Pub Date : 2019-03-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.308
M. Ugwu, Chinedu Omanukwue, Collins Chimezie Izuchukwu, U. Okezie, C. Ejikeugwu, Ezinne Nnnabuife-Iloh, C. Esimone
Background: Poultry production is a key interface for the spread of novel zoonotic and antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens. Salmonella spp. and S. aureus isolates from 2 poultry production were tested for resistance to clinical antibiotics. Methods: One hundred 100 anal swab samples were aseptically collected from 2 small scale poultry farms located within Agulu, during the period of February 2016 to May 2016. The swab sticks were carefully transferred into the buffered peptone water and incubated at 37°C for 24hours and pre-enriched in sterile nutrient broth at 37°C for 24hours. After which, the culture was streaked on selective media Salmonella-shigella Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar using a sterile wire loop and further incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. S. aureus and Salmonella isolates were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The isolates were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility, and for the expression of extended spectrum β-lactamase as well as vancomycin sensitivity. Results: One hundred bacterial isolates (44 S. aureus and 56 Salmonella spp.) were bacteriologically obtained from the poultry samples. Resistance pattern of the isolates to antibiotics was in the order of ceftazidime>cefuroxime>cloxacillin>augmentin®>ceftriaxone>erythromycin>gentamicin>ofloxacin for S. aureus while the Salmonella spp. had augmentin®>cefuroxime~ofloxacin>gentamicin>ceftazidime>ceftriaxone. Only 5.3% (3/56) Salmonella spp. was ESBL producers while 27.3% S. aureus were Vancomycin resistant. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that the poultry farm and poultry products could be a source of multiple antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella and S. aureus and may constitute a public health concern considering the circulation and consumption of livestock and their products, especially chickens and eggs.
{"title":"Poultry Farm and Poultry Products as Sources of Multiple Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella and S. aureus","authors":"M. Ugwu, Chinedu Omanukwue, Collins Chimezie Izuchukwu, U. Okezie, C. Ejikeugwu, Ezinne Nnnabuife-Iloh, C. Esimone","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.308","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Poultry production is a key interface for the spread of novel zoonotic and antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens. Salmonella spp. and S. aureus isolates from 2 poultry production were tested for resistance to clinical antibiotics. \u0000Methods: One hundred 100 anal swab samples were aseptically collected from 2 small scale poultry farms located within Agulu, during the period of February 2016 to May 2016. The swab sticks were carefully transferred into the buffered peptone water and incubated at 37°C for 24hours and pre-enriched in sterile nutrient broth at 37°C for 24hours. After which, the culture was streaked on selective media Salmonella-shigella Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar using a sterile wire loop and further incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. S. aureus and Salmonella isolates were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The isolates were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility, and for the expression of extended spectrum β-lactamase as well as vancomycin sensitivity. \u0000Results: One hundred bacterial isolates (44 S. aureus and 56 Salmonella spp.) were bacteriologically obtained from the poultry samples. Resistance pattern of the isolates to antibiotics was in the order of ceftazidime>cefuroxime>cloxacillin>augmentin®>ceftriaxone>erythromycin>gentamicin>ofloxacin for S. aureus while the Salmonella spp. had augmentin®>cefuroxime~ofloxacin>gentamicin>ceftazidime>ceftriaxone. Only 5.3% (3/56) Salmonella spp. was ESBL producers while 27.3% S. aureus were Vancomycin resistant. \u0000Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that the poultry farm and poultry products could be a source of multiple antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella and S. aureus and may constitute a public health concern considering the circulation and consumption of livestock and their products, especially chickens and eggs.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48410472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.318
A. S. Rahman, R. Begum, Tanusree Sarkar, J. Uddin, M. Islam
Background: Despite a consistently decreasing trend, maternal and infant mortality rates still remain a challenge in Bangladesh. This shows that there is a need for constant efforts to improve accessibility and quality of maternal and child care and implement what is reflected in recent policy documents, issued by the government, which is reinforced by a number of related surveys and research studies. Aim: The goal of this analysis is to examine the current situation and needs of emergency obstetric care in Bangladesh by establishing a baseline of the availability, utilization, and quality of maternal health care services. Study design: Corporate approach will be used for this situational analysis to generate data. Data collection methods will be key informants interviews (KII) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Data will also be collated from secondary sources as for example District hospital, Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), Director General (DG) Health, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and literature review. Conclusion: In order to reduce high maternal mortality and morbidity, high utilization of EmONC is necessary. This situational analysis will project an in-depth understanding of the coverage and availability of the emergency obstetric care and also will highlight the factors facilitating and preventing the use of emergency obstetric care services in the district of Sylhet in Bangladesh and it is anticipated that the results from this analysis will contribute to an evidence-based refinement and planning of even more effective strategies for further reducing maternal mortality.
{"title":"Emergency Obstetric Care-A protocol of a Situational Analysis in the Country Context of Bangladesh","authors":"A. S. Rahman, R. Begum, Tanusree Sarkar, J. Uddin, M. Islam","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.318","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Despite a consistently decreasing trend, maternal and infant mortality rates still remain a challenge in Bangladesh. This shows that there is a need for constant efforts to improve accessibility and quality of maternal and child care and implement what is reflected in recent policy documents, issued by the government, which is reinforced by a number of related surveys and research studies. Aim: The goal of this analysis is to examine the current situation and needs of emergency obstetric care in Bangladesh by establishing a baseline of the availability, utilization, and quality of maternal health care services. Study design: Corporate approach will be used for this situational analysis to generate data. Data collection methods will be key informants interviews (KII) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Data will also be collated from secondary sources as for example District hospital, Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), Director General (DG) Health, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and literature review. Conclusion: In order to reduce high maternal mortality and morbidity, high utilization of EmONC is necessary. This situational analysis will project an in-depth understanding of the coverage and availability of the emergency obstetric care and also will highlight the factors facilitating and preventing the use of emergency obstetric care services in the district of Sylhet in Bangladesh and it is anticipated that the results from this analysis will contribute to an evidence-based refinement and planning of even more effective strategies for further reducing maternal mortality.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70008874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.337
I. Nglass, Lynda Ozor, O. Olotu, A. Momoh, Chima E Onuekwe, Collins Owili
Malaria remains a leading cause of ill health in Africa and Nigeria. From world malaria report, 2018 53 million annual cases in Nigeria (1 in 4 persons), contributing 25% global burden and 53% of cases in West Africa. In Nigeria alone, 81,640 deaths are recorded annually (9 deaths per hour), which accounts for 19% global malaria deaths (1 in 5 global malaria deaths) and 45% malaria deaths in west Africa. The Nigeria Malaria Strategic Plan (NMSP) 2014-2020 has as it goal-to reduce malaria burden to pre-elimination levels and bring malaria-related mortality to zero. In North-East Nigeria, malaria transmission is perennial with a marked seasonal peak from July to November each year. Since malaria is highly endemic in the north-east, increasing the burden on health resources and elevating the risk of morbidity and mortality among the affected population, particularly children under five who are one of the vulnerable groups, Seasonal Mass Chemo-Prevention (SMC) during the rainy season to reduce morbidity and mortality in emergency settings was deployed in 2018 and the results were enormous 6.5% reduction in fever cases and confirmed malaria, when compared with previous years in children under five who benefited from SMC as obtained from the study of effect of SMC on malaria morbidity conducted in Adamawa State in 2018. To achieve a better impact on malaria control, a combination of preventive measures (robust surveillance, indoor residual spray, using insecticide-treated nets), effective case management and improved capacity of personnel is recommended.
{"title":"Effect of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention and Data Management in Health Facilities in Three Study LGAs of Adamawa State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Nglass, Lynda Ozor, O. Olotu, A. Momoh, Chima E Onuekwe, Collins Owili","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.337","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria remains a leading cause of ill health in Africa and Nigeria. From world malaria report, 2018 53 million annual cases in Nigeria (1 in 4 persons), contributing 25% global burden and 53% of cases in West Africa. In Nigeria alone, 81,640 deaths are recorded annually (9 deaths per hour), which accounts for 19% global malaria deaths (1 in 5 global malaria deaths) and 45% malaria deaths in west Africa. The Nigeria Malaria Strategic Plan (NMSP) 2014-2020 has as it goal-to reduce malaria burden to pre-elimination levels and bring malaria-related mortality to zero. In North-East Nigeria, malaria transmission is perennial with a marked seasonal peak from July to November each year. Since malaria is highly endemic in the north-east, increasing the burden on health resources and elevating the risk of morbidity and mortality among the affected population, particularly children under five who are one of the vulnerable groups, Seasonal Mass Chemo-Prevention (SMC) during the rainy season to reduce morbidity and mortality in emergency settings was deployed in 2018 and the results were enormous 6.5% reduction in fever cases and confirmed malaria, when compared with previous years in children under five who benefited from SMC as obtained from the study of effect of SMC on malaria morbidity conducted in Adamawa State in 2018. To achieve a better impact on malaria control, a combination of preventive measures (robust surveillance, indoor residual spray, using insecticide-treated nets), effective case management and improved capacity of personnel is recommended.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70010044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.332
H. Almossawi, N. Kak, Amy Studenic, Alex, E. Moran, Colleen F Longacre, S. Kheang, P. Daru, Esty Febriani, Cecile Lagrosa, Carmina Aquino, T. Htay
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the third leading cause of death among women of reproductive age, and undiagnosed TB among pregnant women can result in poor outcomes for both women and their children. Therefore, it is essential for National Tuberculosis Programs (NTPs) to strengthen their policies and guidelines addressing TB in pregnant women and adopt more efficient screening practices. The purpose of this situational analysis is to identify key approaches to addressing TB in pregnancy and to identify barriers and recommendations for the integration of TB and Antenatal Care (ANC) services. Methods: We conducted an initial desk review of the existing literature and recommendations from international organizations on global strategies to address TB among pregnant women. We developed a multi-country survey to gather information on current practices regarding TB screening and treatment among pregnant women as well as barriers to integration of TB services with ANC services. Results: We received survey responses from five countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam). Only Myanmar had fully integrated TB and ANC services. While respondents from all countries identified the potential benefits of TB/ANC service integration, the most commonly identified barriers to implementation included lack of management capacity to supervise integrated services, inadequate staff, and lack of knowledge about TB among ANC staff. Conclusion: While countries are aware of the advantages and opportunities associated with integrating TB services into other health care services, the implementation of such integration remains a challenge. Integration of services is one of the key recommendations of this study. Where services have been fully integrated, operational research is needed to evaluate its impact.
{"title":"A Situational Analysis of Screening and Treatment of TB in Pregnant Women across 5 Countries","authors":"H. Almossawi, N. Kak, Amy Studenic, Alex, E. Moran, Colleen F Longacre, S. Kheang, P. Daru, Esty Febriani, Cecile Lagrosa, Carmina Aquino, T. Htay","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.332","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the third leading cause of death among women of reproductive age, and undiagnosed TB among pregnant women can result in poor outcomes for both women and their children. Therefore, it is essential for National Tuberculosis Programs (NTPs) to strengthen their policies and guidelines addressing TB in pregnant women and adopt more efficient screening practices. The purpose of this situational analysis is to identify key approaches to addressing TB in pregnancy and to identify barriers and recommendations for the integration of TB and Antenatal Care (ANC) services. Methods: We conducted an initial desk review of the existing literature and recommendations from international organizations on global strategies to address TB among pregnant women. We developed a multi-country survey to gather information on current practices regarding TB screening and treatment among pregnant women as well as barriers to integration of TB services with ANC services. Results: We received survey responses from five countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam). Only Myanmar had fully integrated TB and ANC services. While respondents from all countries identified the potential benefits of TB/ANC service integration, the most commonly identified barriers to implementation included lack of management capacity to supervise integrated services, inadequate staff, and lack of knowledge about TB among ANC staff. Conclusion: While countries are aware of the advantages and opportunities associated with integrating TB services into other health care services, the implementation of such integration remains a challenge. Integration of services is one of the key recommendations of this study. Where services have been fully integrated, operational research is needed to evaluate its impact.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70009492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000298
Amanya Jacob Kasio Iboyi, L. Zha
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) is a major silent killer among children under five years of age, in low resources settings. It’s also being regarded as a disease of hungry communities. Therefore, to assess and classify an individual nutritional status under SAM is by anthropometry that determines body measurement. Measurable variables, age, sex, weight, height and Mid-Upper Arm-Circumference (MUAC) for children 6-59 months. SAM characterized with visible wasting and bilateral edema, in infants <6 months. However, social criteria like the absence of a mother or inadequacy of breastfeeding predict nutritional risk. Once more, SAM in U5 assessed by nutritional indices of Weight-For-Height (WFH), MUAC, and bilateral edema. Children 5-19 years BMI-for-age plus clinical signs are used. MUAC preferable during pregnancy. WHO Growth Standards of 2007 suggested over NCHS 1978. Nutrition indices in Z-scores opposed to median percentage. Median off use in classifying individual’s nutritional status. Methods and protocols for assessment of children 6-59 months are more developed than for other age. Therefore, best practice to produce functional outcomes is needed. The level of malnutrition at admission phase influences hospitals stay. Evidence suggests that malnutrition is more frequent and severe among males than females. Implications, no special consideration in severe acute malnutrition admitted in a critical phase”. Protocols to discharge patients upon recovery needs harmonization. MUAC misdiagnose Kwashiorkor children due to fluid retention but remains a reliable tool. Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) used for management of SAM. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of screening tools, therapeutic interventions and shed light on the risk factors associated with SAM. A later effect includes but not limited to mental retardation, poor school performance, and low self-esteem.
{"title":"Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) Evaluation of Associated Risk Factors, Screening Tools, and Therapeutic Management among South Sudanese Children Age 6","authors":"Amanya Jacob Kasio Iboyi, L. Zha","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000298","url":null,"abstract":"Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) is a major silent killer among children under five years of age, in low resources settings. It’s also being regarded as a disease of hungry communities. Therefore, to assess and classify an individual nutritional status under SAM is by anthropometry that determines body measurement. Measurable variables, age, sex, weight, height and Mid-Upper Arm-Circumference (MUAC) for children 6-59 months. SAM characterized with visible wasting and bilateral edema, in infants <6 months. However, social criteria like the absence of a mother or inadequacy of breastfeeding predict nutritional risk. Once more, SAM in U5 assessed by nutritional indices of Weight-For-Height (WFH), MUAC, and bilateral edema. Children 5-19 years BMI-for-age plus clinical signs are used. MUAC preferable during pregnancy. WHO Growth Standards of 2007 suggested over NCHS 1978. Nutrition indices in Z-scores opposed to median percentage. Median off use in classifying individual’s nutritional status. Methods and protocols for assessment of children 6-59 months are more developed than for other age. Therefore, best practice to produce functional outcomes is needed. The level of malnutrition at admission phase influences hospitals stay. Evidence suggests that malnutrition is more frequent and severe among males than females. Implications, no special consideration in severe acute malnutrition admitted in a critical phase”. Protocols to discharge patients upon recovery needs harmonization. MUAC misdiagnose Kwashiorkor children due to fluid retention but remains a reliable tool. Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) used for management of SAM. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of screening tools, therapeutic interventions and shed light on the risk factors associated with SAM. A later effect includes but not limited to mental retardation, poor school performance, and low self-esteem.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000304
Hassan Ghazi Bakheet, H. Alnakhli
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease, which is endemic in Saudi Arabia. It’s an infectious systematic disease that can affect any organ, with no specific symptom to this disease. The diagnosis of Brucellosis depends mainly on the investigations. Treatment of Brucellosis requires an extensive course of antibiotics used for at least 6 weeks to avoid relapse or recurrence. This disease is caused by Brucella spp. It’s considered to be a major problem in endemic countries, due to poor hygiene, and unprotected contact with animals. Brucellosis is a challenging disease diagnose since there are no special symptoms for this disease. The incidence of Brucellosis globally is up to 500,000 people infected annually therefore, it’s the most widespread zoonotic disease. There are some rare cases of Brucellosis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Several laboratory tests are used to confirm the diagnosis, and the most common laboratory test used in Saudi Arabia is the SAT. Preventing brucellosis depends on contact isolation from infected beings, safety cautions in labs, Pasteurization of milk, and controlling of vectors.
{"title":"Brucellosis in Saudi Arabia: Review of Literature and Epidemiology","authors":"Hassan Ghazi Bakheet, H. Alnakhli","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000304","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease, which is endemic in Saudi Arabia. It’s an infectious systematic disease that can affect any organ, with no specific symptom to this disease. The diagnosis of Brucellosis depends mainly on the investigations. Treatment of Brucellosis requires an extensive course of antibiotics used for at least 6 weeks to avoid relapse or recurrence. This disease is caused by Brucella spp. It’s considered to be a major problem in endemic countries, due to poor hygiene, and unprotected contact with animals. Brucellosis is a challenging disease diagnose since there are no special symptoms for this disease. The incidence of Brucellosis globally is up to 500,000 people infected annually therefore, it’s the most widespread zoonotic disease. There are some rare cases of Brucellosis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Several laboratory tests are used to confirm the diagnosis, and the most common laboratory test used in Saudi Arabia is the SAT. Preventing brucellosis depends on contact isolation from infected beings, safety cautions in labs, Pasteurization of milk, and controlling of vectors.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.313
Fatimata Thiombiano, S. M. Ouattara, A. Coulibaly, G. Sanou, M. Kabore, A. Diarra, I. Soulama, Y. Traoré, S. Sirima, I. Nebie’
Background: Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTS) are the first recommended drug for uncomplicated malaria treatment in many endemic countries. They are responsible for rapid parasites clearance and in reducing fever. Artemisinin has been found to have an immunosuppressive effect in animal’s models. In the present study, we assessed the effect of ACTs on malaria antigens specific antibodies production during subsequent malaria episodes in a population living in malaria hyperendemic area. Methods: In 2012, 371 patients with, presenting uncomplicated clinical malaria aged over 6 months and adults were recruited and allocated to receive ACTs and follow up for 2 years. Antibodies titers against three P. falciparum blood stage malaria vaccine candidates (MSP3, GLURP R0, and GLURP R2) were measured by ELISA during subsequent malaria episodes. Results: Antibody concentration increased during subsequent malaria episodes for GLURP R0, and this was statistically significant. IgG to all tested antigens increased with age and this trend was maintained over all episodes. Conclusion: Asexual P. falciparum densities were showing different trends and immune responses against certain erythrocytic antigens were boosted during subsequent malaria episodes.
{"title":"Antibody and P. falciparum Parasites Profiles during Clinical Malaria Episodes Following Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy in Burkina Faso","authors":"Fatimata Thiombiano, S. M. Ouattara, A. Coulibaly, G. Sanou, M. Kabore, A. Diarra, I. Soulama, Y. Traoré, S. Sirima, I. Nebie’","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.313","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTS) are the first recommended drug for uncomplicated malaria treatment in many endemic countries. They are responsible for rapid parasites clearance and in reducing fever. Artemisinin has been found to have an immunosuppressive effect in animal’s models. In the present study, we assessed the effect of ACTs on malaria antigens specific antibodies production during subsequent malaria episodes in a population living in malaria hyperendemic area. Methods: In 2012, 371 patients with, presenting uncomplicated clinical malaria aged over 6 months and adults were recruited and allocated to receive ACTs and follow up for 2 years. Antibodies titers against three P. falciparum blood stage malaria vaccine candidates (MSP3, GLURP R0, and GLURP R2) were measured by ELISA during subsequent malaria episodes. Results: Antibody concentration increased during subsequent malaria episodes for GLURP R0, and this was statistically significant. IgG to all tested antigens increased with age and this trend was maintained over all episodes. Conclusion: Asexual P. falciparum densities were showing different trends and immune responses against certain erythrocytic antigens were boosted during subsequent malaria episodes.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70008358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.312
N. O. Nlinwe, N. G. Forgha, Yakum Ivan Mboambogoh, Fozoh Isiah Aziseh
Malaria remains a major threat to life in Cameroon and in the North West Region in particular. This threat is especially common in rural areas despite the fact that it is preventable and treatable. It is from the above count that this study examines the role of; Household income, Family Size, Gender and Age of household head, Educational level of the Household head, Knowledge on signs, symptoms, and prevention of malaria among Households in the North West Region of Cameroon. This study used data collected from 6341 households selected from ten health districts with the highest malaria prevalence in the North West Region. Data were analyzed using ordered logit Regression. The findings of this study reveal the significant ability of; gender, age, marital status and educational attainments of household heads; household per capita income; household size; knowledge on malaria prevention/ transmission, in predicting households ’ malaria prevention seeking behaviors in the North West Region of Cameroon. There is also evidence of the knowledge gap on the signs, causes, and prevention of malaria. The study strongly recommends sensitization campaigns; creation of community-based malaria control committees; sponsored media programs; household empowerment programs and free distribution of Insecticide Treated Bed Nets, as ways of curbing the prevalence of malaria in the North West Region in particular and Cameroon in general.
{"title":"Malaria Preventive Behaviour among Rural Households in the North West Region of Cameroon","authors":"N. O. Nlinwe, N. G. Forgha, Yakum Ivan Mboambogoh, Fozoh Isiah Aziseh","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.19.7.312","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria remains a major threat to life in Cameroon and in the North West Region in particular. This threat is especially common in rural areas despite the fact that it is preventable and treatable. It is from the above count that this study examines the role of; Household income, Family Size, Gender and Age of household head, Educational level of the Household head, Knowledge on signs, symptoms, and prevention of malaria among Households in the North West Region of Cameroon. This study used data collected from 6341 households selected from ten health districts with the highest malaria prevalence in the North West Region. Data were analyzed using ordered logit Regression. The findings of this study reveal the significant ability of; gender, age, marital status and educational attainments of household heads; household per capita income; household size; knowledge on malaria prevention/ transmission, in predicting households ’ malaria prevention seeking behaviors in the North West Region of Cameroon. There is also evidence of the knowledge gap on the signs, causes, and prevention of malaria. The study strongly recommends sensitization campaigns; creation of community-based malaria control committees; sponsored media programs; household empowerment programs and free distribution of Insecticide Treated Bed Nets, as ways of curbing the prevalence of malaria in the North West Region in particular and Cameroon in general.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70008741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891x.19.7.321
A. Hillary, Mugisha Julius, Ngonzi Joseph, K. Musa, M. Ronald, Kanyesigye Hamson, Wasswa Salongo, Lugobe Henry Mark, M. Richard, Bakibinga Pauline, Masembe Sezalio, Kab, a Taseera
Background: Hepatitis B infection is a disease of public health significance. The burden of the disease among the pregnant women at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital was not known yet determining seropositivity at antenatal care could prevent HBV in the newborn. This study assessed the prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B surface antigen positivity among women attending antenatal care at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that consisted of 385 pregnant women who attended antenatal care clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in a period of three months beginning December 2018 to February 2018. Blood samples were tested for HBsAg using immune-chromatography and positive samples confirmed using the ARCHITECT S2000r system. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis to assess associated factors with HBsAg was done, results were presented in tables. Results: Three hundred eighty-five women were enrolled in the study. Their median age was 26 years. Prevalence of current (HBsAg) was 3.12% (95% CI 1.62-5.38%). Prevalence of HBsAg was higher. The factors associated with HBsAg positivity were having more than one sexual partner 10.3% or 4.695% CI (1.34-16.30) pvalue= 0.016, history of valval ulcerations 0. R=3.35(CI 1.04-10.77), p-value=0.045 and history of body piercing 12.88% (CI 1.34-124.40), p=0.0027. Conclusion: The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen positivity among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital is high. According to the WHO classification of hepatitis B infection, results show intermediate endemicity, and this clearly points to the need for universal screening of all women attending antenatal care at Mbarara Hospital.
背景:乙型肝炎感染是一种具有公共卫生意义的疾病。Mbarara地区转诊医院孕妇的疾病负担尚不清楚，确定产前护理血清阳性可以预防新生儿感染HBV。本研究评估了在姆巴拉拉地区转诊医院接受产前护理的妇女中乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性的患病率和相关因素。方法:这是一项横断面研究，包括在2018年12月至2018年2月的三个月内在姆巴拉拉地区转诊医院产前保健诊所就诊的385名孕妇。血样采用免疫层析法检测HBsAg，阳性样本采用ARCHITECT S2000r系统确认。使用结构化问卷收集数据。Logistic回归分析与HBsAg相关因素，结果见表。结果:385名女性参与了这项研究。他们的平均年龄为26岁。当前(HBsAg)患病率为3.12% (95% CI 1.62 ~ 5.38%)。HBsAg患病率较高。与HBsAg阳性相关的因素为:有多于一个性伴侣10.3%或4.695% CI (1.34-16.30) p值= 0.016，瓣膜溃疡史0。R=3.35(CI 1.04 ~ 10.77)， p值=0.045，穿刺史12.88% (CI 1.34 ~ 124.40)， p=0.0027。结论:在姆巴拉拉地区转诊医院接受产前护理的孕妇中，乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性率较高。根据世卫组织对乙型肝炎感染的分类，结果显示为中等地方性，这清楚地表明需要对在姆巴拉拉医院接受产前护理的所有妇女进行普遍筛查。
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Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000300
Christian Kosisochukwu Anumudu, Nwachukwu Mi, Obasi Cc, Nwachukwu Io, Ihenetu Fc
This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of leaf and ground snuff extracts of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) against Candida albicans and Streptococcus pyogenes using methanol and water as extracting solvents. The study employed the agar diffusion and tube dilution assays. Methanol extracts of tobacco leaf produced zones of inhibition of 13.0 mm against Streptococcus and 9.5 mm against Candida, whereas the water extracts produced inhibition zones of 10.0 mm for Streptococcus and no inhibitory activity on Candida. A minimum inhibitory concentration of 25 mg/ml was recorded by the methanol extracts of tobacco leaves against Candida and 100 mg/ml MIC against Streptococcus. The methanolic leaf extracts had both bactericidal and fungicidal effect on both Streptococcus and Candida at a concentration of 200 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition obtained from methanolic extracts of grounded snuff against Streptococcus was 10.5 mm and 15.0 mm against Candida whereas the water extracts produced inhibition zones of 7.5 mm for Streptococcus and 11.0 mm against Candida. A minimum inhibitory concentration of 100 mg/ml was recorded by both methanolic and water snuff extracts against Streptococcus. While the MIC obtained from the methanolic extract of ground snuff against Candida was 50 mg/ml. The water extracts of ground snuff showed no bactericidal or fungicidal activity. Whereas 200 mg/ml of the methanolic extract of ground snuff was microbiocidal against Streptococcus and Candida. In summary, the study showed that Grounded snuff is more of an antifungal agent than antibacterial while tobacco leaves have great antibacterial potential. This may justify the use of tobacco leaves and its ground snuff in the treatment of oral thrush caused by Candida albicans and strep throat caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts of Tobacco Leaf (Nicotiana tabacum) and Its Grounded Snuff (Utaba) on Candida albicans and Streptococcus pyogenes","authors":"Christian Kosisochukwu Anumudu, Nwachukwu Mi, Obasi Cc, Nwachukwu Io, Ihenetu Fc","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000300","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of leaf and ground snuff extracts of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) against Candida albicans and Streptococcus pyogenes using methanol and water as extracting solvents. The study employed the agar diffusion and tube dilution assays. Methanol extracts of tobacco leaf produced zones of inhibition of 13.0 mm against Streptococcus and 9.5 mm against Candida, whereas the water extracts produced inhibition zones of 10.0 mm for Streptococcus and no inhibitory activity on Candida. A minimum inhibitory concentration of 25 mg/ml was recorded by the methanol extracts of tobacco leaves against Candida and 100 mg/ml MIC against Streptococcus. The methanolic leaf extracts had both bactericidal and fungicidal effect on both Streptococcus and Candida at a concentration of 200 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition obtained from methanolic extracts of grounded snuff against Streptococcus was 10.5 mm and 15.0 mm against Candida whereas the water extracts produced inhibition zones of 7.5 mm for Streptococcus and 11.0 mm against Candida. A minimum inhibitory concentration of 100 mg/ml was recorded by both methanolic and water snuff extracts against Streptococcus. While the MIC obtained from the methanolic extract of ground snuff against Candida was 50 mg/ml. The water extracts of ground snuff showed no bactericidal or fungicidal activity. Whereas 200 mg/ml of the methanolic extract of ground snuff was microbiocidal against Streptococcus and Candida. In summary, the study showed that Grounded snuff is more of an antifungal agent than antibacterial while tobacco leaves have great antibacterial potential. This may justify the use of tobacco leaves and its ground snuff in the treatment of oral thrush caused by Candida albicans and strep throat caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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