Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.269
Golo Dabasa, F. Abunna
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease that affects all cloven hoofed animals. It is caused by a virus that belongs to the genus Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae. Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) occurs in seven standard serotypes: A, O, C, and South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, and Asia1. The disease has a high morbidity although mortality is rare in adult animals. The impact posed by the disease is enormous. It affects animal’s performance directly through reduction of milk yield. Death of young animals and fertility impairment due to increased abortion rate are also the grave consequences of the disease. FMD has a great potential for causing severe economic loss. Greatest losses can result from refusal of FMD free countries to import livestock and livestock products from infected region. The disease has been present in almost every part of the world where livestock are kept. More than 100 countries are still affected by FMD worldwide and distribution of the disease roughly reflects economic development. Despite considerable information being available about the virus, the disease and vaccines, FMD remains a major threat to the livestock industry worldwide. FMD is endemic disease in Ethiopia with multiple serotypes in circulation at varying prevalence levels. Estimation of economic losses by FMD can provide a better overall view of the impact of the disease on national economy and can contribute in estimating the extent of the losses to be avoided and also understanding its transmission dynamics can contribute for suggesting appropriate control intervention mechanism. In Ethiopia there is limited research done on this aspect. Many resources have been and still are devoted to surveillance and molecular characterization of FMD, therefore the aims of this seminar paper are to review the major risk factors for transmission of disease, review the economic impact of FMD and suggest prevention and control measures.
{"title":"REVIEW ON EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) IN ETHIOPIA","authors":"Golo Dabasa, F. Abunna","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.269","url":null,"abstract":"Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease that affects all cloven hoofed animals. It is caused by a virus that belongs to the genus Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae. Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) occurs in seven standard serotypes: A, O, C, and South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, and Asia1. The disease has a high morbidity although mortality is rare in adult animals. The impact posed by the disease is enormous. It affects animal’s performance directly through reduction of milk yield. Death of young animals and fertility impairment due to increased abortion rate are also the grave consequences of the disease. FMD has a great potential for causing severe economic loss. Greatest losses can result from refusal of FMD free countries to import livestock and livestock products from infected region. The disease has been present in almost every part of the world where livestock are kept. More than 100 countries are still affected by FMD worldwide and distribution of the disease roughly reflects economic development. Despite considerable information being available about the virus, the disease and vaccines, FMD remains a major threat to the livestock industry worldwide. FMD is endemic disease in Ethiopia with multiple serotypes in circulation at varying prevalence levels. Estimation of economic losses by FMD can provide a better overall view of the impact of the disease on national economy and can contribute in estimating the extent of the losses to be avoided and also understanding its transmission dynamics can contribute for suggesting appropriate control intervention mechanism. In Ethiopia there is limited research done on this aspect. Many resources have been and still are devoted to surveillance and molecular characterization of FMD, therefore the aims of this seminar paper are to review the major risk factors for transmission of disease, review the economic impact of FMD and suggest prevention and control measures.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70010743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.273
Prosper Kamukama, M. Ntaro, F. Bagenda
Background: Male circumcision has since 2010 been implemented in Mbarara and Uganda at large to reduce the continued Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemic among the general population. However, there is some concern that male circumcision may lead to low-risk perception and more risky sexual behaviour. This study, therefore, investigated Human Immunodeficiency Virus risk perception and risk behaviours among adult males who have undergone male circumcision compared to those that had not been circumcised in Mbarara District, Uganda. Methods: A household-based cross-sectional study was conducted among an adult male population of diverse circumcision status. A total of 384 adult males were enrolled in the study. Questionnaires were used to obtain the data. Data were analyzed using STATA 15. Descriptive statistics followed by chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used. Results: Adult males with high HIV risk perception were less likely to be circumcised (aOR=0.3, 95%CI: 0.14-0.80, p<0.05) compared to their circumcised adult male counterparts. Male adults that reported engagement in transaction sex in the past 12 months were 3.8 times more likely to be circumcised (aOR=3.8, 95% CI: 1.04-13.56, p<0.05). Male adults with 1-3 sexual partners were 4.9 times more likely to be circumcised (aOR=4.9, 95% CI: 1.05-22.23, p<0.05) while those with 4 or more sexual partners were 5.5 times more likely to be circumcised (aOR=5.5, 95% CI: 1.79-40.05, p<0.01) compared to those male adults who reported no sexual partner in the past 12 months. Conclusions: Circumcised adult males showed a low indication of high HIV risk perception, more transactional sex and more multiple sexual partners compared to uncircumcised males.
{"title":"HIV Risk Perception and Behaviours Among Circumcised and Uncircumcised Adult Males in Mbarara District, Uganda","authors":"Prosper Kamukama, M. Ntaro, F. Bagenda","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.273","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Male circumcision has since 2010 been implemented in Mbarara and Uganda at large to reduce the continued Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemic among the general population. However, there is some concern that male circumcision may lead to low-risk perception and more risky sexual behaviour. This study, therefore, investigated Human Immunodeficiency Virus risk perception and risk behaviours among adult males who have undergone male circumcision compared to those that had not been circumcised in Mbarara District, Uganda. Methods: A household-based cross-sectional study was conducted among an adult male population of diverse circumcision status. A total of 384 adult males were enrolled in the study. Questionnaires were used to obtain the data. Data were analyzed using STATA 15. Descriptive statistics followed by chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used. Results: Adult males with high HIV risk perception were less likely to be circumcised (aOR=0.3, 95%CI: 0.14-0.80, p<0.05) compared to their circumcised adult male counterparts. Male adults that reported engagement in transaction sex in the past 12 months were 3.8 times more likely to be circumcised (aOR=3.8, 95% CI: 1.04-13.56, p<0.05). Male adults with 1-3 sexual partners were 4.9 times more likely to be circumcised (aOR=4.9, 95% CI: 1.05-22.23, p<0.05) while those with 4 or more sexual partners were 5.5 times more likely to be circumcised (aOR=5.5, 95% CI: 1.79-40.05, p<0.01) compared to those male adults who reported no sexual partner in the past 12 months. Conclusions: Circumcised adult males showed a low indication of high HIV risk perception, more transactional sex and more multiple sexual partners compared to uncircumcised males.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70010757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.2021.9.274
A. Paul, P. Vijayakumar, G. Paul
Background: Prevalence of malnutrition is high in India with many elderly at the risk of malnutrition. The quality nutrition in the elderly may significantly influence the overall condition and severe deficiencies contribute to multiple comorbidities and this is found to be more common in resource-poor countries. Identifying the prevalence of malnutrition and risk factors will bring the problem to a greater focus for better care of the rising geriatric population. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of malnutrition among elderly aged 65 years and above in an urban area in Ernakulam district, Kerala. To assess the possible risk factors (covariates) of malnutrition among the elderly. Materials and Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study conducted within a radius of 10 Kms from Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi. From August 2016 to August 2018 (2 years). A sample size of 1000 was taken using the Cluster sampling Technique. MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment Scale) was used as a study tool. Demographic details, functional characteristics, and other risk factors were taken in detail using a semi-structured questionnaire using IBM SPSS version 20.0 software. Categorical variables are expressed using frequency and percentage. Continuous variables are presented by the mean and standard deviation. Results: This community-based cross-sectional study from Ernakulam, which included 1000 elderly population. Most of the participants 75.4% were in the age group between 65-74 years majority being females 59.1%. Most of the participants had educational status less than 12th standard. The prevalence of malnutrition reported during the period of 2 years (2016-2018) was 17.3% with 36.8% of the population at risk of malnutrition. The independent risk factors for malnutrition included age, female gender, widowed participants, low socioeconomic status, low education, multiple comorbidities, more than 2 drug use. Participants dependent on IADL and ADL and those using a walking aid had higher rates of malnutrition. Lifestyle characteristics like smoking and alcohol were associated with the risk of malnutrition. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of malnutrition in my study was 17.3 %and 36.8 % were at risk of malnutrition. Approaches to improve nutritional status should focus on those who are older, female gender, low educational and socioeconomic status, those elderly with multiple comorbidities and medication use, and those who are functionally dependent. Better strategies are of utmost priority to improve the nutritional status of the elderly population.
{"title":"Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Elderly. A Community Based Cross Sectional Study From Ernakulam Kerala","authors":"A. Paul, P. Vijayakumar, G. Paul","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.2021.9.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.2021.9.274","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prevalence of malnutrition is high in India with many elderly at the risk of malnutrition. The quality nutrition in the elderly may significantly influence the overall condition and severe deficiencies contribute to multiple comorbidities and this is found to be more common in resource-poor countries. Identifying the prevalence of malnutrition and risk factors will bring the problem to a greater focus for better care of the rising geriatric population. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of malnutrition among elderly aged 65 years and above in an urban area in Ernakulam district, Kerala. To assess the possible risk factors (covariates) of malnutrition among the elderly. Materials and Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study conducted within a radius of 10 Kms from Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi. From August 2016 to August 2018 (2 years). A sample size of 1000 was taken using the Cluster sampling Technique. MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment Scale) was used as a study tool. Demographic details, functional characteristics, and other risk factors were taken in detail using a semi-structured questionnaire using IBM SPSS version 20.0 software. Categorical variables are expressed using frequency and percentage. Continuous variables are presented by the mean and standard deviation. Results: This community-based cross-sectional study from Ernakulam, which included 1000 elderly population. Most of the participants 75.4% were in the age group between 65-74 years majority being females 59.1%. Most of the participants had educational status less than 12th standard. The prevalence of malnutrition reported during the period of 2 years (2016-2018) was 17.3% with 36.8% of the population at risk of malnutrition. The independent risk factors for malnutrition included age, female gender, widowed participants, low socioeconomic status, low education, multiple comorbidities, more than 2 drug use. Participants dependent on IADL and ADL and those using a walking aid had higher rates of malnutrition. Lifestyle characteristics like smoking and alcohol were associated with the risk of malnutrition. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of malnutrition in my study was 17.3 %and 36.8 % were at risk of malnutrition. Approaches to improve nutritional status should focus on those who are older, female gender, low educational and socioeconomic status, those elderly with multiple comorbidities and medication use, and those who are functionally dependent. Better strategies are of utmost priority to improve the nutritional status of the elderly population.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70010444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.267
Yitayish Damtie, Dabere Nigatu, Fentaw Tadese, M. Yalew
Background: Poor adherence becomes a critical problem in managing the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Evidence of adherence to antiretroviral therapy after the initiation of the Universal Test and Treat (UTT) strategy was limited in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to compare adherence to antiretroviral therapy before and after the initiation of universal test and treat strategy and factors affecting adherence among HIV positive adults in Dessie town. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 594 HIV positive adults selected using systematic sampling. Interview and patient record review were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with ART adherence. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used as a measure of association. Statistical significance was declared at a P - value less than 0.05. Result: The proportion of ART adherence among patients enrolled before and after the initiation of UTT strategy was 55.4% (95% CI: (49.9%, 60.6%)) and 49.3% (95% CI: (43.5%, 54.8%)) respectively. Absence of depression (AOR =3.87, 95% CI: (1.96, 7.64)), eating three or more meals per day (AOR =2.65, 95% CI: (1.08, 6.49)) and absence of concomitant illness (AOR =0.42, 95% CI: (0.23, 0.76)) were factors associated with better ART adherence. Conclusion: ART adherence was not affected by the introduction of the UTT strategy in HIV treatment and care program. Depression, meal frequency, and concomitant illness were factors associated with ART adherence. Efforts should be made to improve adherence through tailored interventions to overcome factors linked to poor adherence.
{"title":"Antiretroviral therapy adherence among patients enrolled before and after the initiation of universal test and treat strategy: A comparative cross-sectional study.","authors":"Yitayish Damtie, Dabere Nigatu, Fentaw Tadese, M. Yalew","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.267","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Poor adherence becomes a critical problem in managing the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Evidence of adherence to antiretroviral therapy after the initiation of the Universal Test and Treat (UTT) strategy was limited in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to compare adherence to antiretroviral therapy before and after the initiation of universal test and treat strategy and factors affecting adherence among HIV positive adults in Dessie town. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 594 HIV positive adults selected using systematic sampling. Interview and patient record review were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with ART adherence. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used as a measure of association. Statistical significance was declared at a P - value less than 0.05. Result: The proportion of ART adherence among patients enrolled before and after the initiation of UTT strategy was 55.4% (95% CI: (49.9%, 60.6%)) and 49.3% (95% CI: (43.5%, 54.8%)) respectively. Absence of depression (AOR =3.87, 95% CI: (1.96, 7.64)), eating three or more meals per day (AOR =2.65, 95% CI: (1.08, 6.49)) and absence of concomitant illness (AOR =0.42, 95% CI: (0.23, 0.76)) were factors associated with better ART adherence. Conclusion: ART adherence was not affected by the introduction of the UTT strategy in HIV treatment and care program. Depression, meal frequency, and concomitant illness were factors associated with ART adherence. Efforts should be made to improve adherence through tailored interventions to overcome factors linked to poor adherence.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70011115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.286
J. Peter
Lymphatic Filariasis, otherwise called elephantiasis, is a dismissed tropical illness making constant harm to the lymphatic framework. The illness, because of its exceptional morphological indications and disfigurations, is related to serious social disgrace and results in extreme financial and mental pressure for the influenced. Mass Drug Administration (MDA) is the fundamental counter-transmission methodology of the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. In endemic nations, there are regions where MDA isn't needed. Nonetheless, there is no standard methodology here, and considers are essential to assess the epidemiological status. it can cause perpetual inability through interruption of the lymphatic framework. This sickness is brought about by parasitic filarial worms that are communicated by mosquitos. Mass Drug Administration (MDA) of anthelmintic is prescribed by WHO to take out lymphatic filariasis as a general medical issue. This examination intends to deliver the first geospatial appraisals of the worldwide pervasiveness of lymphatic filariasis disease over the long haul, to measure progress towards disposal, and to recognize topographical variety in the appropriation of contamination.
{"title":"Lymphatic Filariasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease Mini Review","authors":"J. Peter","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.286","url":null,"abstract":"Lymphatic Filariasis, otherwise called elephantiasis, is a dismissed tropical illness making constant harm to the lymphatic framework. The illness, because of its exceptional morphological indications and disfigurations, is related to serious social disgrace and results in extreme financial and mental pressure for the influenced. Mass Drug Administration (MDA) is the fundamental counter-transmission methodology of the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. In endemic nations, there are regions where MDA isn't needed. Nonetheless, there is no standard methodology here, and considers are essential to assess the epidemiological status. it can cause perpetual inability through interruption of the lymphatic framework. This sickness is brought about by parasitic filarial worms that are communicated by mosquitos. Mass Drug Administration (MDA) of anthelmintic is prescribed by WHO to take out lymphatic filariasis as a general medical issue. This examination intends to deliver the first geospatial appraisals of the worldwide pervasiveness of lymphatic filariasis disease over the long haul, to measure progress towards disposal, and to recognize topographical variety in the appropriation of contamination.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70012102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.2021.9.272
A. Rasheed, Anmar Alharganee, L. Kamel
Introduction: Ever since the end of 2019, the SARS-Cov2 virus started to emerge in Wuhan/ China and theories suggested a possible zoonotic transmission to human beings. Older people were considered to be the most afflicted by Covid-19 pandemic worldwide. Serious measures had been taken to mitigate the contagiousness of this virus especially in this age group, most of whom, presented with atypical symptoms. Methods: In this study we retrospectively studied the symptomatology of the disease in 79 subjects within the same care-home within a three-month period, (March-June 2020). Results: Within the total number of participants we were able to confirm the diagnosis of Covid-19 in 40 patients. Symptoms were mainly cough, shortness of breath and fatigue. Surprisingly, the rise in temperature was only a presenting symptom in few patients. However, many patients presented with tiredness, myalgia and worsening confusion as well as cough, which were the main presenting symptoms in the cohort. Conclusion and recommendations: Research is still trying to figure out the variation of symptoms between age groups especially the low temperature rates in the geriatric age groups. This could be explained by the dormancy of interleukins in older patients due to the physiological process of ageing. Mortality rates were predictably high secondary to the plethora of comorbidities in older patients. It is empirical for health care professionals to consider the non- classical presenting symptoms of Covid-19 in elderlies. More public health awareness is needed to help patients, relatives and carers to recognize the disease early, despite the lack of typical symptoms.
{"title":"Covid-19 in the elderly: Insight into Symptomatology.","authors":"A. Rasheed, Anmar Alharganee, L. Kamel","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.2021.9.272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.2021.9.272","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Ever since the end of 2019, the SARS-Cov2 virus started to emerge in Wuhan/ China and theories suggested a possible zoonotic transmission to human beings. Older people were considered to be the most afflicted by Covid-19 pandemic worldwide. Serious measures had been taken to mitigate the contagiousness of this virus especially in this age group, most of whom, presented with atypical symptoms. Methods: In this study we retrospectively studied the symptomatology of the disease in 79 subjects within the same care-home within a three-month period, (March-June 2020). Results: Within the total number of participants we were able to confirm the diagnosis of Covid-19 in 40 patients. Symptoms were mainly cough, shortness of breath and fatigue. Surprisingly, the rise in temperature was only a presenting symptom in few patients. However, many patients presented with tiredness, myalgia and worsening confusion as well as cough, which were the main presenting symptoms in the cohort. Conclusion and recommendations: Research is still trying to figure out the variation of symptoms between age groups especially the low temperature rates in the geriatric age groups. This could be explained by the dormancy of interleukins in older patients due to the physiological process of ageing. Mortality rates were predictably high secondary to the plethora of comorbidities in older patients. It is empirical for health care professionals to consider the non- classical presenting symptoms of Covid-19 in elderlies. More public health awareness is needed to help patients, relatives and carers to recognize the disease early, despite the lack of typical symptoms.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70010482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.285
Lisa Hadson
Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a necrotizing and handicapping cutaneous infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, one of the skinrelated neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs). It is an arising human sickness brought about by disease with a sluggish developing microorganism, Mycobacterium ulcerans that produce mycolactone, a cytotoxin with immunomodulatory properties. The mycobacteria produce mycolactones that cause tissue necrosis. The sickness is related to wetlands in certain tropical nations, and evidence for the role of insects in the transmission of this pathogen is growing. Near genomic examination has uncovered that M. ulcerans emerged from Mycobacterium marinum, an omnipresent quickly developing sea-going species, by flat exchange of a harmfulness plasmid that conveys a group of qualities for mycolactone creation, trailed by reductive advancement. Buruli ulcers can cause deformation and long haul loss of capacity. It is underdiagnosed and under-detailed, and its ebb and flow circulation are unclear. The illness presents as an effortless skin knob that ulcerates as putrefaction extends. Discovering corrosive quick bacilli in spreads or histopathology, refined the mycobacteria, and performing M. ulcerans PCR in hypothetical cases affirm the finding. Clinical treatment with oral rifampin and intramuscular streptomycin or oral treatment with rifampin in addition to clarithromycin for about two months is upheld by the World Health Organization.
{"title":"Buruli Ulcer: A Neglected Exotic Bacterial Infection of The Skin and Soft Tissue","authors":"Lisa Hadson","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.285","url":null,"abstract":"Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a necrotizing and handicapping cutaneous infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, one of the skinrelated neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs). It is an arising human sickness brought about by disease with a sluggish developing microorganism, Mycobacterium ulcerans that produce mycolactone, a cytotoxin with immunomodulatory properties. The mycobacteria produce mycolactones that cause tissue necrosis. The sickness is related to wetlands in certain tropical nations, and evidence for the role of insects in the transmission of this pathogen is growing. Near genomic examination has uncovered that M. ulcerans emerged from Mycobacterium marinum, an omnipresent quickly developing sea-going species, by flat exchange of a harmfulness plasmid that conveys a group of qualities for mycolactone creation, trailed by reductive advancement. Buruli ulcers can cause deformation and long haul loss of capacity. It is underdiagnosed and under-detailed, and its ebb and flow circulation are unclear. The illness presents as an effortless skin knob that ulcerates as putrefaction extends. Discovering corrosive quick bacilli in spreads or histopathology, refined the mycobacteria, and performing M. ulcerans PCR in hypothetical cases affirm the finding. Clinical treatment with oral rifampin and intramuscular streptomycin or oral treatment with rifampin in addition to clarithromycin for about two months is upheld by the World Health Organization.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70012053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Tobacco use is a major public health issue and strongest lifestyle related with increase probability of Cardiovascular Disease (CVDs), the objective of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to determine whether khat chewing is risk factor of cigarette smoking In Ethiopia. Methods: Eligible studies were identified by searching different databases like PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of science for published and unpublished articles; Data were extracted from the eligible studies using data abstraction form by two independent authors. Publication bias was assessed using the visual funnel plot and Egger’s test. Meta-analysis was performed by using random-effects models with the Der Simonian and Laird method. Results: Eight studies were found to be eligible and included in the meta–analysis. Out of 3839 respondents 751(19.56%) were cigarette smokers. The proportion of cigarettes smoking among khat chewers and non khat chewers were 40.43% and 11.54% respectively. The final pooled effect size after trim and fill was found to be 1.93 (95%CI: 1.71, 2.14). This showed the presence of a significant association between khat chewing and cigarettes smoking. Conclusions: Khat chewing were found to be significantly associated with cigarette smoking therefore, effective khat chewing prevention and intervention programs are required to reduce smoking among People in Ethiopia.
背景:烟草使用是一个主要的公共卫生问题，与心血管疾病(cvd)风险增加密切相关的生活方式，本系统综述和荟萃分析的目的是确定咀嚼阿拉伯茶是否是埃塞俄比亚吸烟的危险因素。方法:通过检索PubMed、b谷歌Scholar和Web of science等数据库，检索已发表和未发表的文章，筛选出符合条件的研究;数据由两位独立作者使用数据抽象化表格从符合条件的研究中提取。采用视觉漏斗图和Egger检验评估发表偏倚。meta分析采用随机效应模型，采用Der Simonian和Laird方法。结果:8项研究被纳入meta分析。在3839名受访者中，有751人(19.56%)吸烟。咀嚼阿拉伯茶者吸烟比例为40.43%，非咀嚼阿拉伯茶者吸烟比例为11.54%。修剪和填充后的最终合并效应大小为1.93 (95%CI: 1.71, 2.14)。这表明嚼阿拉伯茶和吸烟之间存在着显著的联系。结论:咀嚼阿拉伯茶被发现与吸烟显著相关，因此，需要有效的阿拉伯茶咀嚼预防和干预方案来减少埃塞俄比亚人的吸烟。
{"title":"Khat Chewing as a Risk Factor of Cigarette Smoking in Ethiopia Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Wosenyeleh Semeon Bagajjo, Kaleab Tesfaye Tegegne, Demelash Zeleke, Andualem Zenebe, Abiyu Ayalew Assefa","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.276","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tobacco use is a major public health issue and strongest lifestyle related with increase probability of Cardiovascular Disease (CVDs), the objective of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to determine whether khat chewing is risk factor of cigarette smoking In Ethiopia. Methods: Eligible studies were identified by searching different databases like PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of science for published and unpublished articles; Data were extracted from the eligible studies using data abstraction form by two independent authors. Publication bias was assessed using the visual funnel plot and Egger’s test. Meta-analysis was performed by using random-effects models with the Der Simonian and Laird method. Results: Eight studies were found to be eligible and included in the meta–analysis. Out of 3839 respondents 751(19.56%) were cigarette smokers. The proportion of cigarettes smoking among khat chewers and non khat chewers were 40.43% and 11.54% respectively. The final pooled effect size after trim and fill was found to be 1.93 (95%CI: 1.71, 2.14). This showed the presence of a significant association between khat chewing and cigarettes smoking. Conclusions: Khat chewing were found to be significantly associated with cigarette smoking therefore, effective khat chewing prevention and intervention programs are required to reduce smoking among People in Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70011984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.282
Suleiman M. Olimat
Spongia somnifera is considered the most important formula used in anaesthesia and has been developed over centuries by different physicians. Medicinal plants being the anchor ingredients in the various formulas (opium, mandrake, hemlock, henbane, ivy, mulberry, hops, wide lettuce). The aim of the present review is to evaluate the medicinal plants used in different formulas of Spongia somnifera as anesthetic agent with correlation with their modern applications, chemical compositions and pharmacology.
{"title":"The Spongia Somnifera: A Review Article","authors":"Suleiman M. Olimat","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.282","url":null,"abstract":"Spongia somnifera is considered the most important formula used in anaesthesia and has been developed over centuries by different physicians. Medicinal plants being the anchor ingredients in the various formulas (opium, mandrake, hemlock, henbane, ivy, mulberry, hops, wide lettuce). The aim of the present review is to evaluate the medicinal plants used in different formulas of Spongia somnifera as anesthetic agent with correlation with their modern applications, chemical compositions and pharmacology.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70012048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the objective of controlling malaria by reducing the populations of Plasmodium spp, vectors, fractions obtained from crude extracts of dry plants of Cyperus rotundus and Leucas martinicensis were analyzed and their larvicidal activity on Anopheles arabiensis determined. Biological tests revealed that the hexane fraction of Cyperus rotundus as well as the ethyl acetate fractions of Leucas martinicensis and Cyperus rotundus are the most effective, with respective LC50 of 52.43ppm, 54.26ppm and 57.21ppm. The corresponding LH50 are 3h 09min 11sec, 3h 29min 45sec and 3h 51min 01sec. Phytochemical tests showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Cyperus rotundus contains more terpenoids (42.005 ± 0.615 g lupeol eq / 100g DM), followed by the hexane fractions of Leucas martinicensis (38.845 ± 0.215 g Lupeol eq. / 100g DM), Cyperus rotundus (36.1 ± 0.66 g eq. lupeol / 100g DM).
以减少疟原虫种群为防治疟疾的目的，分析了圆形沙柏(Cyperus rotundus)和马提兰(Leucas martinicensis)干燥植物粗提物的载体、组分，并测定了它们对阿拉伯按蚊的杀幼虫活性。生物试验结果表明，香柏的己烷部位、马提尼松和香柏的乙酸乙酯部位的抑菌效果最好，LC50分别为52.43ppm、54.26ppm和57.21ppm。相应的LH50分别为3h 09min 11sec、3h 29min 45sec和3h 51min 01sec。植物化学试验结果表明，香附的乙酸乙酯部位含有较多的萜类化合物(42.005±0.615 g lupeol eq / 100g DM)，其次是马提子的己烷部位(38.845±0.215 g lupeol eq. / 100g DM)，香附的己烷部位(36.1±0.66 g eq. lupeol / 100g DM)。
{"title":"Fractionation of methanolic extracts from two herbaceous plants and evaluation of their larvicidal activity on Anopheles arabiensis.","authors":"Bouba Théophile, Saotoing Pierre, Ndjonka Dieudonné","doi":"10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2329-891X.21.9.263","url":null,"abstract":"With the objective of controlling malaria by reducing the populations of Plasmodium spp, vectors, fractions obtained from crude extracts of dry plants of Cyperus rotundus and Leucas martinicensis were analyzed and their larvicidal activity on Anopheles arabiensis determined. Biological tests revealed that the hexane fraction of Cyperus rotundus as well as the ethyl acetate fractions of Leucas martinicensis and Cyperus rotundus are the most effective, with respective LC50 of 52.43ppm, 54.26ppm and 57.21ppm. The corresponding LH50 are 3h 09min 11sec, 3h 29min 45sec and 3h 51min 01sec. Phytochemical tests showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Cyperus rotundus contains more terpenoids (42.005 ± 0.615 g lupeol eq / 100g DM), followed by the hexane fractions of Leucas martinicensis (38.845 ± 0.215 g Lupeol eq. / 100g DM), Cyperus rotundus (36.1 ± 0.66 g eq. lupeol / 100g DM).","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70010460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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