Chikungunya is a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alpha virus genus of the Togaviridae family. Chikungunya is an emerging vector-borne disease of high public health significance in World Health Organization’s South-East Asia Region. Factors associated with Chikungunya were identified. Unmatched a 1:2 case control study was conducted from 26 June-17 July, 2019. We recruited participants from health facilities and the community by structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to control confounders and to identify factors associated with Chikungunya. Entomological investigation was conducted and forty households and ten containers were surveyed to determine house and breteau indices. Fourteen serum-samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 94 cases were reported. Females accounted for (59.6%) of the cases and (52.1%) of the controls. Presence of Chikungunya case in the house hold (Adjusted odds ratio=6.7; 95%CI (3.42-13.03); P=<0.001); Water holding container (AOR=2.85, 95%CI (1.37-5.91); P=0.005), presence of larva (AOR=2.85; 95%CI (1.27-6.40); P=0.011) and Short and Long sleeves (AOR=2.2; 95%CI (1.144-4.267); P=0.018) were the independent risk factors. House and breteau indices were 100% and 20% respectively. Eight out of fourteen samples tested were positive. The presence of Chikungunya case in the household, water holding container in or around the house, larva around the villages in favorable mosquito breeding sites and in the containers and not using long sleeve clothes were risk factors for contracting the diseases.
{"title":"Risk Factors of Chikungunya Outbreak in Mareka District, Southern Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case Control Study","authors":"Tadesse Yalew Assefa, Eyoel Berhan, Fekadu Gemechu, Neamin Tesfaye","doi":"10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200503.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200503.15","url":null,"abstract":"Chikungunya is a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that belongs to the alpha virus genus of the Togaviridae family. Chikungunya is an emerging vector-borne disease of high public health significance in World Health Organization’s South-East Asia Region. Factors associated with Chikungunya were identified. Unmatched a 1:2 case control study was conducted from 26 June-17 July, 2019. We recruited participants from health facilities and the community by structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to control confounders and to identify factors associated with Chikungunya. Entomological investigation was conducted and forty households and ten containers were surveyed to determine house and breteau indices. Fourteen serum-samples were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 94 cases were reported. Females accounted for (59.6%) of the cases and (52.1%) of the controls. Presence of Chikungunya case in the house hold (Adjusted odds ratio=6.7; 95%CI (3.42-13.03); P=<0.001); Water holding container (AOR=2.85, 95%CI (1.37-5.91); P=0.005), presence of larva (AOR=2.85; 95%CI (1.27-6.40); P=0.011) and Short and Long sleeves (AOR=2.2; 95%CI (1.144-4.267); P=0.018) were the independent risk factors. House and breteau indices were 100% and 20% respectively. Eight out of fourteen samples tested were positive. The presence of Chikungunya case in the household, water holding container in or around the house, larva around the villages in favorable mosquito breeding sites and in the containers and not using long sleeve clothes were risk factors for contracting the diseases.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41831694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-17DOI: 10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200503.12
Yuta Norimatsu, Y. Ohno
Herpes zoster is one of the most commonly encountered dermatological diseases. Disseminated herpes zoster is one of the severe forms of a herpes zoster infection. Patients with herpes zoster occasionally experience urinary retention and incontinence, which can greatly affect their quality of life. Urinary retention and incontinence appear to improve with or after the treatment of herpes zoster. There are some reports of urinary retention caused by herpes zoster, but case reports of incontinence are rare. Here a case of disseminated herpes zoster is reported that caused both urinary retention and incontinence. An 87-year-old woman visited the JR Tokyo General Hospital with complaints of erythema and headache in the right forehead, pain in the left buttock, and urinary retention that had started two days prior. Two days after the onset, the patient was hospitalized (Day 0) and treatment with acyclovir (750 mg/day) was initiated. For urinary retention, in addition to indwelling a urinary catheter, distigmine bromide at 5 mg/day was initiated. After admission, the patient experienced bowel incontinence on Day 1. Continued acyclovir treatment eliminated the blisters and alleviated pain, and incontinence did not reoccur after Day 2. At the end of the acyclovir administration, an attempt was made to remove the urinary tract catheter, but the catheter was reinserted the same day because urinary retention continued. The urinary tract catheter was ultimately removed on Day 36, after which urinary retention did not reoccur, even after distigmine bromide treatment was completed on Day 71. Similar to previous reports., it is thought that a skin rash on the head or buttocks or the onset of the disease in the elderly may be an indication for disease course with higher risk of incontinence. As the case described here was of an elderly woman with disseminated herpes zoster with skin eruptions on the face and left buttock, the combination of symptoms and the patient’s older age placed her at higher risk for incontinence. Patients with herpes zoster on the face who were previously reported with urinary retention also had a skin rash on the trunk. Urinary retention without a skin rash on the trunk is considered rare. Moreover, blood tests for this case did not indicate renal dysfunction. Urinary disorders due to herpes zoster and renal dysfunction identified by blood tests may not be related.
{"title":"Disseminated Herpes Zoster Infection with Urinary Retention and Incontinence","authors":"Yuta Norimatsu, Y. Ohno","doi":"10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200503.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200503.12","url":null,"abstract":"Herpes zoster is one of the most commonly encountered dermatological diseases. Disseminated herpes zoster is one of the severe forms of a herpes zoster infection. Patients with herpes zoster occasionally experience urinary retention and incontinence, which can greatly affect their quality of life. Urinary retention and incontinence appear to improve with or after the treatment of herpes zoster. There are some reports of urinary retention caused by herpes zoster, but case reports of incontinence are rare. Here a case of disseminated herpes zoster is reported that caused both urinary retention and incontinence. An 87-year-old woman visited the JR Tokyo General Hospital with complaints of erythema and headache in the right forehead, pain in the left buttock, and urinary retention that had started two days prior. Two days after the onset, the patient was hospitalized (Day 0) and treatment with acyclovir (750 mg/day) was initiated. For urinary retention, in addition to indwelling a urinary catheter, distigmine bromide at 5 mg/day was initiated. After admission, the patient experienced bowel incontinence on Day 1. Continued acyclovir treatment eliminated the blisters and alleviated pain, and incontinence did not reoccur after Day 2. At the end of the acyclovir administration, an attempt was made to remove the urinary tract catheter, but the catheter was reinserted the same day because urinary retention continued. The urinary tract catheter was ultimately removed on Day 36, after which urinary retention did not reoccur, even after distigmine bromide treatment was completed on Day 71. Similar to previous reports., it is thought that a skin rash on the head or buttocks or the onset of the disease in the elderly may be an indication for disease course with higher risk of incontinence. As the case described here was of an elderly woman with disseminated herpes zoster with skin eruptions on the face and left buttock, the combination of symptoms and the patient’s older age placed her at higher risk for incontinence. Patients with herpes zoster on the face who were previously reported with urinary retention also had a skin rash on the trunk. Urinary retention without a skin rash on the trunk is considered rare. Moreover, blood tests for this case did not indicate renal dysfunction. Urinary disorders due to herpes zoster and renal dysfunction identified by blood tests may not be related.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48221450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cysticercosis is a common parasitic infection in developing countries involving the central nervous system (CNS), adnexal structures of the eye, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous tissue. The principal mechanism of transmission is through ingestion of Taenia Solium eggs or contamination of fruits and vegetables fertilized with contaminated faecal materials. The eggs hatch within the small intestine and larvae travel to through blood vessels to the subcutaneous tissue, muscle, CNS, eye and other tissues where they eventually form cyst with host inflammatory response. The clinical features are variable from painful or painless swelling in the subcutaneous tissue to neurocysticercosis comprising of symptomatic headache, seizures and focal neurologic deficit. Solitary intramuscular cysticercosis without CNS involvement have also been reported, although it is rare. Thus, we present a case of solitary intramuscular cysticercosis involving bicep muscle in a 47-year-old engineer, a rare site without any neurologic or systemic manifestation.
{"title":"Solitary Intramuscular Cysticercosis, a Case Report from 47-year-old Man","authors":"Rasheed Mumini Wemimo, Afolayan Enoch Abiodun, Balogun Musbau Olusesan, Folaranmi Olaleke Oluwasegun, A. Kabiru, Shuaibu Usman Yahaya, M. Umar, Odebiyi Hassan Abiola","doi":"10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200503.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200503.11","url":null,"abstract":"Cysticercosis is a common parasitic infection in developing countries involving the central nervous system (CNS), adnexal structures of the eye, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous tissue. The principal mechanism of transmission is through ingestion of Taenia Solium eggs or contamination of fruits and vegetables fertilized with contaminated faecal materials. The eggs hatch within the small intestine and larvae travel to through blood vessels to the subcutaneous tissue, muscle, CNS, eye and other tissues where they eventually form cyst with host inflammatory response. The clinical features are variable from painful or painless swelling in the subcutaneous tissue to neurocysticercosis comprising of symptomatic headache, seizures and focal neurologic deficit. Solitary intramuscular cysticercosis without CNS involvement have also been reported, although it is rare. Thus, we present a case of solitary intramuscular cysticercosis involving bicep muscle in a 47-year-old engineer, a rare site without any neurologic or systemic manifestation.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43810527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-20DOI: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20200502.14
Obunge Orikomaba Korifama, O. Laura, O. Nneka, Alex-Wele Mary Adanma
Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Apart from being a key biologic indicator of sexual activity, it’s been associated with the transmission of Human Immunodeficiency virus. The use of vaginal speculum is traditionally required for specimen collection. The limited application of this step in various primary health care facilities in resource-poor settings due to difficulties with sterilization of speculae among others, has grossly reduced the offer of testing for Trichomoniasis. Self-collected vaginal swab could be an acceptable alternative specimen for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in these settings. We compared the yield of Trichomonas vaginalis from speculum and non-speculum based specimens. Five hundred women between 18 – 45 years presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge in two health care facilities in Rivers State, Nigeria, were enrolled. Three specimens were collected from each woman; two non-speculum based /non-invasive and the third, speculum based. Microscopists were trained and the procedure standardized. Wet mount microscopy was performed on all specimens within thirty minutes of collection. Three Microscopists examined each specimen independently. All infected patients were managed according to existing guidelines. Ethical approval was obtained and data analyzed using SPSS version 21. Median age of participants was 31 years. Of the 500 women, 53 were infected giving an overall prevalence of 10.6%. Using the speculum-based specimens, 90.5% (48) of infected women were detected while 83.0% (44) and 30.1% (16) were detected using the self-collected swab and first void urine respectively. Interestingly, first void urine was able to detect five (5) more cases that were not detected by the speculum-based method. In low income settings, use of self-collected swabs in combination with first void urine is likely to increase detection rate of Trichomonas vaginalis when compared with the use of speculum-based specimen only.
{"title":"Comparison of Speculum and Non-speculum Vaginal Specimens in the Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis","authors":"Obunge Orikomaba Korifama, O. Laura, O. Nneka, Alex-Wele Mary Adanma","doi":"10.11648/j.ijidt.20200502.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20200502.14","url":null,"abstract":"Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Apart from being a key biologic indicator of sexual activity, it’s been associated with the transmission of Human Immunodeficiency virus. The use of vaginal speculum is traditionally required for specimen collection. The limited application of this step in various primary health care facilities in resource-poor settings due to difficulties with sterilization of speculae among others, has grossly reduced the offer of testing for Trichomoniasis. Self-collected vaginal swab could be an acceptable alternative specimen for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in these settings. We compared the yield of Trichomonas vaginalis from speculum and non-speculum based specimens. Five hundred women between 18 – 45 years presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge in two health care facilities in Rivers State, Nigeria, were enrolled. Three specimens were collected from each woman; two non-speculum based /non-invasive and the third, speculum based. Microscopists were trained and the procedure standardized. Wet mount microscopy was performed on all specimens within thirty minutes of collection. Three Microscopists examined each specimen independently. All infected patients were managed according to existing guidelines. Ethical approval was obtained and data analyzed using SPSS version 21. Median age of participants was 31 years. Of the 500 women, 53 were infected giving an overall prevalence of 10.6%. Using the speculum-based specimens, 90.5% (48) of infected women were detected while 83.0% (44) and 30.1% (16) were detected using the self-collected swab and first void urine respectively. Interestingly, first void urine was able to detect five (5) more cases that were not detected by the speculum-based method. In low income settings, use of self-collected swabs in combination with first void urine is likely to increase detection rate of Trichomonas vaginalis when compared with the use of speculum-based specimen only.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49142875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-29DOI: 10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200502.13
Alex Yeshaneh, Daniel Adane
Background:-Malaria remains to be a major problem causing an unacceptable toll on the health and economic welfare of world’s poorest communities. Globally, it is agreed to reduce the burden of malaria by half by the year 2010 and again by half by 2015. Similarly, at the African summit on Roll Back Malaria (RBM) in Abuja, committed themselves to halving the burden of malaria by 2010, by achieving 60% coverage of all at risk population with suitable curative and preventive measures by 2005. Ethiopia, as one of the signatories of the Abuja convention, has included the above global strategies in its national malaria prevention and control approach. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess Insecticide Treated Nets utilization and associated factors among pregnant women in Halaba kulito town, 2016. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was carried out among pregnant women in Halaba Kulito town. The study included 92 mothers who were selected by simple random sampling. Household survey using structured questionnaire was used to collect information. Logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with ITN utilization. Variables with a p-value <0.05 were identified as statistically significant factors. Results: Only 51 (70.8%) of pregnant women had self-reported as utilizing bed net during in previous night of survey. The direct observation done had shown that only 39 (42.4%) of pregnant women were directly observed while sleeping under bed net. Among this 19 (20.43%) of pregnant women’s properly utilize mosquito net. Conclusion: The time taken to reach health institution, the type of bed room condition and level of education were some of significant factors which were associated with ITN Utilization. Majority of the pregnant women did not utilize ITN. Therefore, the free distribution should prioritize vulnerable groups using good opportunity of Antenatal care clinic, household education and regular district level on going survey.
{"title":"Insecticide Treated Net (ITN) Utilization and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women’s in Halaba Kulito Town, South Ethiopia, 2016: Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Alex Yeshaneh, Daniel Adane","doi":"10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200502.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200502.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background:-Malaria remains to be a major problem causing an unacceptable toll on the health and economic welfare of world’s poorest communities. Globally, it is agreed to reduce the burden of malaria by half by the year 2010 and again by half by 2015. Similarly, at the African summit on Roll Back Malaria (RBM) in Abuja, committed themselves to halving the burden of malaria by 2010, by achieving 60% coverage of all at risk population with suitable curative and preventive measures by 2005. Ethiopia, as one of the signatories of the Abuja convention, has included the above global strategies in its national malaria prevention and control approach. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess Insecticide Treated Nets utilization and associated factors among pregnant women in Halaba kulito town, 2016. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was carried out among pregnant women in Halaba Kulito town. The study included 92 mothers who were selected by simple random sampling. Household survey using structured questionnaire was used to collect information. Logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with ITN utilization. Variables with a p-value <0.05 were identified as statistically significant factors. Results: Only 51 (70.8%) of pregnant women had self-reported as utilizing bed net during in previous night of survey. The direct observation done had shown that only 39 (42.4%) of pregnant women were directly observed while sleeping under bed net. Among this 19 (20.43%) of pregnant women’s properly utilize mosquito net. Conclusion: The time taken to reach health institution, the type of bed room condition and level of education were some of significant factors which were associated with ITN Utilization. Majority of the pregnant women did not utilize ITN. Therefore, the free distribution should prioritize vulnerable groups using good opportunity of Antenatal care clinic, household education and regular district level on going survey.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47545018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200502.11
M. Haque, M. Abdullah-al-maruf, A. Baki, A. Rahman, Md. Arif Rabbany, D. Chowdhury, M. Chowdhury, M. I. Hasan, Mohammad Morshad Alam, Jugindra Singha, Md. Shohidul Islam Khan, Md. Humayan Kabir, M. G. Mowla, K. Shultana
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) in children is increasingly becoming an important cause of global child morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical spectrum of TB in children under the age of 15 years and document any changes that occur over time. Materials & Methods: This observational study was conducted in the pediatric outpatient department (OPD) of 250 Bedded TB Hospital, Shyamoli, Dhaka, from October’2016 to January’2017. A total 71 children of both sex up to 15 years of age, who were diagnosed as having TB and attended the pediatric OPD of TB hospital during the four months study period were enrolled. The data was analyzed on the basis of patient’s age, gender, socioeconomic status, mode of presentation, BCG vaccination status, history of contact with smear positive TB patient, clinical findings, investigations and associated co-morbidities. Results: This study revealed that among the 71 cases of TB, (72%) had extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) and (28%) had pulmonary TB (PTB), the commonest age group was 6 to 15 years with male preponderance (51%). Pulmonary TB was diagnosed mostly clinically (60%) followed by positive sputum smear result (20%), gastric aspirate for acid-fast bacilli AFB (5%) and sputum for Gene Xpert (5%). Distribution of extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) according to the organ involvement was TB lymphadenitis (49%), osteoarticular TB (19.6%) and abdominal TB (5.9%). Cervical lymphadenopathy was the commonest presentation (76%) among the EPTB cases. Tuberculin skin test (TST) was positive in (69%) cases. Among the total cases (90%) children had TB alone whereas (10%) had other co-morbid disease along with TB. Conclusion: Extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) was more prevalent among the childhood TB cases in a tertiary level set up where cervical TB lymphadenitis was the commonest.
{"title":"Pattern of Childhood Tuberculosis in the Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Level Hospital in Dhaka City","authors":"M. Haque, M. Abdullah-al-maruf, A. Baki, A. Rahman, Md. Arif Rabbany, D. Chowdhury, M. Chowdhury, M. I. Hasan, Mohammad Morshad Alam, Jugindra Singha, Md. Shohidul Islam Khan, Md. Humayan Kabir, M. G. Mowla, K. Shultana","doi":"10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200502.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200502.11","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) in children is increasingly becoming an important cause of global child morbidity and mortality. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical spectrum of TB in children under the age of 15 years and document any changes that occur over time. Materials & Methods: This observational study was conducted in the pediatric outpatient department (OPD) of 250 Bedded TB Hospital, Shyamoli, Dhaka, from October’2016 to January’2017. A total 71 children of both sex up to 15 years of age, who were diagnosed as having TB and attended the pediatric OPD of TB hospital during the four months study period were enrolled. The data was analyzed on the basis of patient’s age, gender, socioeconomic status, mode of presentation, BCG vaccination status, history of contact with smear positive TB patient, clinical findings, investigations and associated co-morbidities. Results: This study revealed that among the 71 cases of TB, (72%) had extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) and (28%) had pulmonary TB (PTB), the commonest age group was 6 to 15 years with male preponderance (51%). Pulmonary TB was diagnosed mostly clinically (60%) followed by positive sputum smear result (20%), gastric aspirate for acid-fast bacilli AFB (5%) and sputum for Gene Xpert (5%). Distribution of extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) according to the organ involvement was TB lymphadenitis (49%), osteoarticular TB (19.6%) and abdominal TB (5.9%). Cervical lymphadenopathy was the commonest presentation (76%) among the EPTB cases. Tuberculin skin test (TST) was positive in (69%) cases. Among the total cases (90%) children had TB alone whereas (10%) had other co-morbid disease along with TB. Conclusion: Extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) was more prevalent among the childhood TB cases in a tertiary level set up where cervical TB lymphadenitis was the commonest.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49245295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200502.12
Omar Muayad Abdulkareem Al-Naqeeb
Background: The COVID-19 is an enveloped RNA enveloped beta coronavirus. In Iraq there were more than 700 cases officially reported for the period from February 24th 2020 to April 1st 2020 and the case fatality rate was 7.1%. This study aims to determine the most common clinical characteristics of patients who are confirmed as COVID-19 positive in Iraq, as well as to understand the underlying causes which make Iraq have one of the highest case-fatality rates in the world. Methods: A total of 128 doctors working in Iraqi hospitals participated in this study through answering a questionnaire that has been prepared for this purpose. The questionnaire included a set of questions related to the symptoms of the disease, hospital procedures, the level of these procedures and major obstacles. A total of 108 patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 enrolled in this study to understand the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in Iraq. Result: The most common symptoms of COVID-19 in Iraq were: fever (seen in 85.2% of patients), cough (55.6%), shortness of breath (31.5%), fatigue (27.8%), headache (7.4%), diarrhea (1.9%), and (9.3%) were asymptomatic. Initial chest X-rays were abnormal in (63%) and lymphopenia was seen in (72.2%). Most of the doctors (76.2%) complained from the unclear guidelines regarding COVID-19 screening and (17.7%) of suspected cases were not tested for COVID-19. Conclusion: The high fatality rate which seen in Iraq is related to the low level of awareness and late presentation of the patients, in addition to the limited number of the COVID-19 screening tests, unclear guidelines regarding the patients who should be enrolled for the COVID-19 testing, and finally, many of the suspected cases which were reported by doctors were not provided with the necessary tests to confirm the diagnosis. All these together contribute to high fatality rate.
{"title":"Analysis of COVID-19 Outbreak in Iraq from the Perspective of Doctors Working in Iraqi Hospitals","authors":"Omar Muayad Abdulkareem Al-Naqeeb","doi":"10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200502.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200502.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The COVID-19 is an enveloped RNA enveloped beta coronavirus. In Iraq there were more than 700 cases officially reported for the period from February 24th 2020 to April 1st 2020 and the case fatality rate was 7.1%. This study aims to determine the most common clinical characteristics of patients who are confirmed as COVID-19 positive in Iraq, as well as to understand the underlying causes which make Iraq have one of the highest case-fatality rates in the world. Methods: A total of 128 doctors working in Iraqi hospitals participated in this study through answering a questionnaire that has been prepared for this purpose. The questionnaire included a set of questions related to the symptoms of the disease, hospital procedures, the level of these procedures and major obstacles. A total of 108 patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 enrolled in this study to understand the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in Iraq. Result: The most common symptoms of COVID-19 in Iraq were: fever (seen in 85.2% of patients), cough (55.6%), shortness of breath (31.5%), fatigue (27.8%), headache (7.4%), diarrhea (1.9%), and (9.3%) were asymptomatic. Initial chest X-rays were abnormal in (63%) and lymphopenia was seen in (72.2%). Most of the doctors (76.2%) complained from the unclear guidelines regarding COVID-19 screening and (17.7%) of suspected cases were not tested for COVID-19. Conclusion: The high fatality rate which seen in Iraq is related to the low level of awareness and late presentation of the patients, in addition to the limited number of the COVID-19 screening tests, unclear guidelines regarding the patients who should be enrolled for the COVID-19 testing, and finally, many of the suspected cases which were reported by doctors were not provided with the necessary tests to confirm the diagnosis. All these together contribute to high fatality rate.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47959570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-24DOI: 10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200501.14
Hemalalitha Shilpa Renduchintala, Kodamarthy Vamsi Mohan, S. Dixit
Telangana has a long association with fiery fevers caused by mosquito bites. It is in fact in Telangana that Sir Ronald Ross discovered the malarial parasite in mosquito’s gut in the month of August 1897 for which he was later awarded Nobel Prize in 1902. Malaria has been high on the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with fever in this region. However, over the last two decades there has been an increased incidence of mosquito borne viral diseases with India becoming endemic for Dengue and Chikungunya. The prevalence of these has been on a rise and Telangana region has been no exception. An unpredictable and sudden outbreak of fever cases prevailed from August to October 2019 in Hyderabad, most of them were viral fevers and among them Dengue emerged as a major toll, to a lesser extent Chikungunya and others. Objective of this study is to present a clear and comprehensive picture of the prevailing causes of such a fever outbreak in this specified time frame in our Diagnostics and Day care centre. Serum samples were collected from all fever cases and sent to laboratory and analysed according to the following criteria –age, gender, presenting complaints, lab evaluation etc. The results have been interpretated in the form of tables, figures and graphs reflecting the predominant cause of fevers. The study showed that majority of the cases were in the age group 20–30 years with a male predilection and significant number of patients showed leucopenia and thrombocytopenia even in non dengue and non chikungungya patients. This sudden emergence is being attributed to sparkling vector transmission due to an incessant rainfall during this time inhabiting breeders in stagnant waters. It also reemphasizes the need for regular public health maintenance programmes including removing of stagnant water, mosquito control, regular public awareness camps. Need of the hour would be for both governmental and nongovernmental agencies to work in coordination to reduce the disease burden.
{"title":"Fiery Fevers - An Epidemiological Evaluation and Management Strategies Experience from a Community Based Day Care Centre","authors":"Hemalalitha Shilpa Renduchintala, Kodamarthy Vamsi Mohan, S. Dixit","doi":"10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200501.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200501.14","url":null,"abstract":"Telangana has a long association with fiery fevers caused by mosquito bites. It is in fact in Telangana that Sir Ronald Ross discovered the malarial parasite in mosquito’s gut in the month of August 1897 for which he was later awarded Nobel Prize in 1902. Malaria has been high on the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with fever in this region. However, over the last two decades there has been an increased incidence of mosquito borne viral diseases with India becoming endemic for Dengue and Chikungunya. The prevalence of these has been on a rise and Telangana region has been no exception. An unpredictable and sudden outbreak of fever cases prevailed from August to October 2019 in Hyderabad, most of them were viral fevers and among them Dengue emerged as a major toll, to a lesser extent Chikungunya and others. Objective of this study is to present a clear and comprehensive picture of the prevailing causes of such a fever outbreak in this specified time frame in our Diagnostics and Day care centre. Serum samples were collected from all fever cases and sent to laboratory and analysed according to the following criteria –age, gender, presenting complaints, lab evaluation etc. The results have been interpretated in the form of tables, figures and graphs reflecting the predominant cause of fevers. The study showed that majority of the cases were in the age group 20–30 years with a male predilection and significant number of patients showed leucopenia and thrombocytopenia even in non dengue and non chikungungya patients. This sudden emergence is being attributed to sparkling vector transmission due to an incessant rainfall during this time inhabiting breeders in stagnant waters. It also reemphasizes the need for regular public health maintenance programmes including removing of stagnant water, mosquito control, regular public awareness camps. Need of the hour would be for both governmental and nongovernmental agencies to work in coordination to reduce the disease burden.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46696710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-21DOI: 10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200501.13
Maryam Mouamin, Fadl Mrabih Rabou Maoulainaine, N. Soraa
The objective of this work was to evaluate the interest of RDT compared to the scores of clinical presumptions (McIsaac, PCIE, WHO) in the management of angina with SBHGA of the child while referring to the bacteriological culture. We have managed a prospective analytical study carried out over 8 months between July 2012 and February 2013 in the pediatric emergency department of the Mohammed VI UHC in Marrakech in collaboration with four pediatric practices in the liberal sector, in partnership with a Swiss medical research team from the Lausanne childhood Hospital. For each child consulting for acute angina, a clinical information sheet was completed, an RDT was carried out by the examining doctor, then a throat sample used for the classic bacteriological examination was carried out and treated by the microbiology laboratory of the Mohamed VI UHC of Marrakech. 124 children with strong suspicion of strep throat were included in the study. The average age was 6 years and 4 months with a sex ratio of 1.4 in favor of boys. The bacteriological culture demonstrated the group A hemolytic β streptococcus in=45 (36,9%). The analysis of the established clinical scores revealed the a very good sensitivity reaching 100% but with a mediocre specificity not exceeding 7,7% any score combined without notable superiority of one compared to the others. Mc Isaac's score was more positive ≥ 4 since RDT and culture were positive. The RDT showed a sensitivity of 62,2% and a specificity of 96,15% compared to the bacterial culture which is the reference examination. We retained a strong resistance to erythromycin reaching 69% associated with co-resistance to lyncomicin and spiramycinin 30% of cases. The bacterial origin to SBHG A acute angina in children from the city of Marrakech represented a third of the cases. RDT, by its sensitivity, its high specificity, its speed and its reproducibility, offers a very good means of diagnostic and therapeutic orientation and allows initiating early targeted antibiotic treatment to avoid the appearance of complications in the short, medium and long term and remedy the alarming situation of resistance to macrolides in Marrakech.
{"title":"Interest of the Rapid Diagnostic Test in the Management of Streptotoccic Angina in Children","authors":"Maryam Mouamin, Fadl Mrabih Rabou Maoulainaine, N. Soraa","doi":"10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200501.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200501.13","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to evaluate the interest of RDT compared to the scores of clinical presumptions (McIsaac, PCIE, WHO) in the management of angina with SBHGA of the child while referring to the bacteriological culture. We have managed a prospective analytical study carried out over 8 months between July 2012 and February 2013 in the pediatric emergency department of the Mohammed VI UHC in Marrakech in collaboration with four pediatric practices in the liberal sector, in partnership with a Swiss medical research team from the Lausanne childhood Hospital. For each child consulting for acute angina, a clinical information sheet was completed, an RDT was carried out by the examining doctor, then a throat sample used for the classic bacteriological examination was carried out and treated by the microbiology laboratory of the Mohamed VI UHC of Marrakech. 124 children with strong suspicion of strep throat were included in the study. The average age was 6 years and 4 months with a sex ratio of 1.4 in favor of boys. The bacteriological culture demonstrated the group A hemolytic β streptococcus in=45 (36,9%). The analysis of the established clinical scores revealed the a very good sensitivity reaching 100% but with a mediocre specificity not exceeding 7,7% any score combined without notable superiority of one compared to the others. Mc Isaac's score was more positive ≥ 4 since RDT and culture were positive. The RDT showed a sensitivity of 62,2% and a specificity of 96,15% compared to the bacterial culture which is the reference examination. We retained a strong resistance to erythromycin reaching 69% associated with co-resistance to lyncomicin and spiramycinin 30% of cases. The bacterial origin to SBHG A acute angina in children from the city of Marrakech represented a third of the cases. RDT, by its sensitivity, its high specificity, its speed and its reproducibility, offers a very good means of diagnostic and therapeutic orientation and allows initiating early targeted antibiotic treatment to avoid the appearance of complications in the short, medium and long term and remedy the alarming situation of resistance to macrolides in Marrakech.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46686338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-20DOI: 10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200501.12
Edith Sophie Bayonne-Kombo, Axel Gillius Aloumba, Aude Kanga Okandze, Yanichka Voumbo-Mavoungou, A. Gathsé
Background: Cellulitis/erysipelas are the most frequent reason for hospitalization in dermatology departments. Objective: To describe evolutionary profile of cellulitis/erysipelas and to determine associated factors with the long hospital stay. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out from January 2016 to December 2018 in Talangai Reference Hospital, that included patients hospitalized for cellulitis or erysipelas of the lower limbs. Necrotizing fasciitis cases were excluded. A hospital stay of more than 11 days was considered long. Sociodemographic, clinical and biological data were collected and processed with Epi Info 7.2.1.0. The Chi-square and Fisher tests were used for univariate analysis. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results: One hundred and five patients were included, with an average age of 50.7 (±15) years. They were 26 (24.8%) men and 79 (74.2%) women. Antibiotic regimen used was amoxicillin in 19 (18.1%) cases, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid in 40 (38.1%) cases and ceftriaxone in 46 (43.8%) cases. The outcome was favorable in 69 (65.7%) patients. Fever persisted after 5 days-treatment in 19 (28.3%) patients out of 67 initially. Complications were cutaneous necrosis in 19 (18.0%) cases, abscess in 14 (13.3%) cases, severe sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis in 7 and 4 cases, respectively. Two patients died. The average length of hospital stay was 13 days (±7.5) and 44 (41.9%) cases had a long hospital stay. The bullous forms of cellulitis/erysipelas [aOR=4.8, 95%CI (1.9-12.4); p=0.001] and the occurrence of complications [aOR=3.2, 95%CI (1.1-8.7); p=0.026] were associated with a long hospital stay. Conclusion: Cellulitis and erysipelas are potentially serious. Despite treatment, complications can occur, including necrosis and abscess. Effective management, including early medical treatment, daily thorough monitoring of patients, appropriate local care and collaboration with surgeons, is necessary to improve the prognosis of the disease.
背景:蜂窝织炎/丹毒是皮肤科最常见的住院原因。目的:描述蜂窝织炎/丹毒的进化概况，并确定与长时间住院有关的因素。方法:这是一项横断面研究，于2016年1月至2018年12月在Talangai参考医院进行，其中包括因蜂窝织炎或下肢丹毒住院的患者。排除坏死性筋膜炎病例。住院时间超过11天被认为是长时间。收集社会人口学、临床和生物学数据，并使用Epi Info 7.2.1.0进行处理。单因素分析采用卡方检验和Fisher检验。多因素分析采用Logistic回归。结果:纳入患者105例，平均年龄50.7(±15)岁。男性26例(24.8%)，女性79例(74.2%)。抗生素方案为阿莫西林19例(18.1%)，阿莫西林/克拉维酸40例(38.1%)，头孢曲松46例(43.8%)。69例(65.7%)患者预后良好。最初67例患者中有19例(28.3%)患者在治疗5天后持续发热。并发症为皮肤坏死19例(18.0%)，脓肿14例(13.3%)，严重脓毒症7例，坏死性筋膜炎4例。两名患者死亡。平均住院时间13天(±7.5天)，长住院44例(41.9%)。蜂窝织炎/丹毒的大泡型[aOR=4.8, 95%CI (1.9-12.4);p=0.001]和并发症的发生[aOR=3.2, 95%CI (1.1 ~ 8.7);P =0.026]与长时间住院有关。结论:蜂窝织炎和丹毒具有潜在的危险性。尽管治疗，并发症仍可能发生，包括坏死和脓肿。有效的管理，包括早期医疗、每天对病人进行彻底监测、适当的当地护理和与外科医生合作，是改善该病预后的必要条件。
{"title":"Evolutionary Profile of Cellulitis and Erysipelas of Lower Limbs in a Level-Two Healthcare Facility in Brazzaville, Congo","authors":"Edith Sophie Bayonne-Kombo, Axel Gillius Aloumba, Aude Kanga Okandze, Yanichka Voumbo-Mavoungou, A. Gathsé","doi":"10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200501.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJIDT.20200501.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cellulitis/erysipelas are the most frequent reason for hospitalization in dermatology departments. Objective: To describe evolutionary profile of cellulitis/erysipelas and to determine associated factors with the long hospital stay. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out from January 2016 to December 2018 in Talangai Reference Hospital, that included patients hospitalized for cellulitis or erysipelas of the lower limbs. Necrotizing fasciitis cases were excluded. A hospital stay of more than 11 days was considered long. Sociodemographic, clinical and biological data were collected and processed with Epi Info 7.2.1.0. The Chi-square and Fisher tests were used for univariate analysis. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results: One hundred and five patients were included, with an average age of 50.7 (±15) years. They were 26 (24.8%) men and 79 (74.2%) women. Antibiotic regimen used was amoxicillin in 19 (18.1%) cases, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid in 40 (38.1%) cases and ceftriaxone in 46 (43.8%) cases. The outcome was favorable in 69 (65.7%) patients. Fever persisted after 5 days-treatment in 19 (28.3%) patients out of 67 initially. Complications were cutaneous necrosis in 19 (18.0%) cases, abscess in 14 (13.3%) cases, severe sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis in 7 and 4 cases, respectively. Two patients died. The average length of hospital stay was 13 days (±7.5) and 44 (41.9%) cases had a long hospital stay. The bullous forms of cellulitis/erysipelas [aOR=4.8, 95%CI (1.9-12.4); p=0.001] and the occurrence of complications [aOR=3.2, 95%CI (1.1-8.7); p=0.026] were associated with a long hospital stay. Conclusion: Cellulitis and erysipelas are potentially serious. Despite treatment, complications can occur, including necrosis and abscess. Effective management, including early medical treatment, daily thorough monitoring of patients, appropriate local care and collaboration with surgeons, is necessary to improve the prognosis of the disease.","PeriodicalId":73792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious disease and therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45886982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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