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Awareness about Color Blindness among University Student 大学生对色盲的认识
Pub Date : 2019-02-06 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.04.01.07
Basic purpose of this survey studies was to check awareness level about color blindness among university students. Color blindness is color vision deficiency (CVD), which occurs due to genetic disorder in specialized cell of eye. Patients suffering with color blindness are unable to differentiate between certain colors like red, green and blue. Red-green deficiency is common among all patients. A questionnaire was prepared to estimate awareness of university students about color blindness. It is concluded from this survey studies that mostly students are unaware about etiology and recent treatments of color blindness.
本调查研究的基本目的是了解大学生对色盲的认知程度。色盲是由于眼睛特定细胞的遗传性疾病而导致的色觉缺陷(CVD)。色盲患者无法区分红、绿、蓝等特定颜色。红绿缺乏症在所有患者中都很常见。准备了一份调查问卷来评估大学生对色盲的认识。从调查研究中得出结论,大多数学生对色盲的病因和最近的治疗方法一无所知。
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引用次数: 0
Relationship between Normal Blood Pressure and Body Weight 正常血压与体重的关系
Pub Date : 2019-02-06 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.04.01.10
The objective of the present study was to compare any relationship between normal blood pressure and body weight. Normal blood pressure is very crucial for our life. Blood pressure is important because it provides oxygen and nutrients to our tissues and organs, this pressure cause the blood to flow throughout the body via arteries. Blood pressure is developed when our heart pumps the blood on contraction with heart beats. Body weight of human is measured in kilograms. Body weight fluctuation occurs due to the water amount in our body. There are many methods to access the body weight like dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and the percentage of muscles, fats and bones in a human body. We used an instrument known as Sphygmomanometer. We measured weight of individuals, made individual stand on the machine and kept aside all the things and accessories like mobile phone, heavy jackets and shoes. We used a spring scale to measure and weight of a body. In this project, a questionnaire was prepared and asked the subjects about their blood pressure and measured the weight.
本研究的目的是比较正常血压和体重之间的关系。正常的血压对我们的生命至关重要。血压很重要,因为它为我们的组织和器官提供氧气和营养,这种压力使血液通过动脉在全身流动。当我们的心脏随着心跳收缩而泵出血液时,血压就产生了。人的体重是以公斤为单位计算的。体重的波动是由我们体内的水量引起的。有许多方法可以获得体重,如双能x射线吸收仪和人体肌肉、脂肪和骨骼的百分比。我们使用了一种叫做血压计的仪器。我们测量了每个人的体重,让每个人站在机器上,把手机、厚夹克、鞋子等所有的东西和配件都放在一边。我们用弹簧秤来测量物体的重量。在这个项目中,准备了一份调查问卷,询问受试者的血压并测量体重。
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引用次数: 0
Association of Chicken Likeness with Blood Glucose Level 鸡的外形与血糖水平的关系
Pub Date : 2019-02-06 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.04.01.14
M. Qadir, S. Batool
The target of the existing study was to relate chicken likeness with blood glucose level. Blood glucose level or blood sugar level or blood sugar level concentration is the level of the glucose existing in the blood of homo sapiens and mammals. Sum total of 100 students participate in the current research. We made a question sheet and got access to the blood sugar level of the participants. The participants were the students of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. At the end we concluded that there is no relation between chicken likeness and blood sugar level.
现有研究的目标是将鸡的外貌与血糖水平联系起来。血糖水平或血糖水平或血糖水平浓度是存在于智人和哺乳动物血液中的葡萄糖水平。共有100名学生参与了目前的研究。我们制作了一张问题表,并获得了参与者的血糖水平。参与者是巴基斯坦木尔坦Bahauddin Zakariya大学的学生。最后得出结论:鸡的外形与血糖水平没有关系。
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引用次数: 0
Interlink Between the Blood Pressure and Ladyfinger Likeness 血压和小手指相似之间的联系
Pub Date : 2019-02-06 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.04.01.06
Goal and the intension of the recent course were to show the connectivity between the blood pressure and ladyfinger likeness. Blood pressure or BP is the pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels when the blood circulates. Blood pressure is measured by the device called sphygmomanometer. The normal range of the blood pressure is 80mmHg to 120mmHg. The first is the diastolic blood pressure and the later is systolic blood pressure. Ladyfinger is the green vegetable which helps in controlling the blood pressure. During the sampling, we made a Performa about the connectivity of blood pressure and ladyfinger likeness. Gross of 188 colleagues were involved in this Performa study to which we questioned about their blood pressure. These colleagues are the undergraduate students of Bahauddin Zakariya University. It was concluded that the males who like ladyfinger have higher blood pressure and the females who dislike ladyfinger also have the high blood pressure.
最近课程的目的和目的是展示血压和小指相似度之间的联系。血压或BP是血液循环时施加在血管壁上的压力。血压是由血压计测量的。正常血压范围是80mmHg ~ 120mmHg。第一个是舒张压,第二个是收缩压。青菜是一种有助于控制血压的绿色蔬菜。在采样过程中,我们做了一个关于血压和小指相似度的连通性的实验。格罗斯和188位同事参与了这项研究,我们询问了他们的血压。这些同事是Bahauddin Zakariya大学的本科生。结果表明,喜欢手指虫的男性血压较高,不喜欢手指虫的女性血压也较高。
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引用次数: 0
Bitter Gourd relish and Pulse Rate Relationship 苦瓜味与脉搏的关系
Pub Date : 2019-02-06 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.04.01.11
The objective of present project “Bitter Gourd relish and Pulse Rate Relationship” was to investigate the normal pulse rate of subjects and relate with likeliness of bitter gourd. Subjects that took part in this project were 219 in number. Pulse rate is a means of physical examination of patient’s body and diagnosing the problem. Pulse rate is the beats (blood pumping to body) of heart in a minute. The status (regular, fast, low, strong) of pulse indicated the physical state of subject. Bitter gourd, a vegetable enrich in phytonutrient, anti-oxidants, dietary fiber and vitamin C, also disliked by subjects because of its bitterness. A protocol was followed to find a relationship for pulse rate measurement and questionnaire. Assistance of every subject helped in survey completion. Results were obtained by t-Test and relationship was observed that helped in doing conclusion. P-value was nonsignificant which meant no relation between bitter gourd and pulse rate measurement.
本课题“苦瓜味与脉搏率关系”的目的是调查被试的正常脉搏率及其与苦瓜可能性的关系。参与该项目的受试者共计219人。脉搏率是对病人身体进行体检和诊断的一种手段。脉搏率是一分钟内心脏的跳动(血液泵向身体)。脉搏的状态(规律、快、低、强)反映了受试者的身体状态。苦瓜,一种富含植物营养素、抗氧化剂、膳食纤维和维生素C的蔬菜,也因为它的苦味而不被受试者喜欢。采用一种方案来确定脉搏率测量与问卷的关系。每位被试的协助有助于调查的完成。结果采用t检验,观察到相关关系,有助于得出结论。p值不显著,说明苦瓜与脉搏测量没有关系。
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引用次数: 0
Audit to See the Effect of Nicotine Addiction on Pulse Rate 审核尼古丁成瘾对脉搏率的影响
Pub Date : 2019-02-06 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.04.01.04
M. Qadir, Hina Batool
Objective of present study was to see the effect of nicotine addiction on pulse rate. Nicotine can cause cardiovascular diseases and it also affect pulse rate by increasing its speed. So it was concluded that the docents who are addicted to tea have higher pulse rate and who are not addicted to tea they have normal or slow pulse rate.
本研究的目的是观察尼古丁成瘾对脉搏率的影响。尼古丁会引起心血管疾病,还会通过加快脉搏来影响脉搏。因此,我们得出结论,嗜茶的医生脉搏率更高,而不嗜茶的医生脉搏率正常或较慢。
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引用次数: 0
Extracorporeal Immunopharmacotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases 自身免疫性疾病的体外免疫药物治疗
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.04.01.08
The article aims to analyze pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases development including disorders of both cellular and humoral immunity. The standard drug therapy with corticosteroids and cytostatic leads to a number of side effects such as lipid metabolism disorders (Kushing-syndrome), arterial hypertension, diabetes, and osteoporosis each of which is to be additionally treated. Chimeric monoclonal antibodies (rituximab, natalizumab, etc.) can also cause complications. Therefore apheresis therapy with removal of autoantibodies, circulating immune complexes and other pathological metabolites is pathogenetically justified. However, the greatest effect is reached by means of extracorporeal immunopharmacotherapy when, besides antibodies removal by means of plasmapheresis one performs selection of lymphocytes and their temporary incubation with corticosteroids and cytostatics, which are then returned to the patient. Such targeted immunosuppression is much more effective then “pulse therapy” with minimum negative consequences for the body. At the same time a supporting drug therapy can be carried out with half smaller doses.
本文旨在分析自身免疫性疾病的发病机制,包括细胞免疫和体液免疫的紊乱。皮质类固醇和细胞抑制剂的标准药物治疗会导致许多副作用,如脂质代谢紊乱(库欣综合征)、动脉高血压、糖尿病和骨质疏松症,每一种都需要额外治疗。嵌合单克隆抗体(利妥昔单抗、那他珠单抗等)也可引起并发症。因此,去除自身抗体、循环免疫复合物和其他病理代谢物的单采疗法在病理学上是合理的。然而,体外免疫药物治疗的效果最好,除了通过血浆置换去除抗体外,还可以选择淋巴细胞,并将其与皮质类固醇和细胞抑制剂一起暂时孵育,然后将其返回患者体内。这种有针对性的免疫抑制比“脉冲疗法”更有效,对身体的负面影响最小。同时,辅助药物治疗可以用小一半的剂量进行。
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引用次数: 0
Wheezing in Childhood- not Always Asthma -Review 儿童喘息-不总是哮喘-综述
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.04.01.05
Atiar Rahman, Nafisa Rahman
Wheezing in infancy and childhood is a common condition; however it is not a single disorder and can be due to causes other than asthma. Wheezing is a musical, expiratory sound due to narrowing and hyper responsiveness of the intra-thoracic and extra thoracic airways. Not all wheezing is asthma. Wheezing-associated respiratory illnesses in children are often described as asthma; however while most children with asthma show symptoms of wheezing. Wheezing, coughing and breathlessness are common in young children, and can all be symptoms of conditions other than asthma. Bronchiolitis refers to a first episode of wheezing, with respiratory distress triggered by a viral infection. Episodic wheezing refers to discrete episodes of wheezing without intermittent symptoms. Unremitting wheezing refers to distinct episodes of wheezing with intermittent symptoms, such as coughing or wheezing at night or in response to exercise, crying, laughter, mist, or cold air. Environmental conditions that increase the rate of bacterial and viral infections are risk factors for transient wheezing, but its relationship to asthma remains unclear. Children with frequent simple colds and other common childhood infections in infancy are less likely to develop persistent wheezing in later childhood. Many preschool children with viral induced wheezing will outgrow these symptoms, and do not have asthma. Generally, asthma is identified by the presence of cough, wheeze and breathing difficulty, together with features of atopy (or a family history of atopy or asthma) and impaired lung function evidenced by spirometry. It is important to explain to parents/ carers that wheezing in an infant or preschooler does not mean the child will have asthma or allergies by primary school age. In preschool-aged children with recurrent wheeze (e.g. four or more episodes per year), consider using the Asthma Predictive Index, to estimate whether children are likely to have asthma during primary school years. Asthma Prediction Index has some major criteria and minor criteria. Major criteria are diagnosis of asthma in one or both parent, Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis during the first 3 yr. of life, Sensitization against >1 allergen, Minor criteria- Milk, egg, or peanut sensitization. Associated with respiratory infections, Eosinophilia >4%. In the first 3 years of life if anyone who have 1 major criteria or 2 minor criteria is present in one episode, the possibility of asthma in 6-13 years is 59% but 2 episodes possibility is 77%. Investigation -Chest X-Ray, spirometry, CT scan of Chest and Fiberoptic Bronchoscope. It is usually not necessary if history of “classic” asthma or, patient response to salbutamol and or steroid; then only spirometry should be done. But need other investigation when Chronic cough (>1 month), recurrent pneumonia, persistent signs or symptoms are seen despite therapy. Bronchomalacia, esophageal dilatation, foreign body aspiration, vocal cord dysfunction, viral pneumonia alle
在婴儿期和儿童期喘息是一种常见的情况;然而,它不是一种单一的疾病,可能是由哮喘以外的原因引起的。喘息是一种音乐性的呼气声,是由胸内和胸外气道狭窄和过度反应引起的。并非所有的喘息都是哮喘。儿童与喘息相关的呼吸系统疾病通常被描述为哮喘;然而,大多数患有哮喘的儿童都有喘息的症状。喘息、咳嗽和呼吸困难在幼儿中很常见,这些都可能是哮喘以外的症状。毛细支气管炎指的是由病毒感染引发的首次喘息,呼吸窘迫。发作性喘息是指没有间歇性症状的离散发作性喘息。持续喘息是指有间歇性症状的明显喘息发作,如夜间咳嗽或喘息,或对运动、哭泣、笑、雾或冷空气的反应。增加细菌和病毒感染率的环境条件是短暂性喘息的危险因素,但其与哮喘的关系尚不清楚。在婴儿期经常患单纯性感冒和其他常见儿童感染的儿童在儿童后期发展为持续性喘息的可能性较小。许多学龄前儿童与病毒引起的喘息将克服这些症状,并没有哮喘。一般来说,哮喘是通过咳嗽、喘息和呼吸困难,以及特应性特征(或特应性或哮喘家族史)和肺功能受损来确诊的。重要的是要向父母/照顾者解释,婴儿或学龄前儿童的喘息并不意味着孩子在小学年龄时将患有哮喘或过敏。对于复发性喘息的学龄前儿童(例如每年发作四次或以上),可考虑使用哮喘预测指数来估计儿童在小学期间是否可能患哮喘。哮喘预测指标分为主要标准和次要标准。主要标准是父母一方或双方的哮喘诊断,在生命的前3年内诊断为特应性皮炎,对>1种过敏原过敏,次要标准-牛奶,鸡蛋或花生致敏。伴有呼吸道感染,嗜酸性粒细胞增多>4%。在生命的前3年如果有1个主要标准或2个次要标准的人在一次发作中出现,6-13岁哮喘发作的可能性是59%但2次发作的可能性是77%。检查-胸部x线,肺活量测定,胸部CT扫描和纤维支气管镜。如果有“典型”哮喘史或患者对沙丁胺醇和/或类固醇有反应,则通常不需要;然后只做肺活量测定。但当慢性咳嗽(>1个月)、复发性肺炎、经治疗后仍出现持续体征或症状时,需要进行其他调查。支气管软化、食管扩张、异物吸入、声带功能障碍、病毒性肺炎变应性鼻炎、支气管扩张、囊性纤维化、心力衰竭、急性镰状细胞性贫血胸综合征、受体阻滞剂的使用等。所有这些情况都可以出现喘息,当然不是哮喘的特征。在此,我们报告了6例有喘息但最终诊断不是哮喘的病例。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Inter-Connection between Suriphobia and Individual’s Blood Glucose Level: A Questionnaire Centred Project 生存恐惧与个体血糖水平的相互关系评估:一个以问卷为中心的项目
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.04.01.09
Ghalia Batool Alvi, M. Qadir, Baber Ali
Blood sugar level is actually the estimation of the total glucose sugar content in the one’s blood. Insulin and Glucagon are the two key hormones responsible for maintaining homeostasis which sustain blood glucose level. Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia are the two conditions associated with blood sugar level. In case of hypoglycemia, blood glucose level falls below the normal level of glucose in the blood while hyperglycemia is the condition of elevated blood glucose level than the normal range. Different tests are available to test the blood glucose level of an individual. The central objective of this project was to assess the inter-connection between one’s being suriphobic and their blood sugar level at fasting. Phobia is a word associated with the condition of extreme fear from a series of specified events. Suriphobia or mice fear is the term used for those individuals who extremely fear from mice, rats, rodents etc. This study was a questionnaire based project to assess the fact that if there is any inter-connection between people’s being suriphobic and their blood glucose level at fasting. For this purpose blood sugar level of the sample population was calculated using Glucometer. Statistical Analysis point towards the significant results if this study as the calculated p-value was exact of the standard p¬-value which is p ≤ 0.05. Therefore, the fact that there is a significant relation between individual’s being Suriphobe and their Blood Glucose Level at fasting is proved.
血糖水平实际上是对一个人血液中总葡萄糖含量的估计。胰岛素和胰高血糖素是负责维持体内平衡的两种关键激素,维持血糖水平。低血糖和高血糖是与血糖水平相关的两种情况。低血糖症是指血糖水平低于血液中葡萄糖的正常水平,而高血糖症是指血糖水平高于正常范围。不同的测试可用于测试一个人的血糖水平。这个项目的中心目标是评估一个人的生存恐惧和他们禁食时的血糖水平之间的相互联系。恐惧症是一个与一系列特定事件引起的极度恐惧有关的词。“生存恐惧症”或“老鼠恐惧症”是指那些极度害怕老鼠、老鼠等啮齿类动物的人。这项研究是一个基于问卷调查的项目,目的是评估人们的生存恐惧和他们禁食时的血糖水平之间是否存在联系。为此,使用血糖仪计算样本人群的血糖水平。统计分析表明,如果本研究计算的p值与标准p值(p≤0.05)准确,则结果显著。因此,证明了个体的Suriphobe与空腹血糖水平有显著关系。
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引用次数: 0
Antibody Responses Specific to Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine in Children Exposed InUtero to Antiretroviral Therapy 子宫内接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的儿童乙肝病毒疫苗特异性抗体反应
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.04.04.01
T. Tchouangueu, L. B. Mabeku, A. Lissom, Loveline N. Ngu, S. B. Tchuandom, J. Tchadji, L. Djukouo, C. S. S. Ngane, Alfred A Ngoh, Herve F. Ouambo, Georgia Ambada, Anna Gutiérrez, C. Esimone, Chae Gyu Park, A. B. Waffo, G. Nchinda
The use of antiretroviral (ARV) has been one of the most effective means of preventing vertical transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to exposed children born of HIV infected mothers. Nevertheless, responses to childhood vaccination against Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections remain suboptimal in HIV exposed uninfected children irrespective of maternal ARV prophylaxis. In a cross-sectional study we have assessed the impact of in-utero exposure to ARV on paediatric HBV vaccination. Anti-HBV surface antigen specific antibodies (anti-HBs abs) were measured in plasma specimens from 44 healthy children unexposed to both HIV and ARV (HU), 25 HIV-exposed uninfected children naïve to intrauterine exposure to ARV (HEU.AR - ), 29 ARV and HIV-exposed uninfected children during pregnancy (HEU.ARV +), 50 children vertically infected with HIV but naïve to intrauterine exposure to ARV (HEI.ARV - ) and 22 children vertically infected with HIV with in utero exposure to ARV (HEI.ARV +). The protective seroconversion rate after childhood HBV vaccination (anti-HBs ≥10 mUI/ml) among HEU.ARV + children (58%) was significantly lower relative to both HEU.ARVc - (100%, P=0.0010) and the healthy unexposed children (92 %, P=0.0069). Similarly, HEI.ARV + children also had significantly lower anti-HBs IgM antibody responses when compared to both HU (p=0.0003) and HEI.ARV - (0.0001) children respectively. Thus in-utero exposure to ARV probably contributes in reducing HBV vaccine antibody response rate in both HIV exposed uninfected and vertically infected children after childhood vaccination. Nevertheless, the overall impact of ARV was to improve anti-HBs IgG responses in HIV infected children suggesting a possible role in immune reconstitution leading to improved IgG antibody responses.
使用抗逆转录病毒(ARV)是防止人体免疫缺陷病毒(艾滋病毒)垂直传播给感染艾滋病毒的母亲所生的受感染儿童的最有效手段之一。然而,在暴露于艾滋病毒的未感染儿童中,无论母亲是否进行抗逆转录病毒药物预防,儿童对乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染接种的反应仍然不理想。在一项横断面研究中,我们评估了子宫内接触抗逆转录病毒对儿科HBV疫苗接种的影响。对44例未同时暴露于HIV和ARV的健康儿童(HU)和25例未暴露于HIV的未感染儿童naïve (HEU)的血浆标本进行了抗hbv表面抗原特异性抗体(anti-HBs abs)检测。妊娠期暴露于抗逆转录病毒和艾滋病毒的未感染儿童(HEU)。ARV +), 50名儿童垂直感染艾滋病毒,但naïve宫内暴露于ARV (HEI)。抗逆转录病毒(ARV -))和22名纵向感染艾滋病毒并在子宫内暴露于抗逆转录病毒(HEI)的儿童。抗逆转录病毒药物+)。HEU儿童HBV疫苗接种后血清保护转化率(抗- hbs≥10 mUI/ml)。ARV阳性儿童(58%)与两种HEU相比显著降低。ARVc - (100%, P=0.0010)和健康未暴露儿童(92%,P=0.0069)。同样,黑。与HU (p=0.0003)和HEI相比,ARV阳性儿童的抗hbs IgM抗体反应也显著降低。ARV -儿童分别为(0.0001)。因此,子宫内暴露于ARV可能有助于降低暴露于HIV的未感染儿童和垂直感染儿童在儿童期接种疫苗后的HBV疫苗抗体应答率。然而,ARV的总体影响是改善HIV感染儿童的抗hbs IgG反应,这表明可能在免疫重建中起作用,从而改善IgG抗体反应。
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引用次数: 3
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Journal of clinical & experimental immunology
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