Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000270
Yi Yuan, Bianrong Chang, J. Qiu, Kequn Liu, Xin-wen Xu, Rendong Li
Schistosomiasis, caused by the snail-borne parasite Schistosoma japonicum, remains highly prevalent in Hubei, China, especially the central region (Jianghan Plain). Because the control of S. japonica primarily depends on the rapid discovery and elimination of its intermediate host Oncomelania hupensis snails, the spatio-temporal distribution of snails and the environmental factors influencing it warrant clarification. We used geographic information system technology to investigate the spatial dynamics of snail distribution in Jianghan Plain from 2008 to 2012. A generalized linear-mixed model, with time as a random effect, was applied to characterize the relationship between snail density at the village level and the associated environmental factors. The percentage of villages in which the frequency of areas with <50% snail occurrence was 71.74-82.67%, which was much higher than that for villages where snail occurrence was >50% (17.33-28.26%). Precipitation, daylight hours, land surface temperatures, wetness index, and proportion of silt were positively associated with snail density, with precipitation having the greatest effect. Normalized difference vegetation index and elevation were negatively associated with snail density. Our findings can be used as a theoretical basis to develop models predicting outbreaks of snail occurrence in the Jianghan Plain and for preventing and controlling schistosomiasis.
{"title":"Environmental Factors Influencing the Distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in Central Region, China","authors":"Yi Yuan, Bianrong Chang, J. Qiu, Kequn Liu, Xin-wen Xu, Rendong Li","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000270","url":null,"abstract":"Schistosomiasis, caused by the snail-borne parasite Schistosoma japonicum, remains highly prevalent in Hubei, China, especially the central region (Jianghan Plain). Because the control of S. japonica primarily depends on the rapid discovery and elimination of its intermediate host Oncomelania hupensis snails, the spatio-temporal distribution of snails and the environmental factors influencing it warrant clarification. We used geographic information system technology to investigate the spatial dynamics of snail distribution in Jianghan Plain from 2008 to 2012. A generalized linear-mixed model, with time as a random effect, was applied to characterize the relationship between snail density at the village level and the associated environmental factors. The percentage of villages in which the frequency of areas with <50% snail occurrence was 71.74-82.67%, which was much higher than that for villages where snail occurrence was >50% (17.33-28.26%). Precipitation, daylight hours, land surface temperatures, wetness index, and proportion of silt were positively associated with snail density, with precipitation having the greatest effect. Normalized difference vegetation index and elevation were negatively associated with snail density. Our findings can be used as a theoretical basis to develop models predicting outbreaks of snail occurrence in the Jianghan Plain and for preventing and controlling schistosomiasis.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"06 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000278
A. Šanda, D. Ndjonka, E. Liebau
Background: Onchocerciasis or "river blindness" is currently a major cause of blindness in the world. The use of Ivermectin by the high risk population showed its limits. In these regions, cattle raising is the main occupation and human onchocerciasis is reduced since the high density of cattle stocking protects by zooprophylaxis and cross immunization. This work was carried out in order to know if cattle protect humans against human onchocerciasis. To achieve this goal, two high densities of cattle stocking and onchocerciasis zones were selected: Wakwa and Touboro, two zones of Cameroon located on the Vina River. Methods: Blackflies were collected in each zone and dissected thereafter. Skin biopsies were carried out on volunteers. Infested with Onchocerca blackflies were the subject of detailed accounts and biopsies for microfilariae. Results: Dissections showed 83.87% of infected blackflies with O. ochengi in Wakwa and 82.5% in Touboro. Moreover, 17.5% of parasitized blackflies were parous of O. volvulus in Touboro against 16.13% in Wakwa. Biopsy results displayed that Wakwa recorded a rate of 2%, while Touboro 4% onchocerciasis microfilariae. Conclusions: These results show that the cattle raising influence the transmission of onchocerciasis in humans.
{"title":"Impact of Livestock Farming on Human Onchocerciasis in Adamawa and North Regions Cameroon","authors":"A. Šanda, D. Ndjonka, E. Liebau","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000278","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Onchocerciasis or \"river blindness\" is currently a major cause of blindness in the world. The use of Ivermectin by the high risk population showed its limits. In these regions, cattle raising is the main occupation and human onchocerciasis is reduced since the high density of cattle stocking protects by zooprophylaxis and cross immunization. This work was carried out in order to know if cattle protect humans against human onchocerciasis. To achieve this goal, two high densities of cattle stocking and onchocerciasis zones were selected: Wakwa and Touboro, two zones of Cameroon located on the Vina River. Methods: Blackflies were collected in each zone and dissected thereafter. Skin biopsies were carried out on volunteers. Infested with Onchocerca blackflies were the subject of detailed accounts and biopsies for microfilariae. Results: Dissections showed 83.87% of infected blackflies with O. ochengi in Wakwa and 82.5% in Touboro. Moreover, 17.5% of parasitized blackflies were parous of O. volvulus in Touboro against 16.13% in Wakwa. Biopsy results displayed that Wakwa recorded a rate of 2%, while Touboro 4% onchocerciasis microfilariae. Conclusions: These results show that the cattle raising influence the transmission of onchocerciasis in humans.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000254
Yasunori Sashida
Three cases of compartment syndrome caused by Habu-Snake bite and stone fish sting are treated by fasciotomies through small skin incisions. In Okinawa, the most southern prefecture in Japan, many suffer animal envenomation including 140 cases of Habu-Snake bites. Some of them develop compartment syndrome but usually recover soon after the fasciotomy and take uneventful course if diagnosis is not delayed. Different from compartment syndrome caused by trauma, ischemia, or others, those caused by water-soluble toxins following animal envenomation were expected to be treated successfully with small incisions for fasciotomy. The consecutive three cases of compartment syndrome following Habu-Snake bite and stone fish sting had fasciotomies through 1.5 to 3 cm skin incisions, instead of long skin incisions which are usually made in the same length as the underlying compartment, under following close observations with high index of suspicion of recurrence. Through small skin incisions, compartment syndrome could be released completely and the wounds could be maintained uneventfully with negative pressure therapy without recurrence, infection, or contracture. This method should be considered as an option to treat compartment syndrome caused by animal envenomation and may allow victims to avoid large scars that they should carry for the rest of their life.
{"title":"Successful Treatment of Compartment Syndrome Following Animal Envenomation by Fasciotomy through Small Incisions, Case Reports","authors":"Yasunori Sashida","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000254","url":null,"abstract":"Three cases of compartment syndrome caused by Habu-Snake bite and stone fish sting are treated by fasciotomies through small skin incisions. In Okinawa, the most southern prefecture in Japan, many suffer animal envenomation including 140 cases of Habu-Snake bites. Some of them develop compartment syndrome but usually recover soon after the fasciotomy and take uneventful course if diagnosis is not delayed. Different from compartment syndrome caused by trauma, ischemia, or others, those caused by water-soluble toxins following animal envenomation were expected to be treated successfully with small incisions for fasciotomy. The consecutive three cases of compartment syndrome following Habu-Snake bite and stone fish sting had fasciotomies through 1.5 to 3 cm skin incisions, instead of long skin incisions which are usually made in the same length as the underlying compartment, under following close observations with high index of suspicion of recurrence. Through small skin incisions, compartment syndrome could be released completely and the wounds could be maintained uneventfully with negative pressure therapy without recurrence, infection, or contracture. This method should be considered as an option to treat compartment syndrome caused by animal envenomation and may allow victims to avoid large scars that they should carry for the rest of their life.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000284
Suma Rao, S. Pande, R. Hussain, D. Ang, J. Seah
{"title":"Clinical Presentations of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Immunocompetent Hosts","authors":"Suma Rao, S. Pande, R. Hussain, D. Ang, J. Seah","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000284","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000258
Y. S. D. Tove, A. Ogouyèmi-Hounto, G. Cotrell, J. Alao, A. Hounkpatin, Bernard Tornyigah, G. Damien, Atikatou Mama, D. Kintin, Adicat Adeothy, P. Bankole, D. Adomahou, L. Adisso, K. E. Kari, C. Ahoussinou, K. A. Guenou, N. Medoua, A. Luty, Tuikue Ndam Nicaise, A. Massougbodji, D. Gazard, Clemence Fassinou
Studies on the health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and susceptibility to malaria have shown contradictory results. These studies often failed to account for dose response effects. The deuterium dilution technique was used to evaluate the breastmilk intake, the amount of water from sources other than human milk and the exclusivity of breastfeeding. We determine Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia prevalence in children aged less than six month according to their breastfeeding regimen and maternal milk dose ingested in southern Benin. We conducted a cross sectional study in the Ouidah Kpomasse Tori-Bossito (OKT) health zone in southern Benin from February to December 2014, an intense transmission season. 115 mothers paired with their children aged from 0 to 6 months were enrolled. The daily human milk was measured through saliva of each mother and child pair (MCP) over a period of 14 days by the technique of deuterium oxide "dose to the mother" using the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). Malaria parasitaemia in children was determined by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) in real time at day 14 and day 28. The average age was 2.3 months. The distribution of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in children was 0.00%, 5.08% and 3.85% respectively in exclusive, predominant and partial breastfeeding regimens. The mean intake of breast milk was 641.71 mL per day; 256.75 mL of water per day was taken from sources other than breastmilk. Adjusted linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between quantity of breastmilk and parasitaemia prevalence; infected children (qPCR positive) had 164.11 mL of ingested breastmilk per day less than children without parasitaemia (p=0.00). Our findings highlighted the association between the low risk of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia and the ingested breastmilk dose. Study with larger numbers of patients would be necessary to confirm this relationship.
关于纯母乳喂养的健康益处和疟疾易感性的研究显示出相互矛盾的结果。这些研究往往不能解释剂量反应效应。使用氘稀释技术评估母乳摄入量、非母乳来源的水量和母乳喂养的专有性。我们根据贝宁南部6个月以下儿童的母乳喂养方案和母乳摄入剂量，确定了恶性疟原虫寄生虫病的患病率。2014年2月至12月，我们在贝宁南部的Ouidah Kpomasse Tori-Bossito卫生区(OKT)进行了一项横断面研究，这是一个传播激烈的季节。115名母亲和她们0到6个月大的孩子一起参加了这项研究。采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)，通过对每对母子(MCP)的唾液，采用氧化氘“给母剂量”技术，连续14天测定每日母乳量。在第14天和第28天采用定量pcr法实时检测儿童疟疾寄生虫病。平均年龄为2.3个月。在纯母乳喂养方案、优势母乳喂养方案和部分母乳喂养方案中，儿童恶性疟原虫的感染率分别为0.00%、5.08%和3.85%。母乳的平均摄入量为641.71毫升/天;每天256.75毫升的水来自母乳以外的来源。调整后的线性回归分析显示母乳量与寄生虫病患病率之间存在显著相关性;感染儿童(qPCR阳性)每日母乳摄取量比未感染儿童少164.11 mL (p=0.00)。我们的研究结果强调了恶性疟原虫寄生虫病的低风险与摄入母乳剂量之间的关联。有必要对大量患者进行研究以证实这种关系。
{"title":"Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Parasitaemia in Children from Different Breastfeeding Regimens Evaluated by the Deuterium Technique in Southern Benin","authors":"Y. S. D. Tove, A. Ogouyèmi-Hounto, G. Cotrell, J. Alao, A. Hounkpatin, Bernard Tornyigah, G. Damien, Atikatou Mama, D. Kintin, Adicat Adeothy, P. Bankole, D. Adomahou, L. Adisso, K. E. Kari, C. Ahoussinou, K. A. Guenou, N. Medoua, A. Luty, Tuikue Ndam Nicaise, A. Massougbodji, D. Gazard, Clemence Fassinou","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000258","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on the health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and susceptibility to malaria have shown contradictory results. These studies often failed to account for dose response effects. The deuterium dilution technique was used to evaluate the breastmilk intake, the amount of water from sources other than human milk and the exclusivity of breastfeeding. We determine Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia prevalence in children aged less than six month according to their breastfeeding regimen and maternal milk dose ingested in southern Benin. We conducted a cross sectional study in the Ouidah Kpomasse Tori-Bossito (OKT) health zone in southern Benin from February to December 2014, an intense transmission season. 115 mothers paired with their children aged from 0 to 6 months were enrolled. The daily human milk was measured through saliva of each mother and child pair (MCP) over a period of 14 days by the technique of deuterium oxide \"dose to the mother\" using the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). Malaria parasitaemia in children was determined by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) in real time at day 14 and day 28. The average age was 2.3 months. The distribution of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in children was 0.00%, 5.08% and 3.85% respectively in exclusive, predominant and partial breastfeeding regimens. The mean intake of breast milk was 641.71 mL per day; 256.75 mL of water per day was taken from sources other than breastmilk. Adjusted linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between quantity of breastmilk and parasitaemia prevalence; infected children (qPCR positive) had 164.11 mL of ingested breastmilk per day less than children without parasitaemia (p=0.00). Our findings highlighted the association between the low risk of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia and the ingested breastmilk dose. Study with larger numbers of patients would be necessary to confirm this relationship.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000266
T. Chisango, A. Vengesai, A. F. Nhidza, Bongiwe Ndlovu, Danai Tavonga Zhou, E. Sibanda, T. Mduluza
Abstract Objective: There is an increased risk of cases of direct and indirect morbidities as a result of stimulation of tissue-destructive inflammation caused by Schistosoma haematobium infection, hence the need to determine the levels of inflammatory markers in Schistosoma haematobium infected children and also determine the effect of repeated annual mass treatment on levels of interleukin-6 and acute phase proteins. Methodology: Urine specimens from 212 school children were collected and examined to determine prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium at baseline and 2 years following annual rounds of praziquantel treatment. Levels of 4 acute phase proteins were measured from serum samples from the participants using the magnetic bead-based immuno-assays at baseline and 2 years following praziquantel treatment. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine levels of interleukin-6. Results: The overall pre-treatment prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection was 23.1% at baseline and 0.47% after 2 years of annual treatments. Schistosoma haematobium infected children had marginally higher levels of procalcitonin and tissue plasminogen activator before treatment though the difference of all three was not significant p>0.05 using Mann-Whitney non-parametric U test. Levels of ferritin and fibrinogen were lower in Schistosoma haematobium infected children before treatment, however the difference was also not significant p>0.05 using Mann-Whitney test. There was no association between infection status or interleukin-6 and the levels acute phase proteins p>0.05 for all acute phase proteins using the Mann-Whitney U test. Discussion and Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest no bearing of Schistosoma haematobium infection status on level of acute phase proteins before and after annual treatment with praziquantel. The extent of inflammation cannot be determined using ferritin, tissue plasminogen activator and fibrinogen. Levels of interleukin-6 did not have any bearing on levels of acute phase proteins. There is a need to explore other acute phase proteins as inflammatory markers in Schistosoma haematobium infection.
{"title":"S. Haematobium Infection and Chemotherapy-Induced Changes in Interleukin-6 and Acute Phase Proteins Associated with Inflammation in School Children in a Schistosomiasis-Endemic Area","authors":"T. Chisango, A. Vengesai, A. F. Nhidza, Bongiwe Ndlovu, Danai Tavonga Zhou, E. Sibanda, T. Mduluza","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000266","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: There is an increased risk of cases of direct and indirect morbidities as a result of stimulation of tissue-destructive inflammation caused by Schistosoma haematobium infection, hence the need to determine the levels of inflammatory markers in Schistosoma haematobium infected children and also determine the effect of repeated annual mass treatment on levels of interleukin-6 and acute phase proteins. Methodology: Urine specimens from 212 school children were collected and examined to determine prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium at baseline and 2 years following annual rounds of praziquantel treatment. Levels of 4 acute phase proteins were measured from serum samples from the participants using the magnetic bead-based immuno-assays at baseline and 2 years following praziquantel treatment. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine levels of interleukin-6. Results: The overall pre-treatment prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection was 23.1% at baseline and 0.47% after 2 years of annual treatments. Schistosoma haematobium infected children had marginally higher levels of procalcitonin and tissue plasminogen activator before treatment though the difference of all three was not significant p>0.05 using Mann-Whitney non-parametric U test. Levels of ferritin and fibrinogen were lower in Schistosoma haematobium infected children before treatment, however the difference was also not significant p>0.05 using Mann-Whitney test. There was no association between infection status or interleukin-6 and the levels acute phase proteins p>0.05 for all acute phase proteins using the Mann-Whitney U test. Discussion and Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest no bearing of Schistosoma haematobium infection status on level of acute phase proteins before and after annual treatment with praziquantel. The extent of inflammation cannot be determined using ferritin, tissue plasminogen activator and fibrinogen. Levels of interleukin-6 did not have any bearing on levels of acute phase proteins. There is a need to explore other acute phase proteins as inflammatory markers in Schistosoma haematobium infection.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000267
F. Giorgio, Gonzalez Edric, L. Deidre, Zorrilla Antonio, Vera-Lara Carlos, D. Álvarez-Hernández, S. Jorge, Serrano Moises, Vazquez-Lopez Rosalino
The Ebola Virus (EBOV) causes a hemorrhagic fever that is distinguished by a sudden onset of intense headaches, fever and severe hemorrhages which can be fatal in less than a week. The largest Ebola outbreak to date is currently underway, with 28.488 confirmed, probable and suspected cases reported, 15.239 laboratory confirmed cases and 11.297 fatalities as of October 11th, 2015. Most of the cases have occurred in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. The Ebola virus genus has five species: Zaire, Sudan, Tai Forest, Reston and Bundibugyo. The Zaire virus has caused ten epidemics since its identification in 1976, with a mortality rate of 57%-88%. Fruit bats appear to be the natural reservoir of EBOV, while human to human transmission is spread through direct contact of infected bodily fluids; patients only acquire the ability to infect others when symptomatic. Once inside the host, EBOV infects immune system cells directly and begins to replicate inside them while severely compromising it. Recent evidence shows EBOV alters cytokine expression while expressing its own viral proteins causing significant lymphopenia and lymphapoptosis, as well as endothelial damage. Massive hemorrhages throughout the body are one of the cardinal points of EBOV infection; however, it is not as present in patients as it is believed. The current outbreak has affected countries where sanitation is inadequate, resulting in the inability to control its spread. This review aims to give a broad spectrum of the current findings in several fields to better comprehend Ebola´s fatal Hemorrhagic Fever.
{"title":"Ebola’s Fatal Hemorrhagic Fever from Discovery to Vaccine","authors":"F. Giorgio, Gonzalez Edric, L. Deidre, Zorrilla Antonio, Vera-Lara Carlos, D. Álvarez-Hernández, S. Jorge, Serrano Moises, Vazquez-Lopez Rosalino","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000267","url":null,"abstract":"The Ebola Virus (EBOV) causes a hemorrhagic fever that is distinguished by a sudden onset of intense headaches, fever and severe hemorrhages which can be fatal in less than a week. The largest Ebola outbreak to date is currently underway, with 28.488 confirmed, probable and suspected cases reported, 15.239 laboratory confirmed cases and 11.297 fatalities as of October 11th, 2015. Most of the cases have occurred in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. The Ebola virus genus has five species: Zaire, Sudan, Tai Forest, Reston and Bundibugyo. The Zaire virus has caused ten epidemics since its identification in 1976, with a mortality rate of 57%-88%. Fruit bats appear to be the natural reservoir of EBOV, while human to human transmission is spread through direct contact of infected bodily fluids; patients only acquire the ability to infect others when symptomatic. Once inside the host, EBOV infects immune system cells directly and begins to replicate inside them while severely compromising it. Recent evidence shows EBOV alters cytokine expression while expressing its own viral proteins causing significant lymphopenia and lymphapoptosis, as well as endothelial damage. Massive hemorrhages throughout the body are one of the cardinal points of EBOV infection; however, it is not as present in patients as it is believed. The current outbreak has affected countries where sanitation is inadequate, resulting in the inability to control its spread. This review aims to give a broad spectrum of the current findings in several fields to better comprehend Ebola´s fatal Hemorrhagic Fever.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000259
Chinedu A Ezekekwu, Taiwo R Kotila, Titilola S Akingbola, Guillaume Lettre, Victor R Gordeuk, Richard S Cooper, Michael R DeBaun, Baba Inusa, Bamidele O Tayo
Sickle cell disease, one of the world's most common genetic disorders is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The trans-Atlantic slave trade accounted for the gene movement from Africa to the Caribbean and United States of America and lately, migration has resulted in the introduction of the gene to the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe. Different haplotypes exist, however the differences in these haplotypes are not sufficient to explain the different clinical variations within the same region or different settings.
{"title":"Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Trials and Phenotypes.","authors":"Chinedu A Ezekekwu, Taiwo R Kotila, Titilola S Akingbola, Guillaume Lettre, Victor R Gordeuk, Richard S Cooper, Michael R DeBaun, Baba Inusa, Bamidele O Tayo","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sickle cell disease, one of the world's most common genetic disorders is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The trans-Atlantic slave trade accounted for the gene movement from Africa to the Caribbean and United States of America and lately, migration has resulted in the introduction of the gene to the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe. Different haplotypes exist, however the differences in these haplotypes are not sufficient to explain the different clinical variations within the same region or different settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 2","pages":"259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9340079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01Epub Date: 2018-07-10DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000260
Lewis Hsu, Obiageli E Nnodu, Biobele J Brown, Furahini Tluway, Shonda King, Livingstone G Dogara, Crystal Patil, Sergey S Shevkoplyas, Guillaume Lettre, Richard S Cooper, Victor R Gordeuk, Bamidele O Tayo
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is among the most common single-gene diseases in the world but evidence-based comprehensive health care has not been implemented where the highest prevalence of SCD occurs, in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It represents an urgent health burden, both in terms of mortality and morbidity with an estimated mortality of 8-16% in children under 5 years in SSA. Addressing the high mortality of SCD in SSA and for effective management of SCD, newborn screening (NBS) should be incorporated with prevention of infections (including pneumococcal septicaemia and malaria), parental education and support at all levels of healthcare provision to enable timely recognition. The NBS working group of the Africa Sickle Cell Research Network (AfroSickleNet) collaboration surveyed current projects in NBS in SSA, and current conditions that hinder more widespread implementation of NBS for SCD. Solutions based on new point-of-care testing technology to disseminate education, and implementation science approaches that leverage existing resources are proposed.
{"title":"White Paper: Pathways to Progress in Newborn Screening for Sickle Cell Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"Lewis Hsu, Obiageli E Nnodu, Biobele J Brown, Furahini Tluway, Shonda King, Livingstone G Dogara, Crystal Patil, Sergey S Shevkoplyas, Guillaume Lettre, Richard S Cooper, Victor R Gordeuk, Bamidele O Tayo","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000260","DOIUrl":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is among the most common single-gene diseases in the world but evidence-based comprehensive health care has not been implemented where the highest prevalence of SCD occurs, in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It represents an urgent health burden, both in terms of mortality and morbidity with an estimated mortality of 8-16% in children under 5 years in SSA. Addressing the high mortality of SCD in SSA and for effective management of SCD, newborn screening (NBS) should be incorporated with prevention of infections (including pneumococcal septicaemia and malaria), parental education and support at all levels of healthcare provision to enable timely recognition. The NBS working group of the Africa Sickle Cell Research Network (AfroSickleNet) collaboration surveyed current projects in NBS in SSA, and current conditions that hinder more widespread implementation of NBS for SCD. Solutions based on new point-of-care testing technology to disseminate education, and implementation science approaches that leverage existing resources are proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 2","pages":"260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cd/b1/nihms-997234.PMC6261323.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9339458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000255
N. Kavana
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of schistosomiasis in children aged 5-17 years in Kilosa district over a 3 year period. A retrospective study using records of laboratory data from laboratory record books of the selected health facilities in four wards in Kilosa district. Samples of urine and stool submitted by young children to the laboratories of health facilities between 2014 and 2016 were recorded.A total of 702 samples were collected from the laboratory records books involving their age, sex and schistosome species. Of the 702 individuals, 541 were examined for urinary schistosomiasis and 161 for intestinal schistosomiasis; 31 (5.7%) were infected with S. haematobium and 11 (6.8%) with S. mansoni respectively. However, the overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 6.27% in the study area. Males had prevalence for S. haematobium was 1.00% and S. mansoni was 2.35% while females had prevalence for S. haematobium was 3.96% and S. mansoni was 1.00%. Children of age group 13-17 years were infected with both species, S. haematobium was 5.11% and S. mansoni was 1.99%. Ruhembe ward had highest prevalence in both species, S. haematobium was 8.62% and S. mansoni was 5.17% respectively. The findings confirm that schistosomiasis is a public health problem in the district.
{"title":"Prevalence of Schistosomiasis Infection among Young Children Aged 5 to 17 Years in Kilosa District, Tanzania: A 3 Year Retrospective Review","authors":"N. Kavana","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000255","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of schistosomiasis in children aged 5-17 years in Kilosa district over a 3 year period. A retrospective study using records of laboratory data from laboratory record books of the selected health facilities in four wards in Kilosa district. Samples of urine and stool submitted by young children to the laboratories of health facilities between 2014 and 2016 were recorded.A total of 702 samples were collected from the laboratory records books involving their age, sex and schistosome species. Of the 702 individuals, 541 were examined for urinary schistosomiasis and 161 for intestinal schistosomiasis; 31 (5.7%) were infected with S. haematobium and 11 (6.8%) with S. mansoni respectively. However, the overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 6.27% in the study area. Males had prevalence for S. haematobium was 1.00% and S. mansoni was 2.35% while females had prevalence for S. haematobium was 3.96% and S. mansoni was 1.00%. Children of age group 13-17 years were infected with both species, S. haematobium was 5.11% and S. mansoni was 1.99%. Ruhembe ward had highest prevalence in both species, S. haematobium was 8.62% and S. mansoni was 5.17% respectively. The findings confirm that schistosomiasis is a public health problem in the district.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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