP advances
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