Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891x.19.7.323
Shemsu Kedir Juhar, Sisay Kebede Gebregeorgis, Awad Mohammed Amdalla, Yemsirach Reta Silishe, M. Agonafir, Kassu Desta
Background: The need to collect serial sputum specimens over multiple patient visits for pulmonary tuberculosis results in a protected diagnostic process with rates of patients with high rates of patient dropout. Recent studies on Spot Morning Spot (SMS) method of examination PTB reported that the first two specimens have high smear positivity in line with this WHO changed its policy to minimize the number of sputum specimens from three to two. Methods and Materials: Across-sectional study was conducted in 16 conveniently selected private clinics, governmental health centers, public and private hospitals from September 2017-December 2018. Individuals attending the selected health institutions for the diagnosis of MTB submitted three sputum samples for routine diagnosis (the standard approach). One additional sample was collected 1 h after the first sputum (the same-day approach). One sputum sample was cultured. The diagnosis was performed using ZN sputum smear microscopy and Light-Emitting Diodes Fluorescent Microscopy (LED-FM) technique. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. We used sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for the different methods. Result: A total of 209 participants enrolled, 43 (21%) were identified culture positive, 39 (18.7%) were detected by the same day approach and 40 (19.1%) by the standard approach. On the other hand, LED-FM and ZN microscopy detected 39 (18.1%) and 48 (23%) tuberculosis cases respectively. Sensitivity was 88.4% for ZN microscopy and 95.3% for LED-FM and the specificity was 99.4% and 95.9% for ZN and LED-FM microscopy respectively. Conclusion: Using the same day approach together with LED-FM would reduce workload, TAT, patient drop out and increase the smear detection rate. Therefore it is necessary to give in-service and off service training for health personnel towards the use of LED-FM, conventional approach and the same day approach in the diagnosis of TB.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Same Day Diagnosis of TB Microscopy in Comparison with Spot-Morning-Spot Method in Selected Public Health Institutions, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","authors":"Shemsu Kedir Juhar, Sisay Kebede Gebregeorgis, Awad Mohammed Amdalla, Yemsirach Reta Silishe, M. Agonafir, Kassu Desta","doi":"10.35248/2329-891x.19.7.323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891x.19.7.323","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The need to collect serial sputum specimens over multiple patient visits for pulmonary tuberculosis results in a protected diagnostic process with rates of patients with high rates of patient dropout. Recent studies on Spot Morning Spot (SMS) method of examination PTB reported that the first two specimens have high smear positivity in line with this WHO changed its policy to minimize the number of sputum specimens from three to two. Methods and Materials: Across-sectional study was conducted in 16 conveniently selected private clinics, governmental health centers, public and private hospitals from September 2017-December 2018. Individuals attending the selected health institutions for the diagnosis of MTB submitted three sputum samples for routine diagnosis (the standard approach). One additional sample was collected 1 h after the first sputum (the same-day approach). One sputum sample was cultured. The diagnosis was performed using ZN sputum smear microscopy and Light-Emitting Diodes Fluorescent Microscopy (LED-FM) technique. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. We used sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for the different methods. Result: A total of 209 participants enrolled, 43 (21%) were identified culture positive, 39 (18.7%) were detected by the same day approach and 40 (19.1%) by the standard approach. On the other hand, LED-FM and ZN microscopy detected 39 (18.1%) and 48 (23%) tuberculosis cases respectively. Sensitivity was 88.4% for ZN microscopy and 95.3% for LED-FM and the specificity was 99.4% and 95.9% for ZN and LED-FM microscopy respectively. Conclusion: Using the same day approach together with LED-FM would reduce workload, TAT, patient drop out and increase the smear detection rate. Therefore it is necessary to give in-service and off service training for health personnel towards the use of LED-FM, conventional approach and the same day approach in the diagnosis of TB.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70009634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000303
Getachew Tekle
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV attacks and destroys certain types of white blood cells that are essential to the body's immune system, the biological ability of the human body to fight infections. The main aim of this study was to find out some socioeconomic, demographic and health factors that influence the survival/death status of HIV positive people under ART follow-up. It is a cross sectional study based on data from the ART clinic in Ottona Hospital, south Ethiopia. The analytical methodologies Descriptive analysis and Binary Logistic regression were employed to identify the covariates that have a statistically significant effect on the survival time of HIV infected patients. The logistic regression analysis of the study from ART clinic of Wolaita Sodo University referral hospital gave results confirming that the factors age, weight, CD4 level, functional status, TB treatment and sex use have statistically significant effects on the survival of patients. Researchers should focus on this field of study i.e. in the medical area of health centers and ART program.
{"title":"Assessment of Socio-Economic, Demographic and Health Factors that Influences the Survival/Death Status of HIV Positive People under Art Follow-Up at Wolaita Sodo Referral Hospital (Ottona), Ethiopia","authors":"Getachew Tekle","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000303","url":null,"abstract":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV attacks and destroys certain types of white blood cells that are essential to the body's immune system, the biological ability of the human body to fight infections. The main aim of this study was to find out some socioeconomic, demographic and health factors that influence the survival/death status of HIV positive people under ART follow-up. It is a cross sectional study based on data from the ART clinic in Ottona Hospital, south Ethiopia. The analytical methodologies Descriptive analysis and Binary Logistic regression were employed to identify the covariates that have a statistically significant effect on the survival time of HIV infected patients. The logistic regression analysis of the study from ART clinic of Wolaita Sodo University referral hospital gave results confirming that the factors age, weight, CD4 level, functional status, TB treatment and sex use have statistically significant effects on the survival of patients. Researchers should focus on this field of study i.e. in the medical area of health centers and ART program.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.305
N. Worku, G. Birkenmeier
Background: Initial studies have confirmed the efficacy of protease inhibitors in the treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania major. However, studies on efficacy and specific protease inhibition of HIV-1 protease inhibitors on Trypanosoma brucei cells remained untouched. The objective of the current study was to determine the efficacy of two HIV-1 protease inhibitors, ritonavir, and saquinavir, in Trypanosoma brucei proliferation and to determine if these HIV-1 protease inhibitors target the activity of the Trypanosoma brucei major proteases. Methods: Time dependency test at variable increasing concentrations, motile cell counts, alamarBlue® cell proliferation/viability assay and zymography were among the methods applied. Results: Both ritonavir (IC50=12.23 ± 0.33 µM) and saquinavir (IC50=11.49 ± 0.31 µM) effectively inhibited Trypanosoma brucei cells proliferation. The major proteases identified in these cells were the cysteine (~29 kDa Mr) and metallo- (~66 kDa Mr) proteases. Protein band densitometry results showed a statistically significant (Pvalue< 0.05) inhibition in metallo-and cysteine-proteases’ activity in Trypanosoma brucei cells. Conclusion: The results suggest that RTV and SQV showed an anti-proliferative effect in Trypanosoma brucei cells possibly due to the non-specific targeting of the cysteine-and metalloprotease activities of the parasite.
{"title":"Preliminary Results Indicate the Anti-Proliferative Effect of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors on Trypanosoma brucei Cells can be Due to the Non-Specific Targeting of Metallo-and Cysteine-Proteases","authors":"N. Worku, G. Birkenmeier","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.305","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Initial studies have confirmed the efficacy of protease inhibitors in the treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania major. However, studies on efficacy and specific protease inhibition of HIV-1 protease inhibitors on Trypanosoma brucei cells remained untouched. The objective of the current study was to determine the efficacy of two HIV-1 protease inhibitors, ritonavir, and saquinavir, in Trypanosoma brucei proliferation and to determine if these HIV-1 protease inhibitors target the activity of the Trypanosoma brucei major proteases. Methods: Time dependency test at variable increasing concentrations, motile cell counts, alamarBlue® cell proliferation/viability assay and zymography were among the methods applied. Results: Both ritonavir (IC50=12.23 ± 0.33 µM) and saquinavir (IC50=11.49 ± 0.31 µM) effectively inhibited Trypanosoma brucei cells proliferation. The major proteases identified in these cells were the cysteine (~29 kDa Mr) and metallo- (~66 kDa Mr) proteases. Protein band densitometry results showed a statistically significant (Pvalue< 0.05) inhibition in metallo-and cysteine-proteases’ activity in Trypanosoma brucei cells. Conclusion: The results suggest that RTV and SQV showed an anti-proliferative effect in Trypanosoma brucei cells possibly due to the non-specific targeting of the cysteine-and metalloprotease activities of the parasite.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70008312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.334
olph Quaye
This paper examines the importance of home-based care in delivering ART to people with HIV in Tanzania. While research into self-management of HIV under ART in Africa has focused mostly on adherence to treatment, relatively little has explored the benefits of home-based care as an effective strategy in reaching a targeted population of people with HIV in Dar es Salaam. A total of 41 respondents were interviewed. Questions detailed treatment-seeking behavior and how best to improve the care the patients receive. Findings: Majority of respondents see a greater benefit in accessing treatment through home-based care. Several touted cost savings, ease of access, privacy, and less stigmatization as clear benefits over currently clinic-based programs. The study concludes that home-based programs should be scaled-up because of its feasibility, preferability, and importance of HBC in the dissemination of ART.
{"title":"Assessing the Role of Home-Based Care in Antiretroviral Therapy in Tanzania","authors":"olph Quaye","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.334","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the importance of home-based care in delivering ART to people with HIV in Tanzania. While research into self-management of HIV under ART in Africa has focused mostly on adherence to treatment, relatively little has explored the benefits of home-based care as an effective strategy in reaching a targeted population of people with HIV in Dar es Salaam. A total of 41 respondents were interviewed. Questions detailed treatment-seeking behavior and how best to improve the care the patients receive. Findings: Majority of respondents see a greater benefit in accessing treatment through home-based care. Several touted cost savings, ease of access, privacy, and less stigmatization as clear benefits over currently clinic-based programs. The study concludes that home-based programs should be scaled-up because of its feasibility, preferability, and importance of HBC in the dissemination of ART.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70009929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-08DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000294
D. Desalegn
Introduction: Number of samples and time of sputum collection has a great impact on the positivity yield of sputum smear microscopy examination. However, the impact is not yet extensively studied in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the serials sputum sample collection impacts on the diagnostic yield of smear microscopy examination in Ethiopia at variation at different institutional settings. Methods: Institution based retrospective cohort study was conducted from October 2011 to March 2016. Two thousand four hundred sixty-three sputum smear microscopy positive result were reviewed from TB patient records. The collected data were computerized using Epi-info software and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Numerical summaries were used to describe the positivity yield of spot, morning and spot (SMS) sputum smear microscopy examination. Results: Of 2463 sputum smear-positive TB cases, 2384 (96.8%), 2458 (99.8%) and 2394 (97.2%) were detected by the first spot, morning and second spot sputum smear microscopy diagnosis, respectively. On the other hand, morning sputum smear results had the incremental yield of 74 (3.0%) and 64 (2.6%) from first spot sample and second spot sample, respectively. The results of 1892 (76.8%) TB cases were in agreement (detected) by three consecutive sputum specimen (SMS). Conclusion: The three consecutive sputum smear microscopy examination had 3% incremental yield compare to spot-spot (SS). The hospitals were participating in International External Quality Assurance Schemes (IEQAS) had better incremental (increased) yield in both SMS and SS approach compared to the health centers. Hence, strong TB quality assurances systems should be implemented in respective health facilities before practicing two spots (SS) sputum smear microscopy diagnostic approach as routine to TB laboratory diagnostic method.
{"title":"Diagnostic Yield of Serial Sputum Smear Microscopy Examination at Different Institutional Settings","authors":"D. Desalegn","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000294","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Number of samples and time of sputum collection has a great impact on the positivity yield of sputum smear microscopy examination. However, the impact is not yet extensively studied in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the serials sputum sample collection impacts on the diagnostic yield of smear microscopy examination in Ethiopia at variation at different institutional settings. \u0000Methods: Institution based retrospective cohort study was conducted from October 2011 to March 2016. Two thousand four hundred sixty-three sputum smear microscopy positive result were reviewed from TB patient records. The collected data were computerized using Epi-info software and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Numerical summaries were used to describe the positivity yield of spot, morning and spot (SMS) sputum smear microscopy examination. \u0000Results: Of 2463 sputum smear-positive TB cases, 2384 (96.8%), 2458 (99.8%) and 2394 (97.2%) were detected by the first spot, morning and second spot sputum smear microscopy diagnosis, respectively. On the other hand, morning sputum smear results had the incremental yield of 74 (3.0%) and 64 (2.6%) from first spot sample and second spot sample, respectively. The results of 1892 (76.8%) TB cases were in agreement (detected) by three consecutive sputum specimen (SMS). \u0000Conclusion: The three consecutive sputum smear microscopy examination had 3% incremental yield compare to spot-spot (SS). The hospitals were participating in International External Quality Assurance Schemes (IEQAS) had better incremental (increased) yield in both SMS and SS approach compared to the health centers. Hence, strong TB quality assurances systems should be implemented in respective health facilities before practicing two spots (SS) sputum smear microscopy diagnostic approach as routine to TB laboratory diagnostic method.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48142670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-09DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000262
A. Ghweil, Mohamed Alsenbsy, M. Badawy, Mona Mohamed Abdelkarem, M. Helal
Background and study aim: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent and grave of all humanoid contagious diseases and is still a major infectious disease worldwide. The geriatric population in developed countries represents a big reservoir of tuberculosis infection across all racial and sex subsets. We aim in this study to assess the pattern of TB in elderly patients in Qena governorate in Egypt. Patients and methods: All patients aged 50 years and above who were diagnosed with TB have been included in the study. The patients were evaluated regarding the incidence rate: for new cases, and relapse cases (pulmonary and extra pulmonary).Results: The mean age of included patients was 41.18 years and 51.3% of the studied patients were male. Regarding residence we found 54.7% of patients live in rural areas and 45.3% in urban. 82.9% of the patients were tuberculin positive. As regard chest x-ray finding we found: normal in 17.1% of patients, 17.1% bilateral, 25.6% right upper lobe 16.2% whole right lung, 10.3% left upper lobe, 6% left lower lobe, 3.4% right lower lobe, 2.6% pleural effusion and 1.7% whole left lung. In the present study we found that 81.2% of patients had pulmonary TB and 18.8% had extra pulmonary TB.Conclusion: The study documents important variances in clinical and radiological findings of pulmonary TB in geriatric patients. Sputum analysis for AFB remains a significant, easy and cheap method for diagnosis, but might not be continuously supportive in early diagnosis.
{"title":"Pattern of Tuberculosis in Elderly Patients in Egypt","authors":"A. Ghweil, Mohamed Alsenbsy, M. Badawy, Mona Mohamed Abdelkarem, M. Helal","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000262","url":null,"abstract":"Background and study aim: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent and grave of all humanoid contagious diseases and is still a major infectious disease worldwide. The geriatric population in developed countries represents a big reservoir of tuberculosis infection across all racial and sex subsets. We aim in this study to assess the pattern of TB in elderly patients in Qena governorate in Egypt. Patients and methods: All patients aged 50 years and above who were diagnosed with TB have been included in the study. The patients were evaluated regarding the incidence rate: for new cases, and relapse cases (pulmonary and extra pulmonary).Results: The mean age of included patients was 41.18 years and 51.3% of the studied patients were male. Regarding residence we found 54.7% of patients live in rural areas and 45.3% in urban. 82.9% of the patients were tuberculin positive. As regard chest x-ray finding we found: normal in 17.1% of patients, 17.1% bilateral, 25.6% right upper lobe 16.2% whole right lung, 10.3% left upper lobe, 6% left lower lobe, 3.4% right lower lobe, 2.6% pleural effusion and 1.7% whole left lung. In the present study we found that 81.2% of patients had pulmonary TB and 18.8% had extra pulmonary TB.Conclusion: The study documents important variances in clinical and radiological findings of pulmonary TB in geriatric patients. Sputum analysis for AFB remains a significant, easy and cheap method for diagnosis, but might not be continuously supportive in early diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49468645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-02DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000264
S. Kiran, A. Waheed, A. A. Khan, Mubashar Aziz, M. Ayaz, A. Sheikh
Escherichia coli, a gram negative, facultative anaerobic, non-sporulating rod, bacteria are commonly found in lower intestine as a part of the normal flora of gut in all warm blooded organisms. Most E. coli strains provide many beneficial functions including protection from other pathogenic bacteria. When E. coli strains acquire genetic material from others, they can become pathogenic. E. coli strains can be categorized into 5 principal pathogenicity groups; Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Enterotoxogenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). All these strains can cause diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis and other illnesses in humans as well as in animals. EHEC O157 is identified readily in the clinical laboratory with standard culturing techniques. All other strain need molecular methods for their presence in any infected materials. In this study we isolated a total of 40 cultures and detected different strains of E. coli from humans and birds (water fowls). In all isolates antibiotic sensitivity by disc diffusion method with genetic characterization within the E. coli. The result shows that all human E. coli were resistant to 3 antibiotics (Ampicillin, Co-Trimoxazole, and Cefuroxime), while birds E. coli strains are sensitive to these antibiotics indicates different genomic lineage. In human isolates EHEC has highest share, however it was not significantly placed. In correlation studies (Pearson’s Correlation) indicates that its significance to the use of only chloramphenicol (p=0.044). ANOVA as well as Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficients show that there is no association with any of the drugs that could be useful for their treatment. In could be concluded from the antibiotic profile, distribution pattern that the two groups are epidemiologically are different. Furthermore, it appears that birds don’t contribute to the spread of disease in humans/animals.
{"title":"Differentiation of Human and Migratory Water Fowl by Multiplex Escherichia coli Differential Amplification Technique (MECDAT) in South Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"S. Kiran, A. Waheed, A. A. Khan, Mubashar Aziz, M. Ayaz, A. Sheikh","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000264","url":null,"abstract":"Escherichia coli, a gram negative, facultative anaerobic, non-sporulating rod, bacteria are commonly found in lower intestine as a part of the normal flora of gut in all warm blooded organisms. Most E. coli strains provide many beneficial functions including protection from other pathogenic bacteria. When E. coli strains acquire genetic material from others, they can become pathogenic. E. coli strains can be categorized into 5 principal pathogenicity groups; Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Enterotoxogenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). All these strains can cause diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis and other illnesses in humans as well as in animals. EHEC O157 is identified readily in the clinical laboratory with standard culturing techniques. All other strain need molecular methods for their presence in any infected materials. In this study we isolated a total of 40 cultures and detected different strains of E. coli from humans and birds (water fowls). In all isolates antibiotic sensitivity by disc diffusion method with genetic characterization within the E. coli. The result shows that all human E. coli were resistant to 3 antibiotics (Ampicillin, Co-Trimoxazole, and Cefuroxime), while birds E. coli strains are sensitive to these antibiotics indicates different genomic lineage. In human isolates EHEC has highest share, however it was not significantly placed. In correlation studies (Pearson’s Correlation) indicates that its significance to the use of only chloramphenicol (p=0.044). ANOVA as well as Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficients show that there is no association with any of the drugs that could be useful for their treatment. In could be concluded from the antibiotic profile, distribution pattern that the two groups are epidemiologically are different. Furthermore, it appears that birds don’t contribute to the spread of disease in humans/animals.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47028160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Undernutrition and tuberculosis (TB) are interconnected in a complex relationship. There is a high prevalence of undernutrition among adult tuberculosis patients worldwide, specifically in developing countries including Ethiopia. Tuberculosis patients are more likely to be wasted or have a lower body mass index than the healthy person. Tuberculosis causes undernutrition through raised metabolic demands, by decreasing nutritional intake and by decreasing necessary immune functions. Implementation of WHO recommended services for TB patients are very week, so this study will fill these gaps.Objective: To assess the magnitude of undernutrition and associated factors among tuberculosis patients at Hossana Town public health facilities.Method: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015-March 2016 in Hossana Town public health facilities. A total of 247 TB patients were considered for the study. Consecutive study participants were interviewed until the required sample size was reached for each public health facility. Data were entered to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistic, Binary logistic regression was done by using bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with undernutrition among TB patients.Result: The magnitude of undernutrition among adult TB patients was 38.90%. Duration of cough or other TB symptoms before diagnosis of TB (AOR=2.27; 95% CI=1.00, 5.12), family size (AOR=2.98; 95% CI=1.53, 5.83), and HIV co infection (AOR=5.06; 95% CI=2.00, 12.78) were the factors associated with undernutrition.Conclusion: The magnitude of undernutrition among adult tuberculosis patients was high. Early screening and diagnosis tuberculosis as well as Nutritional status should be part of the routine care for all adult TB patients. In addition, attention should be given to TB-HIV co infected patients.
背景:营养不良与结核病(TB)有着复杂的相互关联关系。全世界成年结核病患者营养不良的发生率很高，特别是在包括埃塞俄比亚在内的发展中国家。与健康的人相比，结核病患者更容易被浪费或身体质量指数更低。结核病通过增加代谢需求、减少营养摄入和降低必要的免疫功能而引起营养不良。世卫组织为结核病患者推荐的服务很少得到实施，因此本研究将填补这些空白。目的:评估胡萨纳镇公共卫生机构结核病患者的营养不良程度及其相关因素。方法:对2015年11月- 2016年3月在Hossana镇公共卫生机构开展的基于机构的横断面研究。共有247名结核病患者被纳入研究。对连续的研究参与者进行访谈，直到每个公共卫生机构达到所需的样本量。数据输入SPSS version 20进行统计分析。描述性统计，采用双变量和多变量分析进行二元logistic回归，以确定结核病患者营养不良的相关因素。结果:成人结核患者营养不良发生率为38.90%。结核诊断前咳嗽或其他结核症状持续时间(AOR=2.27;95% CI=1.00, 5.12)，家庭规模(AOR=2.98;95% CI=1.53, 5.83)和HIV合并感染(AOR=5.06;95% CI=2.00, 12.78)是与营养不良相关的因素。结论:成人结核病患者营养不良程度较高。结核病的早期筛查和诊断以及营养状况应成为所有成年结核病患者常规护理的一部分。此外，应注意结核-艾滋病毒合并感染患者。
{"title":"Undernutrition and Associated Factors among Adult Tuberculosis Patients in Hossana Town Public Health Facilities, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Tarekegn Geberemeskel, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Meaza Demisie","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000253","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Undernutrition and tuberculosis (TB) are interconnected in a complex relationship. There is a high prevalence of undernutrition among adult tuberculosis patients worldwide, specifically in developing countries including Ethiopia. Tuberculosis patients are more likely to be wasted or have a lower body mass index than the healthy person. Tuberculosis causes undernutrition through raised metabolic demands, by decreasing nutritional intake and by decreasing necessary immune functions. Implementation of WHO recommended services for TB patients are very week, so this study will fill these gaps.Objective: To assess the magnitude of undernutrition and associated factors among tuberculosis patients at Hossana Town public health facilities.Method: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015-March 2016 in Hossana Town public health facilities. A total of 247 TB patients were considered for the study. Consecutive study participants were interviewed until the required sample size was reached for each public health facility. Data were entered to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistic, Binary logistic regression was done by using bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with undernutrition among TB patients.Result: The magnitude of undernutrition among adult TB patients was 38.90%. Duration of cough or other TB symptoms before diagnosis of TB (AOR=2.27; 95% CI=1.00, 5.12), family size (AOR=2.98; 95% CI=1.53, 5.83), and HIV co infection (AOR=5.06; 95% CI=2.00, 12.78) were the factors associated with undernutrition.Conclusion: The magnitude of undernutrition among adult tuberculosis patients was high. Early screening and diagnosis tuberculosis as well as Nutritional status should be part of the routine care for all adult TB patients. In addition, attention should be given to TB-HIV co infected patients.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000257
Mebrahtu Berhe, A. Bsrat, Habtamu Taddele, Endalemaw Gadissa, Y. Hagos, Y. Tekle, Adugna Abera
Visceral Leishmaniasis is becoming a major public health problem both in terms of geographical spread and incidence in Ethiopia although failed to attract the attention it deserves. Magnitude,public health impact and dynamics of the disease in Ethiopia are not well studied. Hence,this study was conducted in Welkait district to determine public awareness about the disease. Wekait is a highly productive area having a conducive environment for the spread of the parasite. A cross sectional study was employed in purposively selected sub-districts in which house to house survey was carried out using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 288 participants (264 household heads and 24 health professionals) were interviewed to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice towards visceral leishmaniasis. Overall score of the participants showed that 59%, 95% and 53% of them were knowledgeable have positive attitude and good practice on visceral leishmaniasis, respectively. Sex, educational status and history of travel profile showed significant association with the knowledge of participants. The study also revealed a gap in the knowledge and practices of health professionals about the disease. The present study highlighted an overall positive attitude regarding the disease. However, the gap in knowledge and poor practice calls for an intervention to improve the public awareness regarding visceral leishmaniasis in the study area.
{"title":"Knowledge Attitude and Practice towards Visceral Leishmaniasis among Residents and Health Professionals in Welkait District, Western Tigray, Ethiopia","authors":"Mebrahtu Berhe, A. Bsrat, Habtamu Taddele, Endalemaw Gadissa, Y. Hagos, Y. Tekle, Adugna Abera","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000257","url":null,"abstract":"Visceral Leishmaniasis is becoming a major public health problem both in terms of geographical spread and incidence in Ethiopia although failed to attract the attention it deserves. Magnitude,public health impact and dynamics of the disease in Ethiopia are not well studied. Hence,this study was conducted in Welkait district to determine public awareness about the disease. Wekait is a highly productive area having a conducive environment for the spread of the parasite. A cross sectional study was employed in purposively selected sub-districts in which house to house survey was carried out using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 288 participants (264 household heads and 24 health professionals) were interviewed to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice towards visceral leishmaniasis. Overall score of the participants showed that 59%, 95% and 53% of them were knowledgeable have positive attitude and good practice on visceral leishmaniasis, respectively. Sex, educational status and history of travel profile showed significant association with the knowledge of participants. The study also revealed a gap in the knowledge and practices of health professionals about the disease. The present study highlighted an overall positive attitude regarding the disease. However, the gap in knowledge and poor practice calls for an intervention to improve the public awareness regarding visceral leishmaniasis in the study area.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000288
Irum Beg Mirza, A. Gachii, P. Okiro, S. Zaki
Background: Children in Sub-Saharan Africa have a high mortality rate from Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI). The prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii in Kenyan children is not known. We aimed to determine the prevalence of Pneumocystis in lung tissue of children below 5 years of age who died following admission for SARIs in Kenyatta National Hospital, a referral hospital in Nairobi. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Pneumocystis in children who died following SARI over a two year period from January 2015 to December 2016. Histological description was undertaken to identify changes in lung tissue in SARI with emphasis on presence of Pneumocystis. Methods: Methods of 138 children with fatal respiratory infection at Kenyatta National Hospital, 64 consented autopsies were performed. Lung samples were stained with Haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Grocott’s Methenamine Silver stain (GMS), to identify Pneumocystis. Results: Pneumocystis has 17% prevalence by GMS in lung samples from children who died following SARI. Children between 0-6 months comprised 41% of the total number autopsied, out of which 31% were positive for Pneumocystis. In the 7-12 month old category only 9% were Pneumocystis positive. Children between 13-24 months comprised 23% of the autopsies, amongst whom 7% showed presence of Pneumocystis. All children who died following admission for SARI in this crosssection were less than 2 years old. Conclusions: Mortality following admission for SARI and prevalence of Pneumocystis decreased with increasing age. A prevalence of 17% Pneumocystis was seen in lung tissue of the 64 children who died following admission for SARI. Pneumocystis colonisation and Pneumocystis Pneumonia should be a consideration in children who present with SARIs particularly in 0-6 month age group, regardless of HIV status. Further studies are warranted to better understand the implication of presence of Pneumocystis in lung biopsies in children for insight into its precise contribution to lung pathology.
背景:撒哈拉以南非洲地区的儿童因严重急性呼吸道感染(SARI)而死亡率很高。目前尚不清楚肯尼亚儿童中耶氏肺囊虫病的流行情况。我们的目的是确定在内罗毕的一家转诊医院肯雅塔国家医院(Kenyatta National Hospital)因sars入院后死亡的5岁以下儿童肺囊虫病在肺组织中的患病率。目的:确定2015年1月至2016年12月两年间SARI死亡儿童中肺囊虫病的患病率。进行组织学描述以确定急性呼吸道感染中肺组织的变化，重点是肺囊虫病的存在。方法:对肯尼亚雅塔国立医院收治的138例致命性呼吸道感染患儿进行64例同意尸检。肺标本用苏木精和伊红(H和E)及Grocott氏甲基苯丙胺银染色(GMS)检测肺囊虫。结果:肺囊虫在急性呼吸道感染后死亡的儿童肺样本中有17%的GMS患病率。0-6个月的儿童占死亡总数的41%，其中肺囊虫病阳性占31%。在7-12个月大的婴儿中，只有9%的肺囊虫呈阳性。13-24个月的儿童占尸检的23%，其中7%显示肺囊虫存在。在该横截面中，所有因急性呼吸道感染入院后死亡的儿童均小于2岁。结论:急性呼吸道感染入院后死亡率和肺囊虫病患病率随着年龄的增长而下降。64名因急性呼吸道感染入院后死亡的儿童肺组织中肺囊虫的患病率为17%。肺囊虫定植和肺囊虫肺炎应该被考虑在患有严重急性呼吸道感染的儿童中，特别是0-6个月年龄组，无论是否感染艾滋病毒。进一步的研究需要更好地理解肺囊虫病在儿童肺活检中的存在，以了解其对肺病理的确切贡献。
{"title":"The Prevalence of Pneumocystis in Lung Tissue of Kenyan Children Who Died Following Severe Respiratory Infection","authors":"Irum Beg Mirza, A. Gachii, P. Okiro, S. Zaki","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000288","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Children in Sub-Saharan Africa have a high mortality rate from Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI). The prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii in Kenyan children is not known. We aimed to determine the prevalence of Pneumocystis in lung tissue of children below 5 years of age who died following admission for SARIs in Kenyatta National Hospital, a referral hospital in Nairobi. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Pneumocystis in children who died following SARI over a two year period from January 2015 to December 2016. Histological description was undertaken to identify changes in lung tissue in SARI with emphasis on presence of Pneumocystis. Methods: Methods of 138 children with fatal respiratory infection at Kenyatta National Hospital, 64 consented autopsies were performed. Lung samples were stained with Haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Grocott’s Methenamine Silver stain (GMS), to identify Pneumocystis. Results: Pneumocystis has 17% prevalence by GMS in lung samples from children who died following SARI. Children between 0-6 months comprised 41% of the total number autopsied, out of which 31% were positive for Pneumocystis. In the 7-12 month old category only 9% were Pneumocystis positive. Children between 13-24 months comprised 23% of the autopsies, amongst whom 7% showed presence of Pneumocystis. All children who died following admission for SARI in this crosssection were less than 2 years old. Conclusions: Mortality following admission for SARI and prevalence of Pneumocystis decreased with increasing age. A prevalence of 17% Pneumocystis was seen in lung tissue of the 64 children who died following admission for SARI. Pneumocystis colonisation and Pneumocystis Pneumonia should be a consideration in children who present with SARIs particularly in 0-6 month age group, regardless of HIV status. Further studies are warranted to better understand the implication of presence of Pneumocystis in lung biopsies in children for insight into its precise contribution to lung pathology.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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