Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1163/25889567-bja10048
Ralph R. Acampora
A phenomenology of factory farms and slaughterhouses, as well as associated animal sanctuaries, is mounted. It is found that other animals in the former situations are reified into machine-like beings, as are the workers who deal with them. In terms of critical hermeneutics, it is found that alienation from the process and product of work and from each other and themselves happens for both human and nonhuman denizens of these contexts. In animal sanctuaries, it is found that a contrary movement of “subjectification” occurs. The ethical ramifications of these patterns are that animals become bereft of moral standing in the former institutions and are restored to moral considerability in the latter context.
{"title":"Phenomenology and Critical Hermeneutics of the “Livestock” Industry and Associated Sanctuaries","authors":"Ralph R. Acampora","doi":"10.1163/25889567-bja10048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10048","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000A phenomenology of factory farms and slaughterhouses, as well as associated animal sanctuaries, is mounted. It is found that other animals in the former situations are reified into machine-like beings, as are the workers who deal with them. In terms of critical hermeneutics, it is found that alienation from the process and product of work and from each other and themselves happens for both human and nonhuman denizens of these contexts. In animal sanctuaries, it is found that a contrary movement of “subjectification” occurs. The ethical ramifications of these patterns are that animals become bereft of moral standing in the former institutions and are restored to moral considerability in the latter context.","PeriodicalId":73601,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied animal ethics research","volume":"66 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140660069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1163/25889567-bja10049
Derek Halm
Venomous snakebite is a neglected tropical disease and disease of poverty, affecting hundreds of thousands of people annually. The only effective medical intervention for snakebite is antivenom, produced primarily using captive venomous snakes as a source of venom. This paper analyzes snakes’ welfare at venom labs within this global health context. I recommend significant changes to improve the welfare of captive snakes, particularly in light of recent ethological research and attention on snakes. These recommendations are broadly consequentialist, aiming to improve the lives of the snakes and ensure that people have increased access to affordable antivenom.
{"title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases and Long-Term Captive Animals: Ethical Considerations with Venom Lab Snakes","authors":"Derek Halm","doi":"10.1163/25889567-bja10049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Venomous snakebite is a neglected tropical disease and disease of poverty, affecting hundreds of thousands of people annually. The only effective medical intervention for snakebite is antivenom, produced primarily using captive venomous snakes as a source of venom. This paper analyzes snakes’ welfare at venom labs within this global health context. I recommend significant changes to improve the welfare of captive snakes, particularly in light of recent ethological research and attention on snakes. These recommendations are broadly consequentialist, aiming to improve the lives of the snakes and ensure that people have increased access to affordable antivenom.","PeriodicalId":73601,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied animal ethics research","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140661718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.1163/25889567-bja10047
Armina Richter, Katrin Wirz, Veronika Pilchová, Claudia Schulz, Asisa Volz, M. von Köckritz-Blickwede
Since the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, a tremendous amount of work has been done by scientists to understand the pathogenesis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Several animal models have been reported to be useful for the development and testing of vaccines, antivirals, or therapeutics. These in vivo experiments have to be performed at high containment biosafety level (BSL)-3. Thus, an appropriate biosafety, facility and data management as well as high standard of animal welfare, thorough study design, and staff training combined with an overall research transparency and open communication need to be implemented to achieve high quality reproducible research. Such an approach combined with the well-known 3R principle (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) and the 3S principle (Good Science, Good Sense, and Good Sensibilities) can contribute to culture of care in scientific research. The perspective reviews the key points of optimized biosafety, data, quality and animal welfare management in high risk biosafety-settings to conduct animal experiments with infectious pathogens in the context of a culture of care.
{"title":"Quality Management and Animal Welfare as Culture of Care for Animal Experiments under Biosafety Level-3, taking COVID-19 as a Practical Example","authors":"Armina Richter, Katrin Wirz, Veronika Pilchová, Claudia Schulz, Asisa Volz, M. von Köckritz-Blickwede","doi":"10.1163/25889567-bja10047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Since the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, a tremendous amount of work has been done by scientists to understand the pathogenesis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Several animal models have been reported to be useful for the development and testing of vaccines, antivirals, or therapeutics. These in vivo experiments have to be performed at high containment biosafety level (BSL)-3. Thus, an appropriate biosafety, facility and data management as well as high standard of animal welfare, thorough study design, and staff training combined with an overall research transparency and open communication need to be implemented to achieve high quality reproducible research. Such an approach combined with the well-known 3R principle (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) and the 3S principle (Good Science, Good Sense, and Good Sensibilities) can contribute to culture of care in scientific research. The perspective reviews the key points of optimized biosafety, data, quality and animal welfare management in high risk biosafety-settings to conduct animal experiments with infectious pathogens in the context of a culture of care.","PeriodicalId":73601,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied animal ethics research","volume":"725 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140246591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1163/25889567-bja10046
Daniel Kary
This paper considers a solution to a scenario found in Tom Regan’s Case for Animal Rights, offered by Daniel Kary. Regan considers a case where either one human or any number of dog’s must be sacrificed. He chooses the human because they would be harmed more than any dog would be. This is initially puzzling since Regan claims that humans and dogs have equal inherent value (the objective value as an end that entities have). Kary’s solution argues the human should be saved since their possible experiences have greater intrinsic value (the objective value as an end that experiences have) than those of any number of dogs’. The rationale is that dog experiences are too similar to be additive. The paper acknowledges that Kary’s alternative solution is more plausible than Regan’s, but it ultimately fails to be convincing.
本文探讨了丹尼尔-凯里（Daniel Kary）在《汤姆-里根的动物权利案例》（Tom Regan's Case for Animal Rights）中提出的一种解决方案。雷根考虑了一个必须牺牲一个人或任意数量的狗的案例。他选择了人，因为人比狗受到的伤害更大。这最初令人费解，因为里根声称人和狗具有同等的内在价值（实体作为目的所具有的客观价值）。凯里的解决方案认为，人类应该被拯救，因为他们可能的经验比任何数量的狗的经验都具有更大的内在价值（作为经验所具有的目的的客观价值）。其理由是，狗的经历过于相似，不能相加。论文承认 Kary 的替代方案比 Regan 的方案更有道理，但最终未能令人信服。
{"title":"Rejecting an Additive Solution to Regan’s Lifeboat Case","authors":"Daniel Kary","doi":"10.1163/25889567-bja10046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10046","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper considers a solution to a scenario found in Tom Regan’s Case for Animal Rights, offered by Daniel Kary. Regan considers a case where either one human or any number of dog’s must be sacrificed. He chooses the human because they would be harmed more than any dog would be. This is initially puzzling since Regan claims that humans and dogs have equal inherent value (the objective value as an end that entities have). Kary’s solution argues the human should be saved since their possible experiences have greater intrinsic value (the objective value as an end that experiences have) than those of any number of dogs’. The rationale is that dog experiences are too similar to be additive. The paper acknowledges that Kary’s alternative solution is more plausible than Regan’s, but it ultimately fails to be convincing.","PeriodicalId":73601,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied animal ethics research","volume":"124 36","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.1163/25889567-bja10044
Lukas J. Bursee
The keeping of unconventional companion animals represents a special area of animal husbandry. While formerly reserved for zoological institutions, nowadays more and more unconventional companion animals can be found in the care of private owners. Due to the special nature and requirements of these animals, there are people who demand legal restrictions of these husbandries. One point often mentioned in this regard is the risks of zoonoses, which are said to be higher than with classical companion animals. Considering this argument, a conflict emerges between private rights of companion animal owners and the interests of public safety. With the help of a balancing of interests, this conflict can be examined more closely and an initial assessment of the justification for restrictions can be made.
{"title":"Zoonoses in Unconventional Companion Animals","authors":"Lukas J. Bursee","doi":"10.1163/25889567-bja10044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10044","url":null,"abstract":"The keeping of unconventional companion animals represents a special area of animal husbandry. While formerly reserved for zoological institutions, nowadays more and more unconventional companion animals can be found in the care of private owners. Due to the special nature and requirements of these animals, there are people who demand legal restrictions of these husbandries. One point often mentioned in this regard is the risks of zoonoses, which are said to be higher than with classical companion animals. Considering this argument, a conflict emerges between private rights of companion animal owners and the interests of public safety. With the help of a balancing of interests, this conflict can be examined more closely and an initial assessment of the justification for restrictions can be made.","PeriodicalId":73601,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied animal ethics research","volume":"623 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139202885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1163/25889567-bja10043
Jan Deckers
Abstract The majority of new infectious diseases that affect human beings are zoonoses. Zoonotic pressure is increasing for various reasons. These include: 1) the growth of the human population; 2) the growing concentration of human beings; 3) the growing mobility of the human population; 4) the rapid growth in the human usage of nonhuman animals; 5) the increasing intensification of the farm animal sector; 6) increasing ecological degradation, and 7) the lack of political will to address the previous six factors. These factors and the interplay between them create perfect storm conditions for the emergence of zoonoses with pandemic potential. What compounds the problem is a lack of moral theory on how to prevent zoonoses and associated pandemics. This article aims to address this gap by drawing on interdisciplinary work on zoonotic and pandemic prevention.
{"title":"What Should We Do to Prevent Zoonoses with Pandemic Potential?","authors":"Jan Deckers","doi":"10.1163/25889567-bja10043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The majority of new infectious diseases that affect human beings are zoonoses. Zoonotic pressure is increasing for various reasons. These include: 1) the growth of the human population; 2) the growing concentration of human beings; 3) the growing mobility of the human population; 4) the rapid growth in the human usage of nonhuman animals; 5) the increasing intensification of the farm animal sector; 6) increasing ecological degradation, and 7) the lack of political will to address the previous six factors. These factors and the interplay between them create perfect storm conditions for the emergence of zoonoses with pandemic potential. What compounds the problem is a lack of moral theory on how to prevent zoonoses and associated pandemics. This article aims to address this gap by drawing on interdisciplinary work on zoonotic and pandemic prevention.","PeriodicalId":73601,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied animal ethics research","volume":"123 33","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136352257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1163/25889567-bja10042
Nico D. Müller
Abstract Government authorities often view the 3Rs of “replace, reduce, refine” popularized by Russell and Burch as both regulatory principle and a governance principle aimed at reducing the total amount of animal distress in science. They thus expect that the 3Rs should, in time, result in changes in total animal experimentation numbers. Communications by Swiss authorities provide stark examples of this expectation. But the 3Rs do not aim at affecting animal experimentation at the level of total numbers; rather, they focus on study design in the individual case. While the underlying philosophy of the 3Rs indeed included a principle of seeking feasible overall reforms, this notion is completely absent in the 3Rs framework itself. Authorities need to stop treating the 3Rs as a means to reduce total distress and should instead invest resources into developing feasible and effective strategies for transformative governance in animal research.
{"title":"The 3Rs Alone Will Not Reduce Total Animal Experimentation Numbers: A Fundamental Misunderstanding in Need of Correction","authors":"Nico D. Müller","doi":"10.1163/25889567-bja10042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Government authorities often view the 3Rs of “replace, reduce, refine” popularized by Russell and Burch as both regulatory principle and a governance principle aimed at reducing the total amount of animal distress in science. They thus expect that the 3Rs should, in time, result in changes in total animal experimentation numbers. Communications by Swiss authorities provide stark examples of this expectation. But the 3Rs do not aim at affecting animal experimentation at the level of total numbers; rather, they focus on study design in the individual case. While the underlying philosophy of the 3Rs indeed included a principle of seeking feasible overall reforms, this notion is completely absent in the 3Rs framework itself. Authorities need to stop treating the 3Rs as a means to reduce total distress and should instead invest resources into developing feasible and effective strategies for transformative governance in animal research.","PeriodicalId":73601,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied animal ethics research","volume":"124 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136351324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.1163/25889567-bja10039
Stefan Mann
Abstract The jointness of milk and beef production is still the dominant system but is challenged by the trend toward vegetarian diets that skip meat but not milk consumption. Specialized dairy production raises issues regarding the management of male animals that are better known from the case of egg production but which are yet to be explored for dairy herds. In a first step, the problem of male chicklets is presented; similarities and differences to dairy systems are highlighted. A dataset of Swiss cattle is used to show that specialized dairy production as indicated by Jersey cows leads to a shorter life expectancy of both newborn calves and dairy cows compared to the joint production of milk and meat. In a qualitative part, the unsolved problem of economic waste through all male animals and the female animals not needed for milk production is illustrated by using the method of objective hermeneutics. It can be concluded that specialized dairy production does not benefit farm animals.
{"title":"On the Deadliness of Specialized Dairy Production – The Case of Jersey Herds in Switzerland","authors":"Stefan Mann","doi":"10.1163/25889567-bja10039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The jointness of milk and beef production is still the dominant system but is challenged by the trend toward vegetarian diets that skip meat but not milk consumption. Specialized dairy production raises issues regarding the management of male animals that are better known from the case of egg production but which are yet to be explored for dairy herds. In a first step, the problem of male chicklets is presented; similarities and differences to dairy systems are highlighted. A dataset of Swiss cattle is used to show that specialized dairy production as indicated by Jersey cows leads to a shorter life expectancy of both newborn calves and dairy cows compared to the joint production of milk and meat. In a qualitative part, the unsolved problem of economic waste through all male animals and the female animals not needed for milk production is illustrated by using the method of objective hermeneutics. It can be concluded that specialized dairy production does not benefit farm animals.","PeriodicalId":73601,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied animal ethics research","volume":"17 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135929987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97142-7
Maris Beck
{"title":"Animals and Business Ethics","authors":"Maris Beck","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-97142-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97142-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73601,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied animal ethics research","volume":"4 1","pages":"195 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83466387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1163/25889567-bja10040
Marilena De Langes, Simona Normando
Abstract This short communication introduces the reader to challenges faced by a cat rescue organization (Dingo-Venezia ONLUS ) operating in the Venice area during and after the COVID -19 pandemic restrictions. The area around Venice houses more than 1,500 cat colonies, in the mainland and in a number of densely inhabited isles. During COVID -19 restrictions, providing for animals was recognized as a legitimate cause to circulate, but there was uncertainty about the procedure to obtain such recognition. Volunteers chose to go and feed the animals nonetheless, even with the risk of incurring legal consequences. During restrictions, there was an increase of cat adoption demands, but also in cat relinquishment, and a general decrease in donations due to the economic crisis. Although not reporting experimentally sourced data, this paper affords the reader an informed insight into the challenges due to COVID -19 restriction, directly from the experience of an established Italian cat rescue organization.
{"title":"The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Feline Strays in the Venice Area (2020–2022) in the Experience of Cat Rescue Organization Volunteers","authors":"Marilena De Langes, Simona Normando","doi":"10.1163/25889567-bja10040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/25889567-bja10040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This short communication introduces the reader to challenges faced by a cat rescue organization (Dingo-Venezia ONLUS ) operating in the Venice area during and after the COVID -19 pandemic restrictions. The area around Venice houses more than 1,500 cat colonies, in the mainland and in a number of densely inhabited isles. During COVID -19 restrictions, providing for animals was recognized as a legitimate cause to circulate, but there was uncertainty about the procedure to obtain such recognition. Volunteers chose to go and feed the animals nonetheless, even with the risk of incurring legal consequences. During restrictions, there was an increase of cat adoption demands, but also in cat relinquishment, and a general decrease in donations due to the economic crisis. Although not reporting experimentally sourced data, this paper affords the reader an informed insight into the challenges due to COVID -19 restriction, directly from the experience of an established Italian cat rescue organization.","PeriodicalId":73601,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied animal ethics research","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136038215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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