Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000292
Ajmal Khan
The present study was conducted on the prevalence of Hepatitis C in the general population of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan from January 2017 to October 2017. A total of about 1415 individuals were examined, among which 74 (5.22%) were found positive against HCV antibody test. Of the 1415 examined individuals, 759 (53.6%) were males and 656 (46.4%) were females. Among the 74 (5.22%) infected individuals, 32 were females and 42 were males. A maximum number of individuals who were HCV antibody positive belongs to the age group the between 36 to 55 years (21 and 17 i.e. 7% and 6.9%). samples found positive for antibody and antigen-based test, were further investigated for the presence of Hepatitis C related RNA with PCR and the results show that only 32 (2.3%) individuals have Hepatitis C viral RNA. This is about (43.24%) of the total HCV antibody positive individuals. Out of 32 HCV-PCR positive samples, 11 (34.4%) were symptomatic and 21 (65.6%) were asymptomatic. Further analysis of the PCR positive samples shows that 20 (62.5%) were females and 12 (37.7%) were male. Among the HCV positive samples, genotype 3a was the most abundant 18 (56.2%) of the infected individuals followed by genotype 3b in 4 female (20%) and 3 male (25%), genotype 2a in 3 females (15%) and 2 male (16.6%), and 1b in 1 (5%) females and 1 (8.3%) male. No unknown RNA sequences were found in the studied samples.
{"title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis C in General Population of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan","authors":"Ajmal Khan","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000292","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted on the prevalence of Hepatitis C in the general population of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan from January 2017 to October 2017. A total of about 1415 individuals were examined, among which 74 (5.22%) were found positive against HCV antibody test. Of the 1415 examined individuals, 759 (53.6%) were males and 656 (46.4%) were females. Among the 74 (5.22%) infected individuals, 32 were females and 42 were males. A maximum number of individuals who were HCV antibody positive belongs to the age group the between 36 to 55 years (21 and 17 i.e. 7% and 6.9%). samples found positive for antibody and antigen-based test, were further investigated for the presence of Hepatitis C related RNA with PCR and the results show that only 32 (2.3%) individuals have Hepatitis C viral RNA. This is about (43.24%) of the total HCV antibody positive individuals. Out of 32 HCV-PCR positive samples, 11 (34.4%) were symptomatic and 21 (65.6%) were asymptomatic. Further analysis of the PCR positive samples shows that 20 (62.5%) were females and 12 (37.7%) were male. Among the HCV positive samples, genotype 3a was the most abundant 18 (56.2%) of the infected individuals followed by genotype 3b in 4 female (20%) and 3 male (25%), genotype 2a in 3 females (15%) and 2 male (16.6%), and 1b in 1 (5%) females and 1 (8.3%) male. No unknown RNA sequences were found in the studied samples.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000279
M. Noubom, Darryl Gabin Kombou Tseyep, L. F. Sama, Elvis Chongsi Wam, Sidoine Sadjeu, B. Kenfack, Eric Siewe, Hubert Donfack, C. Tume
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Rubella IgM and IgG Antibodies and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Bafoussam Regional Hospital, West Region of Cameroon","authors":"M. Noubom, Darryl Gabin Kombou Tseyep, L. F. Sama, Elvis Chongsi Wam, Sidoine Sadjeu, B. Kenfack, Eric Siewe, Hubert Donfack, C. Tume","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000279","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000280
L. Randriamampionona, L. Randrianasolo, R. Randremanana, C. Ramarokoto, Toky Ramarokoto, Annett H Cotte, A. Ratsimbasoa, M. Ratsitorahina, Judith Hedge, P. Piola
Fever sentinel surveillance system involving 34 health centers was set up in Madagascar to detect epidemicprone diseases in real time. Evaluative research was performed to assess the proportion of febrile cases that are not captured by sentinel sites. Capture-recapture method was used with two independent data sources: the first source was a passive detection of fevers in health centers while the second was an active screening of febrile subjects in the catchment area of each corresponding health center. Cases common to both sources were identified by matching name, age and location. Completeness of collected data was estimated through the population census. In 2014-15, six health centers were randomly selected from the sentinel network to perform the study. Active screening in the catchment areas of the six health centers detected 2,902 febrile illnesses among 149,835 inhabitants. Acute malaria represented 0.3% (10/2902) of febrile illnesses. The passive screening in health centers notified 157 cases of fever of which 7.6% (12/157) were acute malaria. The estimated number of febrile cases and acute malaria in the catchment areas based on the capture recapture analysis of data from the health facilities and the active screening was 3,829 [95% CI: 3,498-4,160] and 17 [95% CI: 7-27] respectively. The overall sensitivity of sentinel health centers to detect febrile illnesses and acute malaria was 4.1% and 70.0% respectively. Therefore most malaria cases were captured by the sentinel fever surveillance system. These results will serve as a baseline for future evaluative research of the fever sentinel surveillance system in Madagascar.
{"title":"Sensitivity of Fever Sentinel Surveillance System to Survey Malaria Trends in Madagascar, 2014-2015","authors":"L. Randriamampionona, L. Randrianasolo, R. Randremanana, C. Ramarokoto, Toky Ramarokoto, Annett H Cotte, A. Ratsimbasoa, M. Ratsitorahina, Judith Hedge, P. Piola","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000280","url":null,"abstract":"Fever sentinel surveillance system involving 34 health centers was set up in Madagascar to detect epidemicprone diseases in real time. Evaluative research was performed to assess the proportion of febrile cases that are not captured by sentinel sites. Capture-recapture method was used with two independent data sources: the first source was a passive detection of fevers in health centers while the second was an active screening of febrile subjects in the catchment area of each corresponding health center. Cases common to both sources were identified by matching name, age and location. Completeness of collected data was estimated through the population census. In 2014-15, six health centers were randomly selected from the sentinel network to perform the study. Active screening in the catchment areas of the six health centers detected 2,902 febrile illnesses among 149,835 inhabitants. Acute malaria represented 0.3% (10/2902) of febrile illnesses. The passive screening in health centers notified 157 cases of fever of which 7.6% (12/157) were acute malaria. The estimated number of febrile cases and acute malaria in the catchment areas based on the capture recapture analysis of data from the health facilities and the active screening was 3,829 [95% CI: 3,498-4,160] and 17 [95% CI: 7-27] respectively. The overall sensitivity of sentinel health centers to detect febrile illnesses and acute malaria was 4.1% and 70.0% respectively. Therefore most malaria cases were captured by the sentinel fever surveillance system. These results will serve as a baseline for future evaluative research of the fever sentinel surveillance system in Madagascar.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vector transmitted diseases remains a serious public health burden in the world. The current core methods used for malaria vector control interventions worldwide are Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets, with Larval Source Management (LSM) applicable in certain settings where mosquito breeding sites are few, fixed and findable. Mosquitoes transmit many diseases including malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, and filariasis. Of these, malaria transmitted primarily by Anopheles gambiae, dengue transmitted by Aedes aegypti and lymphatic filariasis transmitted by Culex quinquifasciatus are the most devastating problems in terms of the global number of people affected. Insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying have been widely used as front-line tools against malaria vectors in endemic African regions. These preventive measures are highly effective against malaria vectors, which prefer to bite and rest inside the rooms. Some of the adulticide used for mosquito control include products derived from microorganisms, plants or minerals, synthetic molecules, organophosphates, some natural pyrethrins, or synthetic pyrethroids.
{"title":"Vector Control for Mosquito in Ethiopia: A Review Article","authors":"Gebrehiwet Tesfahuneygn, Gebremichael Gebreegziabher","doi":"10.23880/jidtm-16000119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/jidtm-16000119","url":null,"abstract":"Vector transmitted diseases remains a serious public health burden in the world. The current core methods used for malaria vector control interventions worldwide are Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets, with Larval Source Management (LSM) applicable in certain settings where mosquito breeding sites are few, fixed and findable. Mosquitoes transmit many diseases including malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, and filariasis. Of these, malaria transmitted primarily by Anopheles gambiae, dengue transmitted by Aedes aegypti and lymphatic filariasis transmitted by Culex quinquifasciatus are the most devastating problems in terms of the global number of people affected. Insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying have been widely used as front-line tools against malaria vectors in endemic African regions. These preventive measures are highly effective against malaria vectors, which prefer to bite and rest inside the rooms. Some of the adulticide used for mosquito control include products derived from microorganisms, plants or minerals, synthetic molecules, organophosphates, some natural pyrethrins, or synthetic pyrethroids.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68920942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000287
L. Randrianasolo, É. Ravaoarisoa, S. Razanatsiorimalala, F. Rakotomanana, Toky Ramarokoto, C. Ramarokoto, L. Randriamampionona, C. Rakotoarivony, Annett H Cotte, J. Hedje, P. Piola, M. Randrianarivelojosia
A fever sentinel surveillance network has been operational since 2007 in the island of Madagascar. In all 34 sentinel sites, all febrile patients are tested with malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for pan-LDH and pfHRP2, and data are monitored for diagnostically-confirmed malaria trends. Quality assurances of on-site RDT results are managed by Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM). Special attention is given to storage conditions and compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions for RDTs. Results of RDTs stored at facilities are compared with results from microscopy and also with the same RDT batch stored at 25°C and below 80% of humidity at IPM. From January 2013 to December 2015, 33/34 fever sentinel surveillance sites were visited regularly throughout the country. There were neither RDTs storage errors nor expired RDTs in stock at any sentinel sites. 81% of technicians (61/75) properly used RDTs in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The results of 1,635 febrile patients were used for quality assurance. Results of on-site RDTs and those stored at IPM were 99.8% concordant. Comparison with microscopy resulted in sensitivity of 92.5%, specificity of 97.1%, positive predictive value of 86.0%, and negative predictive value of 98.5% (n=1,635). These results indicate the reliability of malaria RDT results from the fever sentinel sites. Thus, data collected at fever sentinel sites can be used by the National Malaria Control Program to better understand temporal and spatial trends in malaria transmission across Madagascar.
{"title":"Reliability of Rapid Diagnostic Tests to Assess Malaria Trends through a Fever Sentinel Surveillance Network in Madagascar, 2013-2015","authors":"L. Randrianasolo, É. Ravaoarisoa, S. Razanatsiorimalala, F. Rakotomanana, Toky Ramarokoto, C. Ramarokoto, L. Randriamampionona, C. Rakotoarivony, Annett H Cotte, J. Hedje, P. Piola, M. Randrianarivelojosia","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000287","url":null,"abstract":"A fever sentinel surveillance network has been operational since 2007 in the island of Madagascar. In all 34 sentinel sites, all febrile patients are tested with malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for pan-LDH and pfHRP2, and data are monitored for diagnostically-confirmed malaria trends. Quality assurances of on-site RDT results are managed by Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM). Special attention is given to storage conditions and compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions for RDTs. Results of RDTs stored at facilities are compared with results from microscopy and also with the same RDT batch stored at 25°C and below 80% of humidity at IPM. From January 2013 to December 2015, 33/34 fever sentinel surveillance sites were visited regularly throughout the country. There were neither RDTs storage errors nor expired RDTs in stock at any sentinel sites. 81% of technicians (61/75) properly used RDTs in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The results of 1,635 febrile patients were used for quality assurance. Results of on-site RDTs and those stored at IPM were 99.8% concordant. Comparison with microscopy resulted in sensitivity of 92.5%, specificity of 97.1%, positive predictive value of 86.0%, and negative predictive value of 98.5% (n=1,635). These results indicate the reliability of malaria RDT results from the fever sentinel sites. Thus, data collected at fever sentinel sites can be used by the National Malaria Control Program to better understand temporal and spatial trends in malaria transmission across Madagascar.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000268
Crystal Nneka Ozoka
Malnutrition is a significant public health problem and it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children below 5 years of age. The proportion of this disease is much higher in sub-Saharan countries than in other geographical regions globally. The aim of this article was to identify the factors that contributed to malnutrition, critically analyze them and provide logical recommendations. Some of the factors influencing the nutritional status of children under the age of five were educational and economic status of the parents, especially the mother, health and nutritional status of the mothers during pregnancy and breastfeeding, immunization status of the child and the political system of the country. Recommended interventions included; health education, female empowerment, nutrition and government participation.
{"title":"Burden of Malnutrition in Children Under 5 Years in Nigeria: Problem Definition, Ethical Justification and Recommendations","authors":"Crystal Nneka Ozoka","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000268","url":null,"abstract":"Malnutrition is a significant public health problem and it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children below 5 years of age. The proportion of this disease is much higher in sub-Saharan countries than in other geographical regions globally. The aim of this article was to identify the factors that contributed to malnutrition, critically analyze them and provide logical recommendations. Some of the factors influencing the nutritional status of children under the age of five were educational and economic status of the parents, especially the mother, health and nutritional status of the mothers during pregnancy and breastfeeding, immunization status of the child and the political system of the country. Recommended interventions included; health education, female empowerment, nutrition and government participation.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000276
N. Lakhe, Khardiata Diallo-Mbaye, K. Sylla, N. M. D. Badiane, C. Diop, V. C. Diallo, D. Kà, L. F. Déguénonvo, C. Ndour, M. Soumaré, M. Seydi
The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was the trigger to mobilize efforts in order to promptly obtain safe and effective vaccine. The objectives of this survey conducted during an Ebola vaccine trial were assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of participants about Ebola and vaccine and determining the association of key sociodemographic characteristics with knowledge of transmission mode, reservoir, stigma and hand washing. A cross sectional study was designed and a semi-closed questionnaire was used to collect data of the 250 participants. The main identified sources of information were television and radio. The motivations for being part of the study were confidence in doctors (79.6%) and example given by the medical staff (75.6%). Knowledge of transmission mode was low among respondents (22.1%) while that on the reservoir was rather high (73.8%). Stigma was noted in 49.2% of participants. Behavioural change through hand washing was adopted in 74.4% of respondents. Factors associated with knowledge of transmission mode were age group, urban origin, marital status and education level. Fear and geographic origin were associated to stigma and hand washing. To better prevent and control the spread of Ebola virus disease, a focus needs to be placed on modes of transmission and hand washing, and health personnel could play a major role in improving the acceptability of the vaccine.
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards Ebola Virus Disease among Participants in an Ebola Vaccine Trial in Dakar, Senegal","authors":"N. Lakhe, Khardiata Diallo-Mbaye, K. Sylla, N. M. D. Badiane, C. Diop, V. C. Diallo, D. Kà, L. F. Déguénonvo, C. Ndour, M. Soumaré, M. Seydi","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000276","url":null,"abstract":"The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was the trigger to mobilize efforts in order to promptly obtain safe and effective vaccine. The objectives of this survey conducted during an Ebola vaccine trial were assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of participants about Ebola and vaccine and determining the association of key sociodemographic characteristics with knowledge of transmission mode, reservoir, stigma and hand washing. A cross sectional study was designed and a semi-closed questionnaire was used to collect data of the 250 participants. The main identified sources of information were television and radio. The motivations for being part of the study were confidence in doctors (79.6%) and example given by the medical staff (75.6%). Knowledge of transmission mode was low among respondents (22.1%) while that on the reservoir was rather high (73.8%). Stigma was noted in 49.2% of participants. Behavioural change through hand washing was adopted in 74.4% of respondents. Factors associated with knowledge of transmission mode were age group, urban origin, marital status and education level. Fear and geographic origin were associated to stigma and hand washing. To better prevent and control the spread of Ebola virus disease, a focus needs to be placed on modes of transmission and hand washing, and health personnel could play a major role in improving the acceptability of the vaccine.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000283
A. Abubakari
This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in lettuce (Lactucasativa), manured soil and wastewater. An initial analysis was carried out for indicator organisms such as E. coli and Total coliforms to be able to ascertain their presence prior to assessment of pathogenic microorganism. The study was carried out in Kumasi the second largest city in Ghana. A total of 111 samples were aseptically collected and analysed for Salmonella spp. using standard microbiological laboratory protocols. Out of 111 samples, 6(5.4%), 11(9.9%) and 4(3.6%) showed positive for lettuce, manured soil and irrigation water respectively. When one way ANNOVA was used to analysed the data the mean positive values showed no significant difference among the 3 groups of samples analysed (P=0.17). The study revealed that, wastewater which farmers rely on for unrestricted irrigation all year round, lettuce which is consumed raw and manured soil from irrigation fields are all contaminated with Salmonella spp.
本研究对莴苣(Lactucasativa)、肥料土壤和废水中沙门氏菌的发生情况进行了研究。对大肠杆菌和总大肠菌等指示生物进行了初步分析，以便能够在评估病原微生物之前确定它们的存在。这项研究在加纳第二大城市库马西进行。采用无菌法采集了111份样品，并采用标准微生物实验室规程对沙门氏菌进行了分析。111份样品中，生菜阳性6份(5.4%)，土壤阳性11份(9.9%)，灌溉水阳性4份(3.6%)。采用单因素方差分析(one - way anova)，三组样本的平均阳性率差异无统计学意义(P=0.17)。研究表明，农民全年无限制灌溉所依赖的废水、灌溉田的生生菜和施用过肥料的土壤都被沙门氏菌污染。
{"title":"Salmonella spp. Implication in Products of Wastewater Irrigation","authors":"A. Abubakari","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000283","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in lettuce (Lactucasativa), manured soil and wastewater. An initial analysis was carried out for indicator organisms such as E. coli and Total coliforms to be able to ascertain their presence prior to assessment of pathogenic microorganism. The study was carried out in Kumasi the second largest city in Ghana. A total of 111 samples were aseptically collected and analysed for Salmonella spp. using standard microbiological laboratory protocols. Out of 111 samples, 6(5.4%), 11(9.9%) and 4(3.6%) showed positive for lettuce, manured soil and irrigation water respectively. When one way ANNOVA was used to analysed the data the mean positive values showed no significant difference among the 3 groups of samples analysed (P=0.17). The study revealed that, wastewater which farmers rely on for unrestricted irrigation all year round, lettuce which is consumed raw and manured soil from irrigation fields are all contaminated with Salmonella spp.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000269
R. Majid, V. Demla, A. Mohammed, Elliott Friedman, P. Kee, K. Schmitt, L. Ostrosky
We present a discussion of a rare case of Salmonella non-typhi epidural abscess in an immunocompetent patient without any risk factors with the finding of concurrent mitral valve endocarditis and urinary tract infection. Nontyphoidal salmonella is a reportable food-borne illness which typically presents as a gastrointestinal infection. In immunocompetent individuals, Salmonella infections are often subclinical and almost always self-limited. 5% of nontyphoidal infections progress to a systemic infection from a nonspecific febrile illness often associated with a disseminated bacteremia and metastatic foci of infection with the development of a Salmonella arthritis, urinary tract infection, infection of the central nervous system, bone infection, soft tissue infection. Our case illustrates that Salmonella enteritidis can cause a significant disseminated infection even in the absence of any predisposing factor (if the host is overwhelmed with a high bacterial load).
{"title":"Salmonella enteritidis Concurrent Spinal Epidural Abscess, Urinary Tract Infection and Endocarditis in an Immunocompetent Host: Case Report and a Review of the Literature","authors":"R. Majid, V. Demla, A. Mohammed, Elliott Friedman, P. Kee, K. Schmitt, L. Ostrosky","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000269","url":null,"abstract":"We present a discussion of a rare case of Salmonella non-typhi epidural abscess in an immunocompetent patient without any risk factors with the finding of concurrent mitral valve endocarditis and urinary tract infection. Nontyphoidal salmonella is a reportable food-borne illness which typically presents as a gastrointestinal infection. In immunocompetent individuals, Salmonella infections are often subclinical and almost always self-limited. 5% of nontyphoidal infections progress to a systemic infection from a nonspecific febrile illness often associated with a disseminated bacteremia and metastatic foci of infection with the development of a Salmonella arthritis, urinary tract infection, infection of the central nervous system, bone infection, soft tissue infection. Our case illustrates that Salmonella enteritidis can cause a significant disseminated infection even in the absence of any predisposing factor (if the host is overwhelmed with a high bacterial load).","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000295
F. Mohammadi, Mohammad-Reza Nejadmoghaddam, A. Zarnani
TiO2 photocatalyst has been known to exhibit a notable disinfecting activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is damaging for human chronic contact to UV at the level to excite TiO2, which is photocarcinogenic. For this study photocatalyst possessing bactericidal activities that could reduce the bacterial population of all tested pathogens when illuminated by visible light was selected. We shifted irradiation wavelength of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) from far UV spectrum to visible (Vis) wavelengths by Platinum (Pt) doping. TiO2 and Pt-doped TiO2 (Pt/TiO2) NPs were synthesized via the sol-gel method in the form of powder and suspension, respectively. XRD, DRS, TEM and SEM techniques and EDX analysis were used to characterize the structure and properties of photocatalysts. Functional activity of both NPs was assessed in vitro by testing bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus under UV and Visible irradiation. The results showed that the sizes of TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 nanoparticles were in the range of 20 to 50 nm with high crystallinity in the anatase phase. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 NPs was found to be 0.125 mg mL-1. Interestingly, Pt-doping resulted in a marked shift in irradiation wavelength toward Vis spectrum with as almost the same growth inhibition efficacy as TiO2 at UV irradiation. TiO2 NPs reduced the growth rate of E. coli and S. aureus under UV irradiation for 24 hr by 94.3% ± 0.12 and 98% ± 0.16, respectively; while Pt/TiO2 NPs inhibited growth rate of aforesaid bacterial species at the same time period under Visible irradiation. After 24 hr, growth inhibitory action of Pt/TiO2 NPs on E. coli and S. aureus reached to 86% ± 0.11 and 90% ± 0.14, respectively. Taking together, we observed that visible-light responsive platinum-containing titania (Pt/TiO2) exerted high antibacterial property against pathogenic bacterial strains taken into consideration that apparent quantum efficiency for visible light-illuminated Pt/TiO2 is relatively higher than titania-based photocatalysts.
{"title":"Visible-Light-Induced Bactericidal Efficacy of a Platinium-Doped Titanium Photocatalyst","authors":"F. Mohammadi, Mohammad-Reza Nejadmoghaddam, A. Zarnani","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000295","url":null,"abstract":"TiO2 photocatalyst has been known to exhibit a notable disinfecting activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is damaging for human chronic contact to UV at the level to excite TiO2, which is photocarcinogenic. For this study photocatalyst possessing bactericidal activities that could reduce the bacterial population of all tested pathogens when illuminated by visible light was selected. We shifted irradiation wavelength of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) from far UV spectrum to visible (Vis) wavelengths by Platinum (Pt) doping. TiO2 and Pt-doped TiO2 (Pt/TiO2) NPs were synthesized via the sol-gel method in the form of powder and suspension, respectively. XRD, DRS, TEM and SEM techniques and EDX analysis were used to characterize the structure and properties of photocatalysts. Functional activity of both NPs was assessed in vitro by testing bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus under UV and Visible irradiation. The results showed that the sizes of TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 nanoparticles were in the range of 20 to 50 nm with high crystallinity in the anatase phase. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 NPs was found to be 0.125 mg mL-1. Interestingly, Pt-doping resulted in a marked shift in irradiation wavelength toward Vis spectrum with as almost the same growth inhibition efficacy as TiO2 at UV irradiation. TiO2 NPs reduced the growth rate of E. coli and S. aureus under UV irradiation for 24 hr by 94.3% ± 0.12 and 98% ± 0.16, respectively; while Pt/TiO2 NPs inhibited growth rate of aforesaid bacterial species at the same time period under Visible irradiation. After 24 hr, growth inhibitory action of Pt/TiO2 NPs on E. coli and S. aureus reached to 86% ± 0.11 and 90% ± 0.14, respectively. Taking together, we observed that visible-light responsive platinum-containing titania (Pt/TiO2) exerted high antibacterial property against pathogenic bacterial strains taken into consideration that apparent quantum efficiency for visible light-illuminated Pt/TiO2 is relatively higher than titania-based photocatalysts.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：