Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.333
M. O. Mahjoob, A. E. Abdalla, Haitham E Elawad, A. Abdulla, Saffa Omer Altayeb, Umalhassan Hashim Abdalla
Background: Foot infection is the most common problem in a person with diabetes. Infection in these patients is difficult to treat because these individuals have impaired microvascular supply, Which limits the access of phagocytic cell in the infected area and result in poor concentration of antibody in the infected tissue. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of potentially life-threatening infection which was acquired in the health care and community setting. These microorganisms have developed resistance against most classes of antibacterial agent as indicated by a dramatic increase in the number of healthcare-associated infection due to methicillin resistance S. aureus, which become endemic in hospitals worldwide. Methods: All collected samples were cultured directly on the blood and chocolate agar to primary isolation, then purified by several subcultures from a single well-isolated colony. Identification of isolated bacteria depends on gram reactions, organism morphology, colonial morphology in different media and biochemical tests-catalase test, coagulase test, DNase test, mannitol fermentation test, and VP test. The antimicrobial test was carried by disc diffusion method Kirby-Bauer method on Muller and Hinton media to several single antibiotic discs-Vancomycin, cloxacillin, Tobracillin, Ciprofloxacin, and Ceftriaxone. The inhibition zone was measured by ruler in millimeter the compared with incorporated chart. Results: A total of 50 diabetic patients with wound infection were including S. aureus n:20, 40% and other pathogens n:30,60%. Frequency of male was 43,86% while 7,14% were female. All patient were classified into two groups of age, one (35-55) with moderate frequency n:20, 40% and another age group (56-90) with the highest frequency n:30,60%. All isolated S. aureus were resisted cloxacillin while sensitive to vancomycin, 60% of them resist tobracillin 40% were sensitive and 10% resist ciprofloxacin 90% were sensitive, 25% were resisted ceftriaxone 75% were sensitive. Conclusion: MRSA is highly 40% prevalent among populations of S. aureus isolated from surgical site infection in Khartoum state. This study discusses the link between MRSA acquisition factors like age, sex, occupation, ethnicity, geographical location, hospitalization, antibiotic use, surgery and distinction community-acquired MRSA and hospital-acquired MRSA.
{"title":"The Incidence of Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Diabetic Septic Foot","authors":"M. O. Mahjoob, A. E. Abdalla, Haitham E Elawad, A. Abdulla, Saffa Omer Altayeb, Umalhassan Hashim Abdalla","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.333","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Foot infection is the most common problem in a person with diabetes. Infection in these patients is difficult to treat because these individuals have impaired microvascular supply, Which limits the access of phagocytic cell in the infected area and result in poor concentration of antibody in the infected tissue. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of potentially life-threatening infection which was acquired in the health care and community setting. These microorganisms have developed resistance against most classes of antibacterial agent as indicated by a dramatic increase in the number of healthcare-associated infection due to methicillin resistance S. aureus, which become endemic in hospitals worldwide. Methods: All collected samples were cultured directly on the blood and chocolate agar to primary isolation, then purified by several subcultures from a single well-isolated colony. Identification of isolated bacteria depends on gram reactions, organism morphology, colonial morphology in different media and biochemical tests-catalase test, coagulase test, DNase test, mannitol fermentation test, and VP test. The antimicrobial test was carried by disc diffusion method Kirby-Bauer method on Muller and Hinton media to several single antibiotic discs-Vancomycin, cloxacillin, Tobracillin, Ciprofloxacin, and Ceftriaxone. The inhibition zone was measured by ruler in millimeter the compared with incorporated chart. Results: A total of 50 diabetic patients with wound infection were including S. aureus n:20, 40% and other pathogens n:30,60%. Frequency of male was 43,86% while 7,14% were female. All patient were classified into two groups of age, one (35-55) with moderate frequency n:20, 40% and another age group (56-90) with the highest frequency n:30,60%. All isolated S. aureus were resisted cloxacillin while sensitive to vancomycin, 60% of them resist tobracillin 40% were sensitive and 10% resist ciprofloxacin 90% were sensitive, 25% were resisted ceftriaxone 75% were sensitive. Conclusion: MRSA is highly 40% prevalent among populations of S. aureus isolated from surgical site infection in Khartoum state. This study discusses the link between MRSA acquisition factors like age, sex, occupation, ethnicity, geographical location, hospitalization, antibiotic use, surgery and distinction community-acquired MRSA and hospital-acquired MRSA.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70009599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.318
A. S. Rahman, R. Begum, Tanusree Sarkar, J. Uddin, M. Islam
Background: Despite a consistently decreasing trend, maternal and infant mortality rates still remain a challenge in Bangladesh. This shows that there is a need for constant efforts to improve accessibility and quality of maternal and child care and implement what is reflected in recent policy documents, issued by the government, which is reinforced by a number of related surveys and research studies. Aim: The goal of this analysis is to examine the current situation and needs of emergency obstetric care in Bangladesh by establishing a baseline of the availability, utilization, and quality of maternal health care services. Study design: Corporate approach will be used for this situational analysis to generate data. Data collection methods will be key informants interviews (KII) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Data will also be collated from secondary sources as for example District hospital, Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), Director General (DG) Health, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and literature review. Conclusion: In order to reduce high maternal mortality and morbidity, high utilization of EmONC is necessary. This situational analysis will project an in-depth understanding of the coverage and availability of the emergency obstetric care and also will highlight the factors facilitating and preventing the use of emergency obstetric care services in the district of Sylhet in Bangladesh and it is anticipated that the results from this analysis will contribute to an evidence-based refinement and planning of even more effective strategies for further reducing maternal mortality.
{"title":"Emergency Obstetric Care-A protocol of a Situational Analysis in the Country Context of Bangladesh","authors":"A. S. Rahman, R. Begum, Tanusree Sarkar, J. Uddin, M. Islam","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.318","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Despite a consistently decreasing trend, maternal and infant mortality rates still remain a challenge in Bangladesh. This shows that there is a need for constant efforts to improve accessibility and quality of maternal and child care and implement what is reflected in recent policy documents, issued by the government, which is reinforced by a number of related surveys and research studies. Aim: The goal of this analysis is to examine the current situation and needs of emergency obstetric care in Bangladesh by establishing a baseline of the availability, utilization, and quality of maternal health care services. Study design: Corporate approach will be used for this situational analysis to generate data. Data collection methods will be key informants interviews (KII) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Data will also be collated from secondary sources as for example District hospital, Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), Director General (DG) Health, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and literature review. Conclusion: In order to reduce high maternal mortality and morbidity, high utilization of EmONC is necessary. This situational analysis will project an in-depth understanding of the coverage and availability of the emergency obstetric care and also will highlight the factors facilitating and preventing the use of emergency obstetric care services in the district of Sylhet in Bangladesh and it is anticipated that the results from this analysis will contribute to an evidence-based refinement and planning of even more effective strategies for further reducing maternal mortality.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70008874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.337
I. Nglass, Lynda Ozor, O. Olotu, A. Momoh, Chima E Onuekwe, Collins Owili
Malaria remains a leading cause of ill health in Africa and Nigeria. From world malaria report, 2018 53 million annual cases in Nigeria (1 in 4 persons), contributing 25% global burden and 53% of cases in West Africa. In Nigeria alone, 81,640 deaths are recorded annually (9 deaths per hour), which accounts for 19% global malaria deaths (1 in 5 global malaria deaths) and 45% malaria deaths in west Africa. The Nigeria Malaria Strategic Plan (NMSP) 2014-2020 has as it goal-to reduce malaria burden to pre-elimination levels and bring malaria-related mortality to zero. In North-East Nigeria, malaria transmission is perennial with a marked seasonal peak from July to November each year. Since malaria is highly endemic in the north-east, increasing the burden on health resources and elevating the risk of morbidity and mortality among the affected population, particularly children under five who are one of the vulnerable groups, Seasonal Mass Chemo-Prevention (SMC) during the rainy season to reduce morbidity and mortality in emergency settings was deployed in 2018 and the results were enormous 6.5% reduction in fever cases and confirmed malaria, when compared with previous years in children under five who benefited from SMC as obtained from the study of effect of SMC on malaria morbidity conducted in Adamawa State in 2018. To achieve a better impact on malaria control, a combination of preventive measures (robust surveillance, indoor residual spray, using insecticide-treated nets), effective case management and improved capacity of personnel is recommended.
{"title":"Effect of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention and Data Management in Health Facilities in Three Study LGAs of Adamawa State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Nglass, Lynda Ozor, O. Olotu, A. Momoh, Chima E Onuekwe, Collins Owili","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.337","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria remains a leading cause of ill health in Africa and Nigeria. From world malaria report, 2018 53 million annual cases in Nigeria (1 in 4 persons), contributing 25% global burden and 53% of cases in West Africa. In Nigeria alone, 81,640 deaths are recorded annually (9 deaths per hour), which accounts for 19% global malaria deaths (1 in 5 global malaria deaths) and 45% malaria deaths in west Africa. The Nigeria Malaria Strategic Plan (NMSP) 2014-2020 has as it goal-to reduce malaria burden to pre-elimination levels and bring malaria-related mortality to zero. In North-East Nigeria, malaria transmission is perennial with a marked seasonal peak from July to November each year. Since malaria is highly endemic in the north-east, increasing the burden on health resources and elevating the risk of morbidity and mortality among the affected population, particularly children under five who are one of the vulnerable groups, Seasonal Mass Chemo-Prevention (SMC) during the rainy season to reduce morbidity and mortality in emergency settings was deployed in 2018 and the results were enormous 6.5% reduction in fever cases and confirmed malaria, when compared with previous years in children under five who benefited from SMC as obtained from the study of effect of SMC on malaria morbidity conducted in Adamawa State in 2018. To achieve a better impact on malaria control, a combination of preventive measures (robust surveillance, indoor residual spray, using insecticide-treated nets), effective case management and improved capacity of personnel is recommended.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70010044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.332
H. Almossawi, N. Kak, Amy Studenic, Alex, E. Moran, Colleen F Longacre, S. Kheang, P. Daru, Esty Febriani, Cecile Lagrosa, Carmina Aquino, T. Htay
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the third leading cause of death among women of reproductive age, and undiagnosed TB among pregnant women can result in poor outcomes for both women and their children. Therefore, it is essential for National Tuberculosis Programs (NTPs) to strengthen their policies and guidelines addressing TB in pregnant women and adopt more efficient screening practices. The purpose of this situational analysis is to identify key approaches to addressing TB in pregnancy and to identify barriers and recommendations for the integration of TB and Antenatal Care (ANC) services. Methods: We conducted an initial desk review of the existing literature and recommendations from international organizations on global strategies to address TB among pregnant women. We developed a multi-country survey to gather information on current practices regarding TB screening and treatment among pregnant women as well as barriers to integration of TB services with ANC services. Results: We received survey responses from five countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam). Only Myanmar had fully integrated TB and ANC services. While respondents from all countries identified the potential benefits of TB/ANC service integration, the most commonly identified barriers to implementation included lack of management capacity to supervise integrated services, inadequate staff, and lack of knowledge about TB among ANC staff. Conclusion: While countries are aware of the advantages and opportunities associated with integrating TB services into other health care services, the implementation of such integration remains a challenge. Integration of services is one of the key recommendations of this study. Where services have been fully integrated, operational research is needed to evaluate its impact.
{"title":"A Situational Analysis of Screening and Treatment of TB in Pregnant Women across 5 Countries","authors":"H. Almossawi, N. Kak, Amy Studenic, Alex, E. Moran, Colleen F Longacre, S. Kheang, P. Daru, Esty Febriani, Cecile Lagrosa, Carmina Aquino, T. Htay","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.332","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the third leading cause of death among women of reproductive age, and undiagnosed TB among pregnant women can result in poor outcomes for both women and their children. Therefore, it is essential for National Tuberculosis Programs (NTPs) to strengthen their policies and guidelines addressing TB in pregnant women and adopt more efficient screening practices. The purpose of this situational analysis is to identify key approaches to addressing TB in pregnancy and to identify barriers and recommendations for the integration of TB and Antenatal Care (ANC) services. Methods: We conducted an initial desk review of the existing literature and recommendations from international organizations on global strategies to address TB among pregnant women. We developed a multi-country survey to gather information on current practices regarding TB screening and treatment among pregnant women as well as barriers to integration of TB services with ANC services. Results: We received survey responses from five countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam). Only Myanmar had fully integrated TB and ANC services. While respondents from all countries identified the potential benefits of TB/ANC service integration, the most commonly identified barriers to implementation included lack of management capacity to supervise integrated services, inadequate staff, and lack of knowledge about TB among ANC staff. Conclusion: While countries are aware of the advantages and opportunities associated with integrating TB services into other health care services, the implementation of such integration remains a challenge. Integration of services is one of the key recommendations of this study. Where services have been fully integrated, operational research is needed to evaluate its impact.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70009492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000298
Amanya Jacob Kasio Iboyi, L. Zha
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) is a major silent killer among children under five years of age, in low resources settings. It’s also being regarded as a disease of hungry communities. Therefore, to assess and classify an individual nutritional status under SAM is by anthropometry that determines body measurement. Measurable variables, age, sex, weight, height and Mid-Upper Arm-Circumference (MUAC) for children 6-59 months. SAM characterized with visible wasting and bilateral edema, in infants <6 months. However, social criteria like the absence of a mother or inadequacy of breastfeeding predict nutritional risk. Once more, SAM in U5 assessed by nutritional indices of Weight-For-Height (WFH), MUAC, and bilateral edema. Children 5-19 years BMI-for-age plus clinical signs are used. MUAC preferable during pregnancy. WHO Growth Standards of 2007 suggested over NCHS 1978. Nutrition indices in Z-scores opposed to median percentage. Median off use in classifying individual’s nutritional status. Methods and protocols for assessment of children 6-59 months are more developed than for other age. Therefore, best practice to produce functional outcomes is needed. The level of malnutrition at admission phase influences hospitals stay. Evidence suggests that malnutrition is more frequent and severe among males than females. Implications, no special consideration in severe acute malnutrition admitted in a critical phase”. Protocols to discharge patients upon recovery needs harmonization. MUAC misdiagnose Kwashiorkor children due to fluid retention but remains a reliable tool. Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) used for management of SAM. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of screening tools, therapeutic interventions and shed light on the risk factors associated with SAM. A later effect includes but not limited to mental retardation, poor school performance, and low self-esteem.
{"title":"Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) Evaluation of Associated Risk Factors, Screening Tools, and Therapeutic Management among South Sudanese Children Age 6","authors":"Amanya Jacob Kasio Iboyi, L. Zha","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000298","url":null,"abstract":"Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) is a major silent killer among children under five years of age, in low resources settings. It’s also being regarded as a disease of hungry communities. Therefore, to assess and classify an individual nutritional status under SAM is by anthropometry that determines body measurement. Measurable variables, age, sex, weight, height and Mid-Upper Arm-Circumference (MUAC) for children 6-59 months. SAM characterized with visible wasting and bilateral edema, in infants <6 months. However, social criteria like the absence of a mother or inadequacy of breastfeeding predict nutritional risk. Once more, SAM in U5 assessed by nutritional indices of Weight-For-Height (WFH), MUAC, and bilateral edema. Children 5-19 years BMI-for-age plus clinical signs are used. MUAC preferable during pregnancy. WHO Growth Standards of 2007 suggested over NCHS 1978. Nutrition indices in Z-scores opposed to median percentage. Median off use in classifying individual’s nutritional status. Methods and protocols for assessment of children 6-59 months are more developed than for other age. Therefore, best practice to produce functional outcomes is needed. The level of malnutrition at admission phase influences hospitals stay. Evidence suggests that malnutrition is more frequent and severe among males than females. Implications, no special consideration in severe acute malnutrition admitted in a critical phase”. Protocols to discharge patients upon recovery needs harmonization. MUAC misdiagnose Kwashiorkor children due to fluid retention but remains a reliable tool. Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) used for management of SAM. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of screening tools, therapeutic interventions and shed light on the risk factors associated with SAM. A later effect includes but not limited to mental retardation, poor school performance, and low self-esteem.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000304
Hassan Ghazi Bakheet, H. Alnakhli
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease, which is endemic in Saudi Arabia. It’s an infectious systematic disease that can affect any organ, with no specific symptom to this disease. The diagnosis of Brucellosis depends mainly on the investigations. Treatment of Brucellosis requires an extensive course of antibiotics used for at least 6 weeks to avoid relapse or recurrence. This disease is caused by Brucella spp. It’s considered to be a major problem in endemic countries, due to poor hygiene, and unprotected contact with animals. Brucellosis is a challenging disease diagnose since there are no special symptoms for this disease. The incidence of Brucellosis globally is up to 500,000 people infected annually therefore, it’s the most widespread zoonotic disease. There are some rare cases of Brucellosis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Several laboratory tests are used to confirm the diagnosis, and the most common laboratory test used in Saudi Arabia is the SAT. Preventing brucellosis depends on contact isolation from infected beings, safety cautions in labs, Pasteurization of milk, and controlling of vectors.
{"title":"Brucellosis in Saudi Arabia: Review of Literature and Epidemiology","authors":"Hassan Ghazi Bakheet, H. Alnakhli","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000304","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease, which is endemic in Saudi Arabia. It’s an infectious systematic disease that can affect any organ, with no specific symptom to this disease. The diagnosis of Brucellosis depends mainly on the investigations. Treatment of Brucellosis requires an extensive course of antibiotics used for at least 6 weeks to avoid relapse or recurrence. This disease is caused by Brucella spp. It’s considered to be a major problem in endemic countries, due to poor hygiene, and unprotected contact with animals. Brucellosis is a challenging disease diagnose since there are no special symptoms for this disease. The incidence of Brucellosis globally is up to 500,000 people infected annually therefore, it’s the most widespread zoonotic disease. There are some rare cases of Brucellosis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Several laboratory tests are used to confirm the diagnosis, and the most common laboratory test used in Saudi Arabia is the SAT. Preventing brucellosis depends on contact isolation from infected beings, safety cautions in labs, Pasteurization of milk, and controlling of vectors.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.319
Yousif M Ballal, Husameldin A Bakhit, Mohammed B. Ahmed, M. Suliman, Aisha Aa Lsadig, Nabig A Gasoum, Monadel M Zain Alabeden
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Abo-Matariq area in East Darfur state on 570 individuals (370 males and 200 females) to determine the prevalence rate of Schistosoma haematobium and to evaluate two diagnostic methods (sedimentation and filtration techniques). The study was carried out during the period between February 2018-April 2018, urine samples were taken from the subjects. The study showed that the overall prevalence rate of infection was 20.2%, all positive cases (115) out of 570 were detected by using urine sedimentation and filtration techniques. Males have reported a higher rate of infection than females (15.8% and 4.4% respectively). The highest infection rate of 15.6% was reported among the age group of 11-20 years, while there was no positive case reported among the 31-40 and over 40 years age groups. The study showed that among 115 positive cases, 107 (18.8%) had direct contact with water and 8 (1.4%) had no contact with water. Also, the study showed that among 115 positive cases 100 (17.6%) had haematuria in their urine while 15 (2.6%) had no haematuria in their urine. The study showed an equal detection rate for both techniques used.
{"title":"The Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis among the Abo-Matariq Population, East Darfur State, Sudan","authors":"Yousif M Ballal, Husameldin A Bakhit, Mohammed B. Ahmed, M. Suliman, Aisha Aa Lsadig, Nabig A Gasoum, Monadel M Zain Alabeden","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.319","url":null,"abstract":"This cross-sectional study was conducted in Abo-Matariq area in East Darfur state on 570 individuals (370 males and 200 females) to determine the prevalence rate of Schistosoma haematobium and to evaluate two diagnostic methods (sedimentation and filtration techniques). The study was carried out during the period between February 2018-April 2018, urine samples were taken from the subjects. The study showed that the overall prevalence rate of infection was 20.2%, all positive cases (115) out of 570 were detected by using urine sedimentation and filtration techniques. Males have reported a higher rate of infection than females (15.8% and 4.4% respectively). The highest infection rate of 15.6% was reported among the age group of 11-20 years, while there was no positive case reported among the 31-40 and over 40 years age groups. The study showed that among 115 positive cases, 107 (18.8%) had direct contact with water and 8 (1.4%) had no contact with water. Also, the study showed that among 115 positive cases 100 (17.6%) had haematuria in their urine while 15 (2.6%) had no haematuria in their urine. The study showed an equal detection rate for both techniques used.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70008932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891x.19.7.326
S. Kheang, Huot Theang, K. K. Eam, M. T. Eang, S. Kong, Chhun Loun, Aida Olkkonen, H. Almossawi, N. Kak
Background: Cambodia has a high burden of Tuberculosis (TB) with an incidence rate of 326 per 100,000 population in 2018 and rapidly increasing rates of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with prevalence rate 9.6% in 2016. The introduction of the first national guidelines for the management of TB/DM co-morbidity in 2014 has resulted in the introduction of coordinated service delivery. Objective: This study aimed to assess the performance and the results of bidirectional TB/DM screening, diagnosis of co-morbidity, and enrollment in treatment in 7 health operational districts in 5 provinces in Cambodia. Methods: The retrospective study reviewed patient records of 6,463 DM patients and 8,403 TB patients who received treatment between July 2016 and February 2019 in 7 referral hospitals and 113 health centers. Results: Forty percent of DM patients were screened for TB, and 55% of TB patients were screened for DM. Of the screened DM patients, 4.6% were diagnosed with TB. Of screened TB patients, 3.7% were diagnosed with DM. All DM patients diagnosed with TB were enrolled in TB treatment and 95% of TB patients diagnosed with DM began receiving treatment for DM. Conclusion: This is the first study examining TB/DM co-morbidity and coordinated service delivery in Cambodia. The gaps in the performance of bidirectional screening suggest areas for further intervention. To increase the rate of bidirectional screening, provider compliance with standards needs to be improved by strengthening providers competencies. Strengthened data collection and reporting systems will also contribute to increasing provider accountability. Secondly, the current structure of TB and DM service delivery with TB services only available from the public sector and public DM services only available at the referral level creates a challenging environment for effective referrals and coordinated care and should be reconsidered. In addition to improved coordination between the public and private sectors, expansion of public DM services to health centers and to the community level warrants exploration. Finally, the increased focus needs to be given to addressing the high levels of pre-diabetes. Cambodia has a limited window of opportunity to build capacity and develop systems to effectively manage TB/DM co-morbidity.
{"title":"Bidirectional Screening of Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis in Cambodia","authors":"S. Kheang, Huot Theang, K. K. Eam, M. T. Eang, S. Kong, Chhun Loun, Aida Olkkonen, H. Almossawi, N. Kak","doi":"10.35248/2329-891x.19.7.326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891x.19.7.326","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cambodia has a high burden of Tuberculosis (TB) with an incidence rate of 326 per 100,000 population in 2018 and rapidly increasing rates of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with prevalence rate 9.6% in 2016. The introduction of the first national guidelines for the management of TB/DM co-morbidity in 2014 has resulted in the introduction of coordinated service delivery. Objective: This study aimed to assess the performance and the results of bidirectional TB/DM screening, diagnosis of co-morbidity, and enrollment in treatment in 7 health operational districts in 5 provinces in Cambodia. Methods: The retrospective study reviewed patient records of 6,463 DM patients and 8,403 TB patients who received treatment between July 2016 and February 2019 in 7 referral hospitals and 113 health centers. Results: Forty percent of DM patients were screened for TB, and 55% of TB patients were screened for DM. Of the screened DM patients, 4.6% were diagnosed with TB. Of screened TB patients, 3.7% were diagnosed with DM. All DM patients diagnosed with TB were enrolled in TB treatment and 95% of TB patients diagnosed with DM began receiving treatment for DM. Conclusion: This is the first study examining TB/DM co-morbidity and coordinated service delivery in Cambodia. The gaps in the performance of bidirectional screening suggest areas for further intervention. To increase the rate of bidirectional screening, provider compliance with standards needs to be improved by strengthening providers competencies. Strengthened data collection and reporting systems will also contribute to increasing provider accountability. Secondly, the current structure of TB and DM service delivery with TB services only available from the public sector and public DM services only available at the referral level creates a challenging environment for effective referrals and coordinated care and should be reconsidered. In addition to improved coordination between the public and private sectors, expansion of public DM services to health centers and to the community level warrants exploration. Finally, the increased focus needs to be given to addressing the high levels of pre-diabetes. Cambodia has a limited window of opportunity to build capacity and develop systems to effectively manage TB/DM co-morbidity.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70009262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Indiscriminate sneezing and coughing with infectious runny nose pose threats to public health. In this study, we investigate knowledge and practice of sneeze and cough etiquettes among residents in Ekiti-State, South- Western Nigeria. Objective: To sensitize the public on the roles of sneeze and cough etiquettes in the prevention the spread of infectious respiratory diseases. Methodology: A prospective, cross-sectional, randomized study of respondents in Ekiti State was conducted. Results: In all, 395 participants were studied. Of this number, 228 (57.7%) sneeze or cough into air without a cover on their nose or mouth, 82 (20.7%) into handkerchiefs, 20 (5.1%) into tissue, 22 (5.6%) into bare hand, 5 (1.3%) into sleeve or crook of elbow and 38 (9.6%) use a combination of methods. The proportion of respondents that wash hands or handkerchief soon after clean-up of the runny nose was only 38%. There was an inverse relationship between education attainment and hospital care of runny nose Conclusion: This study shows that the majority (57.7%) of the respondents sneeze or cough into air without a cover on the nose or mouth. Only 1.3% of the respondents sneezes or coughs into sleeve or crook of the elbow which is the most acceptable form of hygiene etiquette. The proportion of respondents that wash hands or handkerchief soon after a clean-up of runny nose was quite small. Education has no comparative advantage over illiteracy in the uptake of treatment of runny nose. We, therefore, recommend that the public must be educated on the best sneeze, cough and respiratory hygiene etiquettes irrespective of their educational attainment.
{"title":"Knowledge and Practice of Sneeze and Cough Etiquettes among Participants in A Randomized Study in Ekiti-State, South-Western Nigeria","authors":"Olajuyin Oa, Olajide Tg, Ogunboyo Of, Olajuyin Ab, Olajuyin Aa, Deji Sa","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.335","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Indiscriminate sneezing and coughing with infectious runny nose pose threats to public health. In this study, we investigate knowledge and practice of sneeze and cough etiquettes among residents in Ekiti-State, South- Western Nigeria. Objective: To sensitize the public on the roles of sneeze and cough etiquettes in the prevention the spread of infectious respiratory diseases. Methodology: A prospective, cross-sectional, randomized study of respondents in Ekiti State was conducted. Results: In all, 395 participants were studied. Of this number, 228 (57.7%) sneeze or cough into air without a cover on their nose or mouth, 82 (20.7%) into handkerchiefs, 20 (5.1%) into tissue, 22 (5.6%) into bare hand, 5 (1.3%) into sleeve or crook of elbow and 38 (9.6%) use a combination of methods. The proportion of respondents that wash hands or handkerchief soon after clean-up of the runny nose was only 38%. There was an inverse relationship between education attainment and hospital care of runny nose Conclusion: This study shows that the majority (57.7%) of the respondents sneeze or cough into air without a cover on the nose or mouth. Only 1.3% of the respondents sneezes or coughs into sleeve or crook of the elbow which is the most acceptable form of hygiene etiquette. The proportion of respondents that wash hands or handkerchief soon after a clean-up of runny nose was quite small. Education has no comparative advantage over illiteracy in the uptake of treatment of runny nose. We, therefore, recommend that the public must be educated on the best sneeze, cough and respiratory hygiene etiquettes irrespective of their educational attainment.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70009983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.313
Fatimata Thiombiano, S. M. Ouattara, A. Coulibaly, G. Sanou, M. Kabore, A. Diarra, I. Soulama, Y. Traoré, S. Sirima, I. Nebie’
Background: Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTS) are the first recommended drug for uncomplicated malaria treatment in many endemic countries. They are responsible for rapid parasites clearance and in reducing fever. Artemisinin has been found to have an immunosuppressive effect in animal’s models. In the present study, we assessed the effect of ACTs on malaria antigens specific antibodies production during subsequent malaria episodes in a population living in malaria hyperendemic area. Methods: In 2012, 371 patients with, presenting uncomplicated clinical malaria aged over 6 months and adults were recruited and allocated to receive ACTs and follow up for 2 years. Antibodies titers against three P. falciparum blood stage malaria vaccine candidates (MSP3, GLURP R0, and GLURP R2) were measured by ELISA during subsequent malaria episodes. Results: Antibody concentration increased during subsequent malaria episodes for GLURP R0, and this was statistically significant. IgG to all tested antigens increased with age and this trend was maintained over all episodes. Conclusion: Asexual P. falciparum densities were showing different trends and immune responses against certain erythrocytic antigens were boosted during subsequent malaria episodes.
{"title":"Antibody and P. falciparum Parasites Profiles during Clinical Malaria Episodes Following Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy in Burkina Faso","authors":"Fatimata Thiombiano, S. M. Ouattara, A. Coulibaly, G. Sanou, M. Kabore, A. Diarra, I. Soulama, Y. Traoré, S. Sirima, I. Nebie’","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.313","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTS) are the first recommended drug for uncomplicated malaria treatment in many endemic countries. They are responsible for rapid parasites clearance and in reducing fever. Artemisinin has been found to have an immunosuppressive effect in animal’s models. In the present study, we assessed the effect of ACTs on malaria antigens specific antibodies production during subsequent malaria episodes in a population living in malaria hyperendemic area. Methods: In 2012, 371 patients with, presenting uncomplicated clinical malaria aged over 6 months and adults were recruited and allocated to receive ACTs and follow up for 2 years. Antibodies titers against three P. falciparum blood stage malaria vaccine candidates (MSP3, GLURP R0, and GLURP R2) were measured by ELISA during subsequent malaria episodes. Results: Antibody concentration increased during subsequent malaria episodes for GLURP R0, and this was statistically significant. IgG to all tested antigens increased with age and this trend was maintained over all episodes. Conclusion: Asexual P. falciparum densities were showing different trends and immune responses against certain erythrocytic antigens were boosted during subsequent malaria episodes.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70008358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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