Common bean is consumed in large quantities globally but it is highly susceptible to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, leading to 90 to 100% yield losses. This study investigated the bioactivity of secondary metabolites from Allophylus abyssinicus fungal endophytes against C. lindemuthianum, causing bean anthracnose. A total of 37 fungal endophytes were isolated from the leaves, bark and roots of A. abyssinicus and 20% identified by ITS-rDNA sequence analysis as Aspergillus hancockii, Penicillium christenseniae, Penicillium atrosanguineum and Penicillium manginii. Thirty-three of the endophytes were active against C. lindemuthianum in the dual culture assay with the highest inhibition being 82.6% (A. hancockii). Two of the most active endophytes (A. hancockii and P. christenseniae) were fermented on rice media and their methanol extracts partitioned between ethyl acetate and hexane. Aspergillus hancockii crude hexane extract had the highest inhibition (19.0±1.7mm at 100 mg/ml) against the pathogen under the bioassay screening and 6.3±3.8 mm at 6.25% against C. lindemuthianum under the minimum inhibitory concentration (0.625 mg/ml) screening. Chemical screening of the extracts revealed presence of alkaloids in A. hancockii and P. christenseniae; sterols, triterpenes and coumarins in A. hancockii. These results indicated that fungal endophytes from A. abyssinicus are a source of active compounds that can be used to control C. lindemuthianum affecting common bean. Key words: Allophylus abyssinicus, Antifungal activity, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, fungal endophytes, secondary metabolites.
{"title":"Screening extracts of fungal endophytes isolated from Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst. Radlk.) for control of bean anthracnose","authors":"Gathiru Kariuki Hellen, Nyokabi Wagara Isabel, Were Beatrice, Walyambillah Waudo, Clement Matasyoh Josphat","doi":"10.5897/ajb2023.17566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2023.17566","url":null,"abstract":"Common bean is consumed in large quantities globally but it is highly susceptible to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, leading to 90 to 100% yield losses. This study investigated the bioactivity of secondary metabolites from Allophylus abyssinicus fungal endophytes against C. lindemuthianum, causing bean anthracnose. A total of 37 fungal endophytes were isolated from the leaves, bark and roots of A. abyssinicus and 20% identified by ITS-rDNA sequence analysis as Aspergillus hancockii, Penicillium christenseniae, Penicillium atrosanguineum and Penicillium manginii. Thirty-three of the endophytes were active against C. lindemuthianum in the dual culture assay with the highest inhibition being 82.6% (A. hancockii). Two of the most active endophytes (A. hancockii and P. christenseniae) were fermented on rice media and their methanol extracts partitioned between ethyl acetate and hexane. Aspergillus hancockii crude hexane extract had the highest inhibition (19.0±1.7mm at 100 mg/ml) against the pathogen under the bioassay screening and 6.3±3.8 mm at 6.25% against C. lindemuthianum under the minimum inhibitory concentration (0.625 mg/ml) screening. Chemical screening of the extracts revealed presence of alkaloids in A. hancockii and P. christenseniae; sterols, triterpenes and coumarins in A. hancockii. These results indicated that fungal endophytes from A. abyssinicus are a source of active compounds that can be used to control C. lindemuthianum affecting common bean. Key words: Allophylus abyssinicus, Antifungal activity, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, fungal endophytes, secondary metabolites.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"47 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135976847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industrialization in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria has resulted in excessive discharge of industrial wastes, especially oil spillage. Farming in this region has declined and cotton farming has not survived there due to this menace. Phytoremediation, which is an emerging green technology has been adopted for the revitalization of farming in polluted sites and has been integrated towards solving this challenge. Many indigenous plants of high phytoremediation strength within and outside Nigeria have been reported. The use of genetic engineering approaches for developing transgenic plants with higher phytoremediation potential have also been successful in certain plants. This review, therefore, focused on phytoremediation, its impact, success, potential plants, plant’s phytoremediation mechanisms, and the technological advancement need through cotton genetic engineering. Cotton is the foremost commercially important fiber crop and its fiber is the backbone of the textile industry. It has significant impact in the economy but its phytoremediation strength is naturally poor; hence, prompting attention to the genetic modification of cotton for phytoremediation purposes and basing the future phytoremediation on the use of transgenic economic plants, especially cotton, are of significant importance. Key words: Pollution, farming, cotton, phytoremediation, genetic engineering.
{"title":"Introducing cotton farming by the use of transgenic cotton for phytoremediation of industrial wastes polluted soils in Southern Nigeria","authors":"E. Vitalis Nnaemeka, Sun Yuqiang","doi":"10.5897/ajb2021.17377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2021.17377","url":null,"abstract":"Industrialization in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria has resulted in excessive discharge of industrial wastes, especially oil spillage. Farming in this region has declined and cotton farming has not survived there due to this menace. Phytoremediation, which is an emerging green technology has been adopted for the revitalization of farming in polluted sites and has been integrated towards solving this challenge. Many indigenous plants of high phytoremediation strength within and outside Nigeria have been reported. The use of genetic engineering approaches for developing transgenic plants with higher phytoremediation potential have also been successful in certain plants. This review, therefore, focused on phytoremediation, its impact, success, potential plants, plant’s phytoremediation mechanisms, and the technological advancement need through cotton genetic engineering. Cotton is the foremost commercially important fiber crop and its fiber is the backbone of the textile industry. It has significant impact in the economy but its phytoremediation strength is naturally poor; hence, prompting attention to the genetic modification of cotton for phytoremediation purposes and basing the future phytoremediation on the use of transgenic economic plants, especially cotton, are of significant importance. Key words: Pollution, farming, cotton, phytoremediation, genetic engineering.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"46 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135976850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matsumoto Taku, Kojima Kouji, Saigusa Noriaki, Teramoto Yuji
It was reported that the glucoamylase activity of rice-koji prepared with sound-irradiated conidiospores of yellow-koji, Aspergillus oryzae, at 16 kHz was decreased as compared with that of conidiospores that had not been sound irradiated. To reveal why the glucoamylase activity was changed, we observed the changes of the expression level of glaB encoding glucoamylase. We also determined to observe how the germination ratio of conidiospores and the hyphal weight of rice-koji were changed by sound waves. When conidiospores were irradiated with sound waves at 16 kHz, the expression level of glaB was decreased and the correlation between the expression level of glaB and glucoamylase activity was confirmed. When steamed rice was inoculated by sound-irradiated conidiospores, the conidial germination ratio 8 h after inoculation was 1.4 times higher than that of conidiospores that had not been sound irradiated, and the hyphal weight of rice-koji was 1.2 times higher than that of conidiospores that had not been sound irradiated. The correlation between the germination ratio and hyphal weight was also confirmed. Key words: Aspergillus oryzae RIB40, glucoamylase activity, rice-koji; sound waves.
{"title":"Effects of sound waves on conidiospores of Aspergillus oryzae strain RIB40 and characterization of the enzyme activity of ricekoji","authors":"Matsumoto Taku, Kojima Kouji, Saigusa Noriaki, Teramoto Yuji","doi":"10.5897/ajb2023.17600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2023.17600","url":null,"abstract":"It was reported that the glucoamylase activity of rice-koji prepared with sound-irradiated conidiospores of yellow-koji, Aspergillus oryzae, at 16 kHz was decreased as compared with that of conidiospores that had not been sound irradiated. To reveal why the glucoamylase activity was changed, we observed the changes of the expression level of glaB encoding glucoamylase. We also determined to observe how the germination ratio of conidiospores and the hyphal weight of rice-koji were changed by sound waves. When conidiospores were irradiated with sound waves at 16 kHz, the expression level of glaB was decreased and the correlation between the expression level of glaB and glucoamylase activity was confirmed. When steamed rice was inoculated by sound-irradiated conidiospores, the conidial germination ratio 8 h after inoculation was 1.4 times higher than that of conidiospores that had not been sound irradiated, and the hyphal weight of rice-koji was 1.2 times higher than that of conidiospores that had not been sound irradiated. The correlation between the germination ratio and hyphal weight was also confirmed. Key words: Aspergillus oryzae RIB40, glucoamylase activity, rice-koji; sound waves.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"45 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135976852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mananga Marlyne-Joséphine, Nicolas Policarpe Nolla, Moustapha Hamadou, Ebouel Ferdinand Lanvin Edoun, Noah Joseph Karrington Eyili, Carole Djouhou Fowe Michelle, Elie Fokou
Maintaining optimal nutrition and healthy population continues to be a global priority. The group of liquids and beverages plays an important role in human nutrition. Most beverages consumed are artificial and contain an array of chemical molecules that can be harmful to the health of consumers. Papaya, pineapple and beetroot are the most popular fruits and legumes in Cameroon with several therapeutical effects. This study aimed to develop natural fruit juices from the combination of papaya, pineapple, and beetroot. Four different mixed fruit juices were made and analysed for various physicochemical and nutritional properties. The results of the study showed levels of pH (4.79-5.26), carotenoid (0.01 mg/100 mL), and vitamin C (23.56-50.85 mg/100 mL) in studied juices. The moisture, carbohydrate, soluble sugar, fat and protein contents varied from 91.4-94.36%, 4.38-7.16%, 1.19-1.73%, 0.12-0.26%, and 0.51-1.24%, respectively. The minerals ranged from 0.89-1.29 mg/100 mL, 5.28-6.32 mg/100 mL and 5.26-8.13 mg/100 mL, respectively for Fe, Ca, and Mg. Amongst the four juices, J4 was shown to be the most nutritive. Juices of this study could be used as food formulation material for infants and young children to prevent iron deficiency anemia. Also, post harvest loss fruits can be reduced by converting fruit into attractive mixed juice which increase value of the product. Key words: Carica papaya, Ananas comosus, Beta vulgaris, juices mixed, nutritional characteristics.
{"title":"Nutritional and physicochemical characteristics of natural fruit juice formulated from papaya (Carica papaya), pineapple (Ananas comosus) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris)","authors":"Mananga Marlyne-Joséphine, Nicolas Policarpe Nolla, Moustapha Hamadou, Ebouel Ferdinand Lanvin Edoun, Noah Joseph Karrington Eyili, Carole Djouhou Fowe Michelle, Elie Fokou","doi":"10.5897/ajb2023.17573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2023.17573","url":null,"abstract":"Maintaining optimal nutrition and healthy population continues to be a global priority. The group of liquids and beverages plays an important role in human nutrition. Most beverages consumed are artificial and contain an array of chemical molecules that can be harmful to the health of consumers. Papaya, pineapple and beetroot are the most popular fruits and legumes in Cameroon with several therapeutical effects. This study aimed to develop natural fruit juices from the combination of papaya, pineapple, and beetroot. Four different mixed fruit juices were made and analysed for various physicochemical and nutritional properties. The results of the study showed levels of pH (4.79-5.26), carotenoid (0.01 mg/100 mL), and vitamin C (23.56-50.85 mg/100 mL) in studied juices. The moisture, carbohydrate, soluble sugar, fat and protein contents varied from 91.4-94.36%, 4.38-7.16%, 1.19-1.73%, 0.12-0.26%, and 0.51-1.24%, respectively. The minerals ranged from 0.89-1.29 mg/100 mL, 5.28-6.32 mg/100 mL and 5.26-8.13 mg/100 mL, respectively for Fe, Ca, and Mg. Amongst the four juices, J4 was shown to be the most nutritive. Juices of this study could be used as food formulation material for infants and young children to prevent iron deficiency anemia. Also, post harvest loss fruits can be reduced by converting fruit into attractive mixed juice which increase value of the product. Key words: Carica papaya, Ananas comosus, Beta vulgaris, juices mixed, nutritional characteristics. ","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136272082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. F. Siyanbola, O. Ajao, C. T. Olateru, O. A. Fatoki, Y. A. Ekanola
Research on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) continues to be relevant in the development of nutraceuticals. In this study, edible medicinal Talinum triangulare and Acalypha wilkesiana were collected and subjected to spontaneous fermentation for 24 h. Samples were collected at 6 h intervals for determination of pH and microbial analysis. Determination of LAB percentage frequency occurrence, probiotic properties, and safety were done. Molecular characterization of probiotic and safe LAB was carried out. During spontaneous fermentation of T. triangulare, pH decreased from 7.7 at 0 h to 5.8 at 24 h. Same trend was observed during A. wilkesiana fermentation. Microbial loads increased from 1.4 × 103 cfu/ml at 6 h to 4.68 × 107 cfu/ml at 24 h during fermentation of water leaf and from 2.56 × 102 cfu/ml at 6 h to 5.85 × 107 cfu/ml at 24 h during Irish petticoat fermentation. Forty-three LAB (30 and 13 LAB from fermenting Water leaf and Irish petticoat, respectively) were isolated in this study. They were identified as: Enterococcus hirae (43.3%), Streptococcus thermophilus (20.9%), Enterococcus durans (18.6%), and Lactococcus lactis (14.0%). However, Enterococcus hirae had the highest probiotic properties followed by Streptococcus thermophilus but the result of their molecular characterization revealed Enterococcus hirae and Weisella confuse, respectively. Considering this confusion and uncertainty about W. confusa, its use as a probiotic should be approached with caution. E. hirae is suggested to be the best probiotic potential starter for the controlled fermentation of water leaf and Irish petticoat medicinal plants. This study therefore confirms the possibility of isolating probiotic E. hirae from non-dairy source and suggests its incorporation into plant-based starter fermented foods. Key words: Enterococcus hirae, Weisella confusa, probiotic, water leaf, Irish petticoat.
{"title":"Molecular characterization of probiotic Enterococcus hirae from fermenting acalypha wilkesiana (Irish Petticoat) and Talinum triangulare (Water Leaf) medicinal plants","authors":"M. F. Siyanbola, O. Ajao, C. T. Olateru, O. A. Fatoki, Y. A. Ekanola","doi":"10.5897/ajb2023.17585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2023.17585","url":null,"abstract":"Research on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) continues to be relevant in the development of nutraceuticals. In this study, edible medicinal Talinum triangulare and Acalypha wilkesiana were collected and subjected to spontaneous fermentation for 24 h. Samples were collected at 6 h intervals for determination of pH and microbial analysis. Determination of LAB percentage frequency occurrence, probiotic properties, and safety were done. Molecular characterization of probiotic and safe LAB was carried out. During spontaneous fermentation of T. triangulare, pH decreased from 7.7 at 0 h to 5.8 at 24 h. Same trend was observed during A. wilkesiana fermentation. Microbial loads increased from 1.4 × 103 cfu/ml at 6 h to 4.68 × 107 cfu/ml at 24 h during fermentation of water leaf and from 2.56 × 102 cfu/ml at 6 h to 5.85 × 107 cfu/ml at 24 h during Irish petticoat fermentation. Forty-three LAB (30 and 13 LAB from fermenting Water leaf and Irish petticoat, respectively) were isolated in this study. They were identified as: Enterococcus hirae (43.3%), Streptococcus thermophilus (20.9%), Enterococcus durans (18.6%), and Lactococcus lactis (14.0%). However, Enterococcus hirae had the highest probiotic properties followed by Streptococcus thermophilus but the result of their molecular characterization revealed Enterococcus hirae and Weisella confuse, respectively. Considering this confusion and uncertainty about W. confusa, its use as a probiotic should be approached with caution. E. hirae is suggested to be the best probiotic potential starter for the controlled fermentation of water leaf and Irish petticoat medicinal plants. This study therefore confirms the possibility of isolating probiotic E. hirae from non-dairy source and suggests its incorporation into plant-based starter fermented foods. Key words: Enterococcus hirae, Weisella confusa, probiotic, water leaf, Irish petticoat.  ","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136272078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Issa Coulibaly, S. Bouaré, Drissa Samake, Oumar Diandjo Traore, A. Dicko
This study evaluates the antimicrobial properties of essential oils of Mentha aquatica and Pimpinella anisum in the stabilization of pasteurized plant extract of Cyperus esculentus in Mali. The extraction of essential oils was carried out by steam distillation of the aerial organs of M. aquatica harvested in Bamako and the seeds of P. anisum harvested at Diré in Timbuktu Region. Aging tests were carried out by direct incorporation of essential oils into plant extract of C. esculentus which is then pasteurized. The plants investigated have an essential oil extraction yield of 1.43% for M. aquatica and 2.14% for P. anisum. The results of the aging tests showed that the essential oils of M. aquatica and P. anisum exert a strong antimicrobial activity on the spoilage flora because it made it possible to extend the storage time of vegetable extract up to 32 days. The oils of these plants are therefore an effective alternative to chemical antimicrobials, many of which are harmful to the health of the consumer and it would be interesting to study the biological effect of the combination of these essential oils in the stabilization of this food since they are active on different microbial groups.
{"title":"Study of the effectiveness of essential oils of Mentha aquatica L. and Pimpinella anisum L. in the microbiological stabilization of pasteurized plant extract of Cyperus esculentus L. in Mali","authors":"Issa Coulibaly, S. Bouaré, Drissa Samake, Oumar Diandjo Traore, A. Dicko","doi":"10.5897/ajb2023.17580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2023.17580","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the antimicrobial properties of essential oils of Mentha aquatica and Pimpinella anisum in the stabilization of pasteurized plant extract of Cyperus esculentus in Mali. The extraction of essential oils was carried out by steam distillation of the aerial organs of M. aquatica harvested in Bamako and the seeds of P. anisum harvested at Diré in Timbuktu Region. Aging tests were carried out by direct incorporation of essential oils into plant extract of C. esculentus which is then pasteurized. The plants investigated have an essential oil extraction yield of 1.43% for M. aquatica and 2.14% for P. anisum. The results of the aging tests showed that the essential oils of M. aquatica and P. anisum exert a strong antimicrobial activity on the spoilage flora because it made it possible to extend the storage time of vegetable extract up to 32 days. The oils of these plants are therefore an effective alternative to chemical antimicrobials, many of which are harmful to the health of the consumer and it would be interesting to study the biological effect of the combination of these essential oils in the stabilization of this food since they are active on different microbial groups.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42341766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abbas Manzar, Sarfaraz Hussain Syed, Kosar Abbas Saqi, Abbas Sammar, Tahir Muhammad, Su Yongying, Li Jia, Ahmed Nisar, Sarwar Khan Muhammad, Gou Caiming
Immature zygotic embryos from spring barley cv. Haider-93 were used to induce somatic embryogenesis. The type of the explant, the level of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and handling of calli during subculture are critical factors to obtain maximum number of regenerants. Different concentrations of 2,4-D (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mg/L) and Kinetin (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L) were used for callus induction and shoot initiation, respectively. Use of immature embryos having damaged axis as explants revealed a pronounced gradient of callus formation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/L of 2,4-D and maximum regeneration response at 1 mg/L kinetin. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L IAA. A kill curve was developed to find out the sensitivity level of barley cells to spectinomycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. This study fulfils an antique prerequisite of a reproducible regeneration system required for the improvement of barley via genetic engineering and also falls under, “Establish Good Health and Well-Being” Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations Organization. Key words: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, indole acetic acid, kinetin, antibiotic resistance, spectinomycin, Barley 53.
{"title":"Optimization of regeneration protocol and prospecting spectinomycin resistance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv Haider-93","authors":"Abbas Manzar, Sarfaraz Hussain Syed, Kosar Abbas Saqi, Abbas Sammar, Tahir Muhammad, Su Yongying, Li Jia, Ahmed Nisar, Sarwar Khan Muhammad, Gou Caiming","doi":"10.5897/ajb2023.17590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2023.17590","url":null,"abstract":"Immature zygotic embryos from spring barley cv. Haider-93 were used to induce somatic embryogenesis. The type of the explant, the level of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and handling of calli during subculture are critical factors to obtain maximum number of regenerants. Different concentrations of 2,4-D (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mg/L) and Kinetin (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/L) were used for callus induction and shoot initiation, respectively. Use of immature embryos having damaged axis as explants revealed a pronounced gradient of callus formation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/L of 2,4-D and maximum regeneration response at 1 mg/L kinetin. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L IAA. A kill curve was developed to find out the sensitivity level of barley cells to spectinomycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. This study fulfils an antique prerequisite of a reproducible regeneration system required for the improvement of barley via genetic engineering and also falls under, “Establish Good Health and Well-Being” Sustainable Development Goals of United Nations Organization. Key words: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, indole acetic acid, kinetin, antibiotic resistance, spectinomycin, Barley 53.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136272077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Nwachukwu Kenneth, S. Aloh Godwin, I. Egbachukwu Simeon, N. Ijioma Solomon, A. Alli Lukman, C. Ugwuanyi Kingsley, U. Onwuchekwa Blessing, P. Okoh Michael
This study investigated the phytochemical composition and toxicity potentials of Gouania longipetala leaf extract in rats. Crude extract was prepared from freshly collected leaves of the plant and was subjected to phytochemical analyses including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and acute toxicity. 15 rats were used for the sub-acute toxicity evaluation, 5 rats in each group of 3, each were treated such that, group 1 is the control, with groups 2 and 3 administered 400 and 800 mg/kg of the extract orally for 28 days. Results showed the extract contains phenols, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids with alkaloids concentration recorded as, 34.30±0.14 mg/100 g, cardiac glycoside 3.89±0.04 mg/100 g being the least. GC-MS chromatogram of the extract showed the presence of 20 compounds with Spartein (24.92%) as the most abundant and ethyl oleate (0.79%), the least. Acute toxicity (LD50) value for the extract was found to be >5000 mg/kg body weight in rats. Sub-acute administration of the extract to rats did not significantly alter values of haematological and liver and renal function parameters when compared with control (p<0.05) but lowered levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Antioxidant parameters like reduced glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase were also increased in the extract treated rats (p<0.05) while Malondialdehyde concentration was lowered significantly (p<0.05). Results therefore showed that G. longipetala leaf extract may be a very safe alternative for oral use in the management of hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress induced diseases. Key words: Gouania longipetala extract, phytochemical, antioxidant, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, toxicity.
{"title":"Phytochemical composition, GC-MS analysis and toxicological profiling of Gouania longipetala leaf extract in rats","authors":"C. Nwachukwu Kenneth, S. Aloh Godwin, I. Egbachukwu Simeon, N. Ijioma Solomon, A. Alli Lukman, C. Ugwuanyi Kingsley, U. Onwuchekwa Blessing, P. Okoh Michael","doi":"10.5897/ajb2023.17594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2023.17594","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the phytochemical composition and toxicity potentials of Gouania longipetala leaf extract in rats. Crude extract was prepared from freshly collected leaves of the plant and was subjected to phytochemical analyses including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and acute toxicity. 15 rats were used for the sub-acute toxicity evaluation, 5 rats in each group of 3, each were treated such that, group 1 is the control, with groups 2 and 3 administered 400 and 800 mg/kg of the extract orally for 28 days. Results showed the extract contains phenols, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids with alkaloids concentration recorded as, 34.30±0.14 mg/100 g, cardiac glycoside 3.89±0.04 mg/100 g being the least. GC-MS chromatogram of the extract showed the presence of 20 compounds with Spartein (24.92%) as the most abundant and ethyl oleate (0.79%), the least. Acute toxicity (LD50) value for the extract was found to be >5000 mg/kg body weight in rats. Sub-acute administration of the extract to rats did not significantly alter values of haematological and liver and renal function parameters when compared with control (p<0.05) but lowered levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Antioxidant parameters like reduced glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase were also increased in the extract treated rats (p<0.05) while Malondialdehyde concentration was lowered significantly (p<0.05). Results therefore showed that G. longipetala leaf extract may be a very safe alternative for oral use in the management of hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress induced diseases. Key words: Gouania longipetala extract, phytochemical, antioxidant, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, toxicity.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136272080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Odo, N. Abu, T. C. Igu, L. N. Asogwa, C. Eze, O. James, O. T. Oyediran, J. O. Okanwu, E. Ojua
This research aimed at evaluating four cultivars of Capsicum annuum L. with different nutrient sources to ascertain the nutrient source that would improve the soil characteristic and promote the accumulation of carotenoids and flavonoids in peppers. Four nutrient sources: poultry manure, pig manure, goat manure, and nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium (NPK) were used for the study. The experiment was conducted as a 4 × 5 Factorial in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) at the Botanical Garden of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The soils characteristic features were analyzed by standard methods. The fruits biochemical content was quantified with the aid of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography at the National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Nigeria. The α-carotene level (333.48±0.27 mg/L) was the highest in “Nsukka yellow pepper” fruits grown on soil mixed with goat manure while β-carotene (45.56±0.29 mg/L) was the highest when grown on soil mixed with poultry manure. “Tatase” cv. planted on soil mixed with poultry manure expressed the highest fruit capsanthin level while lutein was highly expressed when grown on soil mixed with goat manure. In conclusion, growing “Nsukka yellow pepper” with goat manure could increase the production of α-carotene, while poultry manure will increase the production of β-carotene.
{"title":"Expression of bioactive compounds in different pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum L.) in response to different fertilizer treatments","authors":"V. Odo, N. Abu, T. C. Igu, L. N. Asogwa, C. Eze, O. James, O. T. Oyediran, J. O. Okanwu, E. Ojua","doi":"10.5897/ajb2023.17570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2023.17570","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed at evaluating four cultivars of Capsicum annuum L. with different nutrient sources to ascertain the nutrient source that would improve the soil characteristic and promote the accumulation of carotenoids and flavonoids in peppers. Four nutrient sources: poultry manure, pig manure, goat manure, and nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium (NPK) were used for the study. The experiment was conducted as a 4 × 5 Factorial in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) at the Botanical Garden of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The soils characteristic features were analyzed by standard methods. The fruits biochemical content was quantified with the aid of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography at the National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Nigeria. The α-carotene level (333.48±0.27 mg/L) was the highest in “Nsukka yellow pepper” fruits grown on soil mixed with goat manure while β-carotene (45.56±0.29 mg/L) was the highest when grown on soil mixed with poultry manure. “Tatase” cv. planted on soil mixed with poultry manure expressed the highest fruit capsanthin level while lutein was highly expressed when grown on soil mixed with goat manure. In conclusion, growing “Nsukka yellow pepper” with goat manure could increase the production of α-carotene, while poultry manure will increase the production of β-carotene.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45503916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was intended to investigate the antioxidant activities of different solvent fractions (hexane (HEX), chloroform (CHL), ethylacetate (ETHYL) and methanol (MET) fractions) of methanol extract of Andrographis paniculata and GC-MS profiling of the most active fraction (MET). The crude methanol extract was fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-azobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS), and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging abilities. GC-MS was conducted to determine phytochemical present in methanol fraction. The results indicated that MET possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher TPC (33.98 ±1.63 mg GAE/g), TFC (15.81 ± 0.9 5mg QUE/g), TAC (21.44 ± 0.29 mg AAE/g) and FRAP (57.87 ± 0.88 mg Fe 2+ /g) than the other fractions. Also, MET exhibited the highest scavenging (ABTS, DPPH and NO) abilities of all the fractions. The GC-MS profiling of methanol fraction showed abundance presence of 2, 5-octadecadienoic-methyl ester and hexadecanoic acid-methyl ester. In conclusion, various fractions of A. paniculata have antioxidant abilities and could be used in diseases associated with free radicals.
{"title":"Antioxidant activities and GC-MS profiling of fractions of methanol extract of Andrographis paniculata","authors":"Olusola Omiyale Benjamin, Olayele Karigidi Kayode","doi":"10.5897/ajb2023.17545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2023.17545","url":null,"abstract":"This study was intended to investigate the antioxidant activities of different solvent fractions (hexane (HEX), chloroform (CHL), ethylacetate (ETHYL) and methanol (MET) fractions) of methanol extract of Andrographis paniculata and GC-MS profiling of the most active fraction (MET). The crude methanol extract was fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-azobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS), and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging abilities. GC-MS was conducted to determine phytochemical present in methanol fraction. The results indicated that MET possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher TPC (33.98 ±1.63 mg GAE/g), TFC (15.81 ± 0.9 5mg QUE/g), TAC (21.44 ± 0.29 mg AAE/g) and FRAP (57.87 ± 0.88 mg Fe 2+ /g) than the other fractions. Also, MET exhibited the highest scavenging (ABTS, DPPH and NO) abilities of all the fractions. The GC-MS profiling of methanol fraction showed abundance presence of 2, 5-octadecadienoic-methyl ester and hexadecanoic acid-methyl ester. In conclusion, various fractions of A. paniculata have antioxidant abilities and could be used in diseases associated with free radicals.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42958551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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