Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP最新文献

Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) is the predominant statistical framework in biomedical research and clinical pharmacy, so maintaining a thorough understanding of NHST and its component parts is essential for practitioners. NHST begins with an assumption the null hypothesis is true, allowing researchers to test for differences while guarding against bias. Type I error (false positive) and type II error (false negative) are the possible misclassifications. Interpretation of the p-value depends on the assumption that the null hypothesis is true, rather than indicating the probability that the null hypothesis is correct. Misinterpretation of this value remains one of the most persistent errors in medical literature. Sound application of NHST requires deliberate study design, prospective specification of outcomes, and safeguards against multiplicity. Interpretation demands attention to more than statistical thresholds alone, emphasizing effect size, clinical significance, biological plausibility, and study quality. Responsible interpretation also requires distinguishing statistical inference from broader scientific inference, which incorporates prior knowledge and theoretical rationale. Practical considerations and illustrative cases highlight common pitfalls and strategies for improvement. In addition, emerging approaches, including reinterpretation of confidence intervals as compatibility intervals, use of false positive risk, and Bayesian analysis offer potential refinements, though controversies regarding their application remain. Understanding NHST as one component of scientific inference, rather than a definitive arbiter of truth, promotes more thoughtful application and interpretation of evidence. Careful statistical reasoning enhances the quality of research, the reliability of peer review, and the translation of findings into patient care.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has fundamentally transformed health care delivery, creating an urgent need to integrate AI education into pharmacy curricula, yet significant implementation challenges persist despite professional organizations establishing frameworks for AI education in health professions. This paper examines the current landscape of AI integration in pharmacy education through a literature review of recent surveys and an analysis of implementation challenges at a single college of pharmacy. Survey data reveal significant knowledge gaps, with approximately half of pharmacy faculty reporting limited AI familiarity and students expressing inadequate preparation for AI use in practice. Key implementation barriers may include a lack of institutional policies, curriculum overload, faculty development needs, varying student AI literacy levels, and challenges keeping pace with rapid technological advancement. Successful AI integration requires establishing a dedicated team with multidisciplinary representation, developing clear AI competencies and student learning outcomes, implementing active learning opportunities with hands-on AI experiences, and maintaining ongoing faculty development and curriculum review processes.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1.2 million people are living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States, and an estimated 32 000 new HIV infections are reported each year. While pharmacists and pharmacies play major roles in ending the HIV epidemic, harnessing their full potential will require substantial investment in training qualified pharmacy personnel who can provide HIV prevention and treatment services encompassing comprehensive, culturally sensitive care. The purpose of this white paper is to review critical challenges facing the profession of pharmacy that hinder comprehensive HIV care, including the paucity of residency-trained HIV pharmacists due to a lack of HIV-focused post-graduate training programs, inconsistencies in pharmacy curricula, and insufficient or variable reimbursement for pharmacist services. By proposing targeted solutions across pharmacy education, training, research, and reimbursement, we seek to cultivate a robust, well-trained pharmacy workforce who can effectively provide HIV prevention and treatment services.