Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000249
A. Tabbabi, J. Daaboub
The state of knowledge of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) is dispersed and disorganized in Tunisia although their important role as disease vectors. The available published and unpublished reports were collected and reviewed. There are about 43 species of mosquitoes in Tunisia. There are a total of 12 species of Anopheles. The species involved in malaria transmission in Tunisia during the endemic period and still persisting in Tunisia are Anopheles (An.) labranchiae, predominant species in the north and center of the country, An. sergenti and An. multicolor in the Center and South. The genus Culex contains 11 species. Culex (Cx.) pipiens is the most dangerous specie and their distribution is ubiquitous in Tunisia. This mosquito has been implicated in the transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) in Tunisia. Concerning vectors, Aedes aegypti was reported in Tunisia before 2000, but was not encountered later. Moreover, Aedes albopictus, the other vector of Dengue and Chikungunya, is not among the 43 species of mosquitoes described in Tunisia, but the latter circulates in neighboring countries. Collected and analyzed data will help current and future research on mosquitoes particularly in the field of medical entomology to develop and implement vector control strategies.
{"title":"Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tunisia, with Particular Attention to Proven and Potential Vectors: A Review","authors":"A. Tabbabi, J. Daaboub","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000249","url":null,"abstract":"The state of knowledge of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) is dispersed and disorganized in Tunisia although their important role as disease vectors. The available published and unpublished reports were collected and reviewed. There are about 43 species of mosquitoes in Tunisia. There are a total of 12 species of Anopheles. The species involved in malaria transmission in Tunisia during the endemic period and still persisting in Tunisia are Anopheles (An.) labranchiae, predominant species in the north and center of the country, An. sergenti and An. multicolor in the Center and South. The genus Culex contains 11 species. Culex (Cx.) pipiens is the most dangerous specie and their distribution is ubiquitous in Tunisia. This mosquito has been implicated in the transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) in Tunisia. Concerning vectors, Aedes aegypti was reported in Tunisia before 2000, but was not encountered later. Moreover, Aedes albopictus, the other vector of Dengue and Chikungunya, is not among the 43 species of mosquitoes described in Tunisia, but the latter circulates in neighboring countries. Collected and analyzed data will help current and future research on mosquitoes particularly in the field of medical entomology to develop and implement vector control strategies.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We conducted this study to confirm that Aedes aegypti has invaded and colonized in Xishuangbanna, Yunan province, China. And we conducted a larval survey for dengue mosquito vectors, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, to assess on possible competition for breeding sites between these both species in urban environment in Jinghong city. The study was carried out at least once a month in February and March, November and December, and three times for each month from April to October in 2014 in five communities in the municipality of Jinghong city. No less than 50 houses were surveyed each time in one place. We collected immature stages of mosquitoes from all types of breeding sites in houses and their premises. Morphological species identification was carried for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Both species occurred in all surveyed areas. Aedes aegypti has occupied a considerable composition (67.75%) since the uncertain time of its first invasion to Jinghong city. Aedes aegypti was predominant species indoor (74.19%), but also presented in surrounding environment (25.81%); while Ae. albopictus favored the outdoor environment (54.55%) as well as in houses (45.45%). We gave the preference water containers (tires) for dengue vectors, described different distribution in different investigated places, and showed with monthly variance by indices of BI and CI. We gave our rational explanation for the variance with raining in this area, Aedes keep a high density value during the rainy season. For both dengue vectors, the possibility cannot be excluded that the invasion of Ae. aegypti in the city might lead to a decrease or elimination of Ae. albopictus in houses and dwellings. Furthermore, we also found that both dengue vectors have already occupied the breeding sites in houses and their premises with water container in Jinghong city, and both should be managed during dengue epidemic season. These findings from this study are relevant for dengue vector control programs
{"title":"Coexistence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Jinghong City, Yunnan Province: A Survey of Aedes aegypti Invasion","authors":"Yuhong Guo, S. Lai, Qiang Huang, Dongsheng Ren, Jian-Hong Zou, Qiyong Liu, Huaiqing Zhang","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000227","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted this study to confirm that Aedes aegypti has invaded and colonized in Xishuangbanna, Yunan province, China. And we conducted a larval survey for dengue mosquito vectors, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, to assess on possible competition for breeding sites between these both species in urban environment in Jinghong city. The study was carried out at least once a month in February and March, November and December, and three times for each month from April to October in 2014 in five communities in the municipality of Jinghong city. No less than 50 houses were surveyed each time in one place. We collected immature stages of mosquitoes from all types of breeding sites in houses and their premises. Morphological species identification was carried for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Both species occurred in all surveyed areas. Aedes aegypti has occupied a considerable composition (67.75%) since the uncertain time of its first invasion to Jinghong city. Aedes aegypti was predominant species indoor (74.19%), but also presented in surrounding environment (25.81%); while Ae. albopictus favored the outdoor environment (54.55%) as well as in houses (45.45%). We gave the preference water containers (tires) for dengue vectors, described different distribution in different investigated places, and showed with monthly variance by indices of BI and CI. We gave our rational explanation for the variance with raining in this area, Aedes keep a high density value during the rainy season. For both dengue vectors, the possibility cannot be excluded that the invasion of Ae. aegypti in the city might lead to a decrease or elimination of Ae. albopictus in houses and dwellings. Furthermore, we also found that both dengue vectors have already occupied the breeding sites in houses and their premises with water container in Jinghong city, and both should be managed during dengue epidemic season. These findings from this study are relevant for dengue vector control programs","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000227","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-30DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000225
B. Diallo, I. Konaté, J. Andonaba, I. Sangare, Konsegree, Traoré, M. Dolo, S. Bamba
Sporadic cases of onchocerciasis continue to be registered after intensive campaigns under the aegis of the Onchocerchiasis Control program (OCP) that led to the control of the disease in Burkina Faso since 2010. It is now part of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDS). We report 3 recent confirmed cases at the Teaching Hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso, that are worrying in this context. There were two men and a woman, all coming from the west area of Burkina Faso, border with Ivory Coast and Ghana, and they have intermittent stays in a side and other of the two borders. The reason for consultation was a chronic pruritus evolving since 2 to 4 years. The examination noted dermatological damages combining in a variable way, painless and mobile nodules localized at the trochanters and chest seats, a leuco-melanodermia of the legs or polymorph chronic prurigo lesions, without nodules. The diagnosis of onchoceriasis was confirmed by presence of blood hyper-eosinophilia, the presence of many Onchocerca volvulus micofilariaes in the dermal juice and many adult worms in histology. Because that Onchocerciasis became quite rare in everyday practice, the statement of 3 hospital cases collected in 8 months is worrying because the vector and the parasite are still present in the affected areas, with a possible transmission. So, a new outbreak is to fear, especially with the internal and cross-border population mobility.
{"title":"Onchocerciasis: A Reality in Western Burkina Faso in 2016","authors":"B. Diallo, I. Konaté, J. Andonaba, I. Sangare, Konsegree, Traoré, M. Dolo, S. Bamba","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000225","url":null,"abstract":"Sporadic cases of onchocerciasis continue to be registered after intensive campaigns under the aegis of the Onchocerchiasis Control program (OCP) that led to the control of the disease in Burkina Faso since 2010. It is now part of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDS). We report 3 recent confirmed cases at the Teaching Hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso, that are worrying in this context. There were two men and a woman, all coming from the west area of Burkina Faso, border with Ivory Coast and Ghana, and they have intermittent stays in a side and other of the two borders. The reason for consultation was a chronic pruritus evolving since 2 to 4 years. The examination noted dermatological damages combining in a variable way, painless and mobile nodules localized at the trochanters and chest seats, a leuco-melanodermia of the legs or polymorph chronic prurigo lesions, without nodules. The diagnosis of onchoceriasis was confirmed by presence of blood hyper-eosinophilia, the presence of many Onchocerca volvulus micofilariaes in the dermal juice and many adult worms in histology. Because that Onchocerciasis became quite rare in everyday practice, the statement of 3 hospital cases collected in 8 months is worrying because the vector and the parasite are still present in the affected areas, with a possible transmission. So, a new outbreak is to fear, especially with the internal and cross-border population mobility.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70275932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-30DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000224
J. Chavatte, Rol, Juréen
Background: Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite recently recognized and characterized that cause enteritic infection worldwide. Endemic in tropical and subtropical countries where asymptomatic carriage is common, this parasite is also frequently associated with foodborne and waterborne outbreaks and reported from travellers in industrialized countries. Poorly characterized by routine laboratory procedures, the oocysts of C.cayetanensis are also discontinuously shed, altogether making this parasite difficult to detect. In Singapore information about C.cayetanensis are scarce and the endemicity status is unknown, while the country seems vulnerable to outbreak occurrence. Case study: The present report describes the incidental laboratory finding of C.cayetanensis oocysts in the stool of an asymptomatic immunocompetent patient attending a general health screening. Initial suspicion about the diagnosis was confirmed by several morphological methods and concurrently by amplification and sequencing of the parasite DNA. Along the study, co-infections with Blastocytis sp. ST3, Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis and the nonpathogenic Entamoeba hartmanni were noticed and confirmed by molecular methods. Conclusions: This report could serve to raise awareness about Cyclospora cayetanensis and the asymsptomatic carriage of enteritic protozoa, and as a reminder about the risk of cyclosporiasis especially in the most susceptible populations such as: children, elderly and immunocompromised.
{"title":"Incidental Detection of Cyclospora Cayetanensis during General Health Screening: A Case Study from Singapore","authors":"J. Chavatte, Rol, Juréen","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000224","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite recently recognized and characterized that cause enteritic infection worldwide. Endemic in tropical and subtropical countries where asymptomatic carriage is common, this parasite is also frequently associated with foodborne and waterborne outbreaks and reported from travellers in industrialized countries. Poorly characterized by routine laboratory procedures, the oocysts of C.cayetanensis are also discontinuously shed, altogether making this parasite difficult to detect. In Singapore information about C.cayetanensis are scarce and the endemicity status is unknown, while the country seems vulnerable to outbreak occurrence. Case study: The present report describes the incidental laboratory finding of C.cayetanensis oocysts in the stool of an asymptomatic immunocompetent patient attending a general health screening. Initial suspicion about the diagnosis was confirmed by several morphological methods and concurrently by amplification and sequencing of the parasite DNA. Along the study, co-infections with Blastocytis sp. ST3, Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis and the nonpathogenic Entamoeba hartmanni were noticed and confirmed by molecular methods. Conclusions: This report could serve to raise awareness about Cyclospora cayetanensis and the asymsptomatic carriage of enteritic protozoa, and as a reminder about the risk of cyclosporiasis especially in the most susceptible populations such as: children, elderly and immunocompromised.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70275913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-31DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000223
Y. Muktar, N. Tamerat, Abnet Shewafera
Aedes aegypti, is an invasive black and white striped day biting mosquito which bites human and animals with the potential to transmit various arboviruses including flaviviruses. It is believed to be originated from Africa before it spreads to other part of the world. Only the female mosquito is capable of transmitting these viruses, since it primarily feeds on human blood. Over the past decades, there is dramatic increment of these flaviviruses due to geographical expansion of Aedes aegypti. Flavivirus is a single-stranded, RNA virus genus involving dengue, zika and yellow fever viruses. These flavivirus are transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti, consequently, the control and regulation of these mosquitos have paramount significance in the prevention of these diseases. These days, there are various mosquito controlling methods including chemical, physical and biological means, according to the regional context. However, the dispersed and transient egg laying pattern of the female Aedes aegypti mosquito and its effective adaptation to the urban habitat, make the control of these mosquitoes challenging. Therefore, further research should be conducted and encouraged to come up with innovative solution such as gene modification of vector mosquito while intensifying the battle against individual flavivirus through vaccine development.
{"title":"Aedes aegypti as a Vector of Flavivirus","authors":"Y. Muktar, N. Tamerat, Abnet Shewafera","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000223","url":null,"abstract":"Aedes aegypti, is an invasive black and white striped day biting mosquito which bites human and animals with the potential to transmit various arboviruses including flaviviruses. It is believed to be originated from Africa before it spreads to other part of the world. Only the female mosquito is capable of transmitting these viruses, since it primarily feeds on human blood. Over the past decades, there is dramatic increment of these flaviviruses due to geographical expansion of Aedes aegypti. Flavivirus is a single-stranded, RNA virus genus involving dengue, zika and yellow fever viruses. These flavivirus are transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti, consequently, the control and regulation of these mosquitos have paramount significance in the prevention of these diseases. These days, there are various mosquito controlling methods including chemical, physical and biological means, according to the regional context. However, the dispersed and transient egg laying pattern of the female Aedes aegypti mosquito and its effective adaptation to the urban habitat, make the control of these mosquitoes challenging. Therefore, further research should be conducted and encouraged to come up with innovative solution such as gene modification of vector mosquito while intensifying the battle against individual flavivirus through vaccine development.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70275778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-30DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000222
D. Diop
New Global Burden of Disease estimates attribute nearly 2% of all-cause mortality during the first five years of life to influenza. Of influenza deaths, 99% are estimated to occur in low and middle income countries. Effective influenza vaccines have been available for decades, but their use in sub-Saharan Africa has been limited. Lack of data on seasonal influenza in the region has left questions regarding risk groups and disease burden largely unanswered. Sub-Saharan African countries have limited expertise with data on influenza epidemiology and with influenza vaccines. Such regional capacity must be strengthened if countries are to make the best evidencebased decisions about influenza vaccine use and to maintain a sense of program ownership. A regionalization of efforts would be the most realistic and feasible approach for future influenza vaccine policy consideration as it would leverage individual country strengths and capacities. The pathway for influenza vaccine introduction in sub-Saharan Africa could be as follows: (i) strengthening laboratory capacity and influenza surveillance; (ii) conduct of research studies, such as burden studies, in a few key countries; (iii) improved communication of data; (iv) development of policy strategies; (v) building vaccine production capacity; (vi) identification of financing and development of political will; (vii) and reliance on well-informed technical advisory committees. Additional concerns regarding influenza vaccine implementation include capacity to administer vaccine outside of existing routine immunization systems, program sustainability, and the importance of local and regional program control. Successful introduction of sustained influenza vaccination programs into the sub-Saharan African region will require adherence to a clear plan that includes strong evidence-based decision-making processes, evidence of operational feasibility, and assurances of sustainability.
{"title":"Influenza Vaccination Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa-Forging a Path for Decision-Making","authors":"D. Diop","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000222","url":null,"abstract":"New Global Burden of Disease estimates attribute nearly 2% of all-cause mortality during the first five years of life \u0000 to influenza. Of influenza deaths, 99% are estimated to occur in low and middle income countries. Effective influenza \u0000 vaccines have been available for decades, but their use in sub-Saharan Africa has been limited. \u0000Lack of data on seasonal influenza in the region has left questions regarding risk groups and disease burden \u0000 largely unanswered. Sub-Saharan African countries have limited expertise with data on influenza epidemiology and \u0000 with influenza vaccines. Such regional capacity must be strengthened if countries are to make the best evidencebased \u0000 decisions about influenza vaccine use and to maintain a sense of program ownership. A regionalization of \u0000 efforts would be the most realistic and feasible approach for future influenza vaccine policy consideration as it would \u0000 leverage individual country strengths and capacities. The pathway for influenza vaccine introduction in sub-Saharan \u0000 Africa could be as follows: (i) strengthening laboratory capacity and influenza surveillance; (ii) conduct of research \u0000 studies, such as burden studies, in a few key countries; (iii) improved communication of data; (iv) development of \u0000 policy strategies; (v) building vaccine production capacity; (vi) identification of financing and development of political \u0000 will; (vii) and reliance on well-informed technical advisory committees. Additional concerns regarding influenza \u0000 vaccine implementation include capacity to administer vaccine outside of existing routine immunization systems, \u0000 program sustainability, and the importance of local and regional program control. \u0000Successful introduction of sustained influenza vaccination programs into the sub-Saharan African region will \u0000 require adherence to a clear plan that includes strong evidence-based decision-making processes, evidence of \u0000 operational feasibility, and assurances of sustainability.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70275694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-29DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000220
N. Valecha
Artemsinin resistance is defined as a delayed clearance after treatment with an artemsinin-based combination therapy or artesunate [1]. The case reported in the article does not meet the WHO classification. It is not specified if the patient was positive at day 3 and if any K13 mutation (marker of artemisinin resistance) was detected at day 0. It is also not clear whether at day of failure it was new infection or recrudescence since details of genotyping are not given. Finally the patient responded to ACT with a rapid clearance of parasitaemia within 24 hours which is not in favour of artemisinin resistance
{"title":"Misleading Report on Artesunate Resistance","authors":"N. Valecha","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000220","url":null,"abstract":"Artemsinin resistance is defined as a delayed clearance after treatment with an artemsinin-based combination therapy or artesunate [1]. The case reported in the article does not meet the WHO classification. It is not specified if the patient was positive at day 3 and if any K13 mutation (marker of artemisinin resistance) was detected at day 0. It is also not clear whether at day of failure it was new infection or recrudescence since details of genotyping are not given. Finally the patient responded to ACT with a rapid clearance of parasitaemia within 24 hours which is not in favour of artemisinin resistance","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70275672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-31DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000219
J. Scott, N. Vidya, Rabi Das, N. A. Siddiqui
There have been relatively few large-scale studies of spread of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) and factors that affects its prevalence. Consequently, little is known about the dynamics of PKDL, or the confounding factors that may give rise to its spread. A large-scale survey-based study of PKDL prevalence was conducted in the endemic region of Araria in Bihar, India. The results of the study indicate a sample prevalence of as high as 7.9 cases per 10,000 individuals. Socio-economic and demographical factors were recorded for each study participant, and the influence of these factors on PKDL and non-PKDL incidence in the sample populations was analysed. Our results suggest that factors of caste, cattle shed proximity, and gender all contribute to the characterization of the PKDL-afflicted population. The mean household size for PKDL households was found to be 4.9, almost doubled the number observed for non-PKDL households. Individuals in the age-group 10-19 years old, Hindus, or those belonging to Schedule Caste are more likely to get PKDL than others in the population. Consideration of these factors can provide a clear starting point for further in-depth examination of their contribution to PKDL patterns.
{"title":"Community-based Detection of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis(PKDL) and its Risk-Factors in an Endemic Region of Bihar, India","authors":"J. Scott, N. Vidya, Rabi Das, N. A. Siddiqui","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000219","url":null,"abstract":"There have been relatively few large-scale studies of spread of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) and factors that affects its prevalence. Consequently, little is known about the dynamics of PKDL, or the confounding factors that may give rise to its spread. A large-scale survey-based study of PKDL prevalence was conducted in the endemic region of Araria in Bihar, India. The results of the study indicate a sample prevalence of as high as 7.9 cases per 10,000 individuals. Socio-economic and demographical factors were recorded for each study participant, and the influence of these factors on PKDL and non-PKDL incidence in the sample populations was analysed. Our results suggest that factors of caste, cattle shed proximity, and gender all contribute to the characterization of the PKDL-afflicted population. The mean household size for PKDL households was found to be 4.9, almost doubled the number observed for non-PKDL households. Individuals in the age-group 10-19 years old, Hindus, or those belonging to Schedule Caste are more likely to get PKDL than others in the population. Consideration of these factors can provide a clear starting point for further in-depth examination of their contribution to PKDL patterns.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70275614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-31DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000217
Abraham Tamirat, Mesfin Geremew, Fira Abamecha, Wadu Wollancho
Background: Poor or lack of insecticide treated net (ITN) use as malaria preventive behaviour is one of the obstacles for the success of malaria prevention and control program. Therefore, Current information on insecticide treated net use as malaria preventive behaviour and its predictors are vital for malaria prevention and control program. Objective: To identify determinants of insecticide treated net use as malaria preventive behaviour among households in Maji district, Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methodology: Community based cross-sectional quantitative study supplemented by qualitative study was conducted from March ¬15 to 30/2015 in Maji district, Bench Maji Zone of South Nation and Nationality People Regional State (SNNPR). A total of 770 selected household heads were involved in the study. Data was collected through face to face interview technique by trained data collectors. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 statistical package. Multiple logistic regressions analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of insecticide treated net use as malaria preventive behaviour. Odds ratio, with 95% confidence level and P<0.05 were used to determine statistically significant association. Result: A total of 770 (91%) participants were actually involved in the study. Of the total study participants, 76.5% were males and 23.5% were females. Forty point eight percent, 40.8% of study participants were ITN users in night before data collection. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that ITN use had association with ever had malaria: OR=5.94 (0.545-0.64), Perceived susceptibility to malaria: OR=3.47 (1.92-6.26), perceived benefit of using ITN: OR=1.06 (1.02-1.106) and knowledge on malaria: OR 3.25(1.6-6.2). Conclusion and recommendation: This study had revealed that ITN use was low in Maji district. Existing efforts should be revised specifically for its effect on individual perception of ITN use. The research calls for the need to strength the health education and behaviour change activities.
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Malaria in Maji District, Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia","authors":"Abraham Tamirat, Mesfin Geremew, Fira Abamecha, Wadu Wollancho","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000217","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Poor or lack of insecticide treated net (ITN) use as malaria preventive behaviour is one of the obstacles for the success of malaria prevention and control program. Therefore, Current information on insecticide treated net use as malaria preventive behaviour and its predictors are vital for malaria prevention and control program. Objective: To identify determinants of insecticide treated net use as malaria preventive behaviour among households in Maji district, Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methodology: Community based cross-sectional quantitative study supplemented by qualitative study was conducted from March ¬15 to 30/2015 in Maji district, Bench Maji Zone of South Nation and Nationality People Regional State (SNNPR). A total of 770 selected household heads were involved in the study. Data was collected through face to face interview technique by trained data collectors. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 statistical package. Multiple logistic regressions analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of insecticide treated net use as malaria preventive behaviour. Odds ratio, with 95% confidence level and P<0.05 were used to determine statistically significant association. Result: A total of 770 (91%) participants were actually involved in the study. Of the total study participants, 76.5% were males and 23.5% were females. Forty point eight percent, 40.8% of study participants were ITN users in night before data collection. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that ITN use had association with ever had malaria: OR=5.94 (0.545-0.64), Perceived susceptibility to malaria: OR=3.47 (1.92-6.26), perceived benefit of using ITN: OR=1.06 (1.02-1.106) and knowledge on malaria: OR 3.25(1.6-6.2). Conclusion and recommendation: This study had revealed that ITN use was low in Maji district. Existing efforts should be revised specifically for its effect on individual perception of ITN use. The research calls for the need to strength the health education and behaviour change activities.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-30DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000216
Somsankar Mukherjee, Hasrani Ss, Saini Rc
Fitness is the only key to lead a fabulous healthy life-style. With healthy and dynamic life one can not only enjoy the life time but be useful for one’s society. It is known that unhealthy person is considered as burden on the family as well as on the society. It has been noted that NCD is responsible for 30% of deaths in Ethiopia in 2014. It is also estimated by WHO-Ethiopia that 9% of males and 25% of females, whereas 11% of rural and 20% of urban population have insufficient levels of physical activity. Based on above statistics, researchers tried to find out the problems about the awareness of NCD and its preventive measures by physical activities. The researchers targeted randomly five schools from different parts of Mekelle city to find out the level of awareness about NCD and effectiveness of sports to escalate this awareness. The data we received from 356 high school students (209 boys and 147 girls) is very much surprising. As per the their view sports is considered as recreation only, but have very less idea about its benefits, where as they are not aware of causes and consequences of NCD. Moreover, we found that 47% of students (32% of girls and 51% of boys) are willing to play out door games, which represents laziness among the young generation and a warning sign for progression of NCD among upcoming generation of Mekelle, may be true for the whole of Ethiopia. Similarly, we found several such factors on related issues and have been discussed further. We have used non-parametric – chi square statics to find the chance of error. To stop or prevent such problems we suggest that awareness on Non Communicable Disease, its problem and its prevention is best through sharing of knowledge. Even we like to suggest that every education sectors should consider seriously introducing about sports and physical fitness curriculum just like other professional subjects. We believe that if the residents are not physically fit enough, we cannot expect their full contribution to society, though they may highly be regarded with knowledge and technology.
{"title":"Analysis on the Awareness of Non-Communicable Disorders and its Prevention through Sports and Fitness Program among High School Students of Mekelle","authors":"Somsankar Mukherjee, Hasrani Ss, Saini Rc","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000216","url":null,"abstract":"Fitness is the only key to lead a fabulous healthy life-style. With healthy and dynamic life one can not only enjoy the life time but be useful for one’s society. It is known that unhealthy person is considered as burden on the family as well as on the society. It has been noted that NCD is responsible for 30% of deaths in Ethiopia in 2014. It is also estimated by WHO-Ethiopia that 9% of males and 25% of females, whereas 11% of rural and 20% of urban population have insufficient levels of physical activity. Based on above statistics, researchers tried to find out the problems about the awareness of NCD and its preventive measures by physical activities. The researchers targeted randomly five schools from different parts of Mekelle city to find out the level of awareness about NCD and effectiveness of sports to escalate this awareness. The data we received from 356 high school students (209 boys and 147 girls) is very much surprising. As per the their view sports is considered as recreation only, but have very less idea about its benefits, where as they are not aware of causes and consequences of NCD. Moreover, we found that 47% of students (32% of girls and 51% of boys) are willing to play out door games, which represents laziness among the young generation and a warning sign for progression of NCD among upcoming generation of Mekelle, may be true for the whole of Ethiopia. Similarly, we found several such factors on related issues and have been discussed further. We have used non-parametric – chi square statics to find the chance of error. To stop or prevent such problems we suggest that awareness on Non Communicable Disease, its problem and its prevention is best through sharing of knowledge. Even we like to suggest that every education sectors should consider seriously introducing about sports and physical fitness curriculum just like other professional subjects. We believe that if the residents are not physically fit enough, we cannot expect their full contribution to society, though they may highly be regarded with knowledge and technology.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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