Salinity is major abiotic stress limiting plant growth worldwide. Plant adaptation to salinity stress involves diverse physiological and metabolic pathways. In this study, we assessed the effects of foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and Moringa leaf extract (MLE) on salt tolerance in faba beans (cultivar, Sakha 4). Morphological, chemical, and biochemical parameters of plants grown under saline condition (50 and 100 mM NaCl) were assessed 60 days after sowing. Salt stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, proline, minerals, total phenol, and enzyme activity of the faba bean variety. The results showed that foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under salt-stressed conditions promoted growth parameters (that is, shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot, roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (that is, chl a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, mineral elements (Na + , K + , Ca +2 , and Zn +2 ), total phenol and enzyme activity (POX, PPO, APX, and CAT) compared to control plants. Based on these findings, the potential of foliar spraying application of MLE and ZnONPs may help alleviate the negative effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis efficiency, and biochemical properties of faba bean .
盐度是限制植物生长的主要非生物胁迫。植物对盐胁迫的适应涉及多种生理和代谢途径。本研究评估了叶面施用氧化锌纳米颗粒(ZnONPs)和辣木叶提取物(MLE)对蚕豆(Sakha 4)耐盐性的影响，并在播种后60 d对盐(50和100 mM NaCl)条件下生长的植株进行了形态、化学和生化指标的评估。盐胁迫导致蚕豆品种的生长性状、光合色素、脯氨酸、矿物质、总酚和酶活性显著降低。结果表明:与对照相比，盐胁迫条件下叶面喷施MLE和ZnONPs能提高蚕豆的生长参数(茎长、叶片数、相对含水量、茎部、根系鲜重和干重)、光合色素(chl a、b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)、脯氨酸、矿质元素(Na +、K +、Ca +2和Zn +2)、总酚和酶活性(POX、PPO、APX和CAT)。综上所述，叶面喷施MLE和ZnONPs可能有助于缓解盐度对蚕豆生长、光合效率和生化特性的负面影响。
{"title":"The effect of foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles and Moringa oleifera leaf extract on growth, biochemical parameters and in promoting salt stress tolerance in faba bean","authors":"Sherif M. Ragab, L. Turoop, S. Runo, S. Nyanjom","doi":"10.5897/ajb2022.17485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2022.17485","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity is major abiotic stress limiting plant growth worldwide. Plant adaptation to salinity stress involves diverse physiological and metabolic pathways. In this study, we assessed the effects of foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and Moringa leaf extract (MLE) on salt tolerance in faba beans (cultivar, Sakha 4). Morphological, chemical, and biochemical parameters of plants grown under saline condition (50 and 100 mM NaCl) were assessed 60 days after sowing. Salt stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, proline, minerals, total phenol, and enzyme activity of the faba bean variety. The results showed that foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under salt-stressed conditions promoted growth parameters (that is, shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot, roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (that is, chl a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, mineral elements (Na + , K + , Ca +2 , and Zn +2 ), total phenol and enzyme activity (POX, PPO, APX, and CAT) compared to control plants. Based on these findings, the potential of foliar spraying application of MLE and ZnONPs may help alleviate the negative effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis efficiency, and biochemical properties of faba bean .","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41713449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Nwogha, J. Obidiegwu, R. N. Okereke, R. Bhattacharjee, H. Oselebe
The persistent low yield and farmers’ preference of their traditional yam varieties over the improved varieties necessitated this study to verify the adoption status of the released varieties in Nigeria. A total of 48 accessions of white yam ( Dioscorea rotundata ) were sampled from six states of Ebonyi, Enugu, Benue, Kogi, Nassarawa and Oyo within Nigeria yam-belt and were genotyped for relatedness to four released varieties from the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike yam breeding programme, while 14 accessions of water yam ( D. alata ) were sampled from four states of Benue, Kogi, Nassarawa and Oyo and were also genotyped for relatedness to three released varieties from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan. A total of 29 alleles were found in 5 sets of primers analyzed for 52 D. rotundata accessions and the number of alleles ranged from 5 (Dald08, SSR 51 and YM 34) to 8 (Dab2E07) with an average of 5.8 per locus. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.19 (YM34) to 0.77 (YM30). A total gene diversity of 0.63 according to Nei (1978) genetic distance coefficients was observed among the 52 D. rotundata accessions. Similarly, a total of 37 alleles were observed when 17 D. alata accessions were analysed with the 7 selected sets of primers. An average of 5.29 alleles was observed per locus. The observed heterozygosity varied from 0.47 (Dab2D06) to 0.82 (YM34). A total gene diversity of 0.58 was observed among 17 D. alata accessions according to Nei’ genetic distance coefficients. Cluster analysis showed that the D. rotundata accessions were classified into 8 clusters. While, 17 accessions of D. alata were classified into 4 clusters. There were relationships between some released varieties and farmers accessions and also among the farmers’ accessions from different locations, indicating that farmers might have given a preferred local name to the released varieties.
{"title":"Preliminary verification of the adoption status of some yam (Dioscorea rotundata and Dioscorea alata) varieties in Nigeria using microsatellites markers","authors":"J. Nwogha, J. Obidiegwu, R. N. Okereke, R. Bhattacharjee, H. Oselebe","doi":"10.5897/ajb2021.17425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2021.17425","url":null,"abstract":"The persistent low yield and farmers’ preference of their traditional yam varieties over the improved varieties necessitated this study to verify the adoption status of the released varieties in Nigeria. A total of 48 accessions of white yam ( Dioscorea rotundata ) were sampled from six states of Ebonyi, Enugu, Benue, Kogi, Nassarawa and Oyo within Nigeria yam-belt and were genotyped for relatedness to four released varieties from the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike yam breeding programme, while 14 accessions of water yam ( D. alata ) were sampled from four states of Benue, Kogi, Nassarawa and Oyo and were also genotyped for relatedness to three released varieties from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan. A total of 29 alleles were found in 5 sets of primers analyzed for 52 D. rotundata accessions and the number of alleles ranged from 5 (Dald08, SSR 51 and YM 34) to 8 (Dab2E07) with an average of 5.8 per locus. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.19 (YM34) to 0.77 (YM30). A total gene diversity of 0.63 according to Nei (1978) genetic distance coefficients was observed among the 52 D. rotundata accessions. Similarly, a total of 37 alleles were observed when 17 D. alata accessions were analysed with the 7 selected sets of primers. An average of 5.29 alleles was observed per locus. The observed heterozygosity varied from 0.47 (Dab2D06) to 0.82 (YM34). A total gene diversity of 0.58 was observed among 17 D. alata accessions according to Nei’ genetic distance coefficients. Cluster analysis showed that the D. rotundata accessions were classified into 8 clusters. While, 17 accessions of D. alata were classified into 4 clusters. There were relationships between some released varieties and farmers accessions and also among the farmers’ accessions from different locations, indicating that farmers might have given a preferred local name to the released varieties.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49578317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Azu, W. Elegba, Abigail Tweneboah Asare, Kwame Kumi Asare, C. Akama, Patience Asare, C. Annor, Samuel Azure, K. Danso
An efficient callus-mediated regeneration system was developed for high-frequency production of planting material of sugarcane genotypes LSC and B36464. Spindle leaf segments cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 2,4-D or picloram at 1, 2, 3 or 4 mg/L resulted in callus induction. Callus induction was higher on 2,4-D amended medium compared to picloram. Nevertheless, for both auxins, callus induction improved significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with increasing concentration; the highest (82 and 82.5% for B36464 and LSC respectively) was achieved at 4 mg/L. For shoot induction, calli were transferred to MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/L). The highest number of shoots (18.13 and 16.75 for B36464 and LSC respectively) was achieved at 1.5 mg/L. Serial subculture at four-week intervals on a higher concentration of BAP (2.5 mg/L), in combination with NAA (0.5 mg/L) and GA3 (0.5 mg/L), resulted in a four-fold increase in shoot number within 16 weeks. On this medium, 40% of shoot clusters of B36464 formed well-defined shoots. On MS medium containing solely NAA (3 mg/L), 88 and 72% (B36464 and LSC respectively) formed roots. Post-flask acclimatisation of the plantlets led to 85 and 91% survival rates in LSC and B36464 respectively after which plantlets were successfully transferred to field conditions. The callus-mediated regeneration system reported in this study has the potential to sustainably provide sugarcane planting material for the emerging sugar industry in Ghana.
{"title":"Efficient callus-mediated system for commercial production of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) planting material in Ghana","authors":"E. Azu, W. Elegba, Abigail Tweneboah Asare, Kwame Kumi Asare, C. Akama, Patience Asare, C. Annor, Samuel Azure, K. Danso","doi":"10.5897/ajb2021.17440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2021.17440","url":null,"abstract":"An efficient callus-mediated regeneration system was developed for high-frequency production of planting material of sugarcane genotypes LSC and B36464. Spindle leaf segments cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 2,4-D or picloram at 1, 2, 3 or 4 mg/L resulted in callus induction. Callus induction was higher on 2,4-D amended medium compared to picloram. Nevertheless, for both auxins, callus induction improved significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with increasing concentration; the highest (82 and 82.5% for B36464 and LSC respectively) was achieved at 4 mg/L. For shoot induction, calli were transferred to MS medium supplemented with BAP (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/L). The highest number of shoots (18.13 and 16.75 for B36464 and LSC respectively) was achieved at 1.5 mg/L. Serial subculture at four-week intervals on a higher concentration of BAP (2.5 mg/L), in combination with NAA (0.5 mg/L) and GA3 (0.5 mg/L), resulted in a four-fold increase in shoot number within 16 weeks. On this medium, 40% of shoot clusters of B36464 formed well-defined shoots. On MS medium containing solely NAA (3 mg/L), 88 and 72% (B36464 and LSC respectively) formed roots. Post-flask acclimatisation of the plantlets led to 85 and 91% survival rates in LSC and B36464 respectively after which plantlets were successfully transferred to field conditions. The callus-mediated regeneration system reported in this study has the potential to sustainably provide sugarcane planting material for the emerging sugar industry in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43944882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Ohaegbu, A. Ngene, Unyime Inyang Asuquo, O. D. Coulthard, E. Nwachukwu
For production and preservation of traditional fermented foods, the genera, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used. This study was carried out to determine the characteristics and the antimicrobial activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from selected Nigerian traditional fermented foods. Changes in pH and titratable acidity (TA) of the samples were investigated for a period of four days (96 h). Eleven tentative LAB from fermented maize and cassava (Ogi and Fufu, respectively) were isolated and characterized. The spoilage organisms from fish were aseptically identified and the antimicrobial activity was determined by agar well diffusion method against three isolated food spoilage organisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogene and Bacillus cereus). The isolates were selected and further identified as Lactobacillus amylolyticus strain L6, Lactobacillus plantarum strain ci-4w and Lactobacillus sakei strain MLS1 by the aide of genotypic characteristics (16S rRNA gene sequences). These strains were screened for their EPS producing activity, resistance to low pH and bile salts as well as bacteriocin activity. These strains can be used as starter culture or protective cultures to improve the hygiene, quality and increased safety of the food products by inhibiting the food borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms.
{"title":"Characterization and antimicrobial activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from selected Nigerian traditional fermented foods","authors":"C. Ohaegbu, A. Ngene, Unyime Inyang Asuquo, O. D. Coulthard, E. Nwachukwu","doi":"10.5897/ajb2021.17450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2021.17450","url":null,"abstract":"For production and preservation of traditional fermented foods, the genera, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used. This study was carried out to determine the characteristics and the antimicrobial activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from selected Nigerian traditional fermented foods. Changes in pH and titratable acidity (TA) of the samples were investigated for a period of four days (96 h). Eleven tentative LAB from fermented maize and cassava (Ogi and Fufu, respectively) were isolated and characterized. The spoilage organisms from fish were aseptically identified and the antimicrobial activity was determined by agar well diffusion method against three isolated food spoilage organisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogene and Bacillus cereus). The isolates were selected and further identified as Lactobacillus amylolyticus strain L6, Lactobacillus plantarum strain ci-4w and Lactobacillus sakei strain MLS1 by the aide of genotypic characteristics (16S rRNA gene sequences). These strains were screened for their EPS producing activity, resistance to low pH and bile salts as well as bacteriocin activity. These strains can be used as starter culture or protective cultures to improve the hygiene, quality and increased safety of the food products by inhibiting the food borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46668544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Endale, Maredia Karim, Guenthner Joseph, Koch Muffy
Genetically modified (GM) crops offer potential for enhancing agricultural productivity for smallholder farmers in Africa. After nearly three decades of research and development collaboration and regulatory capacity strengthening, several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are moving towards commercializing GM crops for the benefit of smallholder farmers. South Africa approved genetically modified (GM) cotton, maize and soybeans in the 1990s. Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Eswatini and Malawi recently approved general release of GM crops, including GM cotton, GM cowpea, GM maize, and GM cassava through public-private partnerships. Collected data from a diverse group of 30 stakeholders from 14 countries in Africa and results indicated that while progress has been made towards commercializing GM crops in several countries in Africa, some key challenges and downstream issues remain to be addressed. These include building functional regulatory systems, vibrant seed systems, local seed production, effective extension services, reliable credit/financial and marketing services, and improved access to markets for smallholder farmers. Unless these downstream issues are effectively addressed, smallholder farmers in Africa will not benefit from GM crops. questions (160 questions) raised by stakeholders that attended the short courses. The questions were recorded and categorized into representative themes: product development, regulation, technology transfer (including IP, licensing, scaling up, seed systems), communication and outreach, public acceptance and trade to understand stakeholders areas of concern. The information included in this paper is part of a needs assessment survey on biotechnology and biosafety development, level of awareness of advances in the biotech product commercialization and genome editing technologies in developing countries, as well as the challenges faced and capacity building needs for commercialization and adoption of GM crops
{"title":"Commercialization of genetically modified crops in Africa: Opportunities and challenges","authors":"G. Endale, Maredia Karim, Guenthner Joseph, Koch Muffy","doi":"10.5897/ajb2021.17434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2021.17434","url":null,"abstract":"Genetically modified (GM) crops offer potential for enhancing agricultural productivity for smallholder farmers in Africa. After nearly three decades of research and development collaboration and regulatory capacity strengthening, several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are moving towards commercializing GM crops for the benefit of smallholder farmers. South Africa approved genetically modified (GM) cotton, maize and soybeans in the 1990s. Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Eswatini and Malawi recently approved general release of GM crops, including GM cotton, GM cowpea, GM maize, and GM cassava through public-private partnerships. Collected data from a diverse group of 30 stakeholders from 14 countries in Africa and results indicated that while progress has been made towards commercializing GM crops in several countries in Africa, some key challenges and downstream issues remain to be addressed. These include building functional regulatory systems, vibrant seed systems, local seed production, effective extension services, reliable credit/financial and marketing services, and improved access to markets for smallholder farmers. Unless these downstream issues are effectively addressed, smallholder farmers in Africa will not benefit from GM crops. questions (160 questions) raised by stakeholders that attended the short courses. The questions were recorded and categorized into representative themes: product development, regulation, technology transfer (including IP, licensing, scaling up, seed systems), communication and outreach, public acceptance and trade to understand stakeholders areas of concern. The information included in this paper is part of a needs assessment survey on biotechnology and biosafety development, level of awareness of advances in the biotech product commercialization and genome editing technologies in developing countries, as well as the challenges faced and capacity building needs for commercialization and adoption of GM crops","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44018809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have received great attention due to their optical, physical, and antimicrobial properties. They have toxic effect against microbes without any effect on mammalians cells. They are used in several applications including extending the shelf life of food. The study aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ZnO NPs against different aquaculture fish fungus species and their storage period. A total of 160 samples were collected from different types of aquaculture fish samples as follows: rabbitfish, bream, red mullet, saddle grouper, spangled emperor, gilthead seabream, mackerel fish, and Asian seabass. ZnO NPs activity against the isolated fungus species was evaluated by estimating minimum fungicidal inhibitory concentration and inhibition of fungal enzymes (amylase, protease, and lipase). The storage period of the fish in a package containing ZnO NPs was determined by estimating the sensory characteristics of the treated fish. The results obtained recorded the following fungus species from aquaculture fish samples: Aspergillus niger (gi: JX112703), Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus awamori, Penicillium species, Aspergillus tubingensis, Trichosporon montevideense, A. niger (gi: MG889596), and Byssochlamys spectabilis, respectively. This study is the first to apply ZnO NPs for fish preservation which have a powerful antifungal effect against all the isolated fungi. The study recommends using 3% ZnO NPs in fish packaging film; it inhibited most of the fungus species, extending the shelf life of most of the fish species to more than 15 days.
{"title":"New technique for improving fish packaging hygiene and prolonged shelf life","authors":"N. Elsharawy, Wafa A. Baabdullah, A. Alkaladi","doi":"10.5897/ajb2022.17467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2022.17467","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have received great attention due to their optical, physical, and antimicrobial properties. They have toxic effect against microbes without any effect on mammalians cells. They are used in several applications including extending the shelf life of food. The study aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ZnO NPs against different aquaculture fish fungus species and their storage period. A total of 160 samples were collected from different types of aquaculture fish samples as follows: rabbitfish, bream, red mullet, saddle grouper, spangled emperor, gilthead seabream, mackerel fish, and Asian seabass. ZnO NPs activity against the isolated fungus species was evaluated by estimating minimum fungicidal inhibitory concentration and inhibition of fungal enzymes (amylase, protease, and lipase). The storage period of the fish in a package containing ZnO NPs was determined by estimating the sensory characteristics of the treated fish. The results obtained recorded the following fungus species from aquaculture fish samples: Aspergillus niger (gi: JX112703), Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus awamori, Penicillium species, Aspergillus tubingensis, Trichosporon montevideense, A. niger (gi: MG889596), and Byssochlamys spectabilis, respectively. This study is the first to apply ZnO NPs for fish preservation which have a powerful antifungal effect against all the isolated fungi. The study recommends using 3% ZnO NPs in fish packaging film; it inhibited most of the fungus species, extending the shelf life of most of the fish species to more than 15 days.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45766630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Escherichia coli multi-resistance to a variety of antimicrobials is a result of gene mutation on plasmids, integrons and transposons. The aims of this work were to: (1) detect genotype and phenotype antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli , and (2) determine whole-genome sequencing to discover E. coli gene multidrug resistance in chicken meat. Samples were gathered, processed, and analysed bacteriologically; thereafter an antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed and E. coli isolates were identified serologically. Results of E. coli were 40% from 100 chicken samples. The most potent antibiotics against E. coli were Cephalosporins, Quinolones and Oxytetracycline. The serological investigation was as follows: 30% (O157:H7) of STEC, 30% (O142) of ETEC, 10% (O26:H11) of EHEC and 10% EPEC. Subunit B of Shiga-like toxin (SLT) gene showed a symmetrical band, while, Heat-labile toxin (LT) gene was estimated in both plasmid preps in addition to DNA genomic strains. STEC is hazardous to the chicken meat consumers. The study recommended necessary improvement in the hygienic procedures during all processing steps, and minimized the non-important usage of antibiotics to prevent antibiotics resistant.
{"title":"Molecular characterization of Escherichia co-resistance genes from chicken meat","authors":"T. E. Nagwa, A. Hind, A. Amr","doi":"10.5897/ajb2022.17453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2022.17453","url":null,"abstract":"Escherichia coli multi-resistance to a variety of antimicrobials is a result of gene mutation on plasmids, integrons and transposons. The aims of this work were to: (1) detect genotype and phenotype antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli , and (2) determine whole-genome sequencing to discover E. coli gene multidrug resistance in chicken meat. Samples were gathered, processed, and analysed bacteriologically; thereafter an antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed and E. coli isolates were identified serologically. Results of E. coli were 40% from 100 chicken samples. The most potent antibiotics against E. coli were Cephalosporins, Quinolones and Oxytetracycline. The serological investigation was as follows: 30% (O157:H7) of STEC, 30% (O142) of ETEC, 10% (O26:H11) of EHEC and 10% EPEC. Subunit B of Shiga-like toxin (SLT) gene showed a symmetrical band, while, Heat-labile toxin (LT) gene was estimated in both plasmid preps in addition to DNA genomic strains. STEC is hazardous to the chicken meat consumers. The study recommended necessary improvement in the hygienic procedures during all processing steps, and minimized the non-important usage of antibiotics to prevent antibiotics resistant.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43861716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acid lime [ Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle] is a valuable commercial fruit crop grown in Nepal's Terai to high hills which has high economic, cultural and medicinal importance. Due to low quality planting materials and poor orchard management, production and productivity of acid lime are extremely low in Nepal. The present study aimed at optimization of Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction and cycling conditions for PCR amplification and genetic diversity assessment of acid lime cultivars from eastern agro-ecological zone, Nepal. Five different parameters [ viz. Template DNA, MgCl 2 , Deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTPs), Primers and Taq DNA polymerase] were used in the ISSR-PCR reaction optimization. Moreover, 4 different cycling conditions were assessed for the determination of the optimum range for ISSR-PCR profiling. The optimized PCR reaction conditions were found to be 25 ng DNA, 3.0 mM MgCl 2 , 0.4 mM dNTPs, 0.4 µM Primers and 1.5 Unit Taq DNA polymerase and best PCR cycling condition consisted of initial denaturation of 94°C for 5 min followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 50°C for 45 s, elongation at 72°C for 2 min and final elongation of 7 min at 72°C. The results from this study were successfully used for ISSR-PCR based genetic diversity assessment of Nepalese acid lime genotypes to find out the elite cultivars of Eastern Nepal.
酸橙（Citrus aurantifolia（Christm.）Swingle）是一种生长在尼泊尔Terai至高山地区的有价值的商业水果作物，具有很高的经济、文化和药用价值。由于种植材料质量低，果园管理不善，尼泊尔酸石灰的产量和生产力极低。本研究旨在优化尼泊尔东部农业生态区酸橙品种的ISSR-聚合酶链式反应（PCR）反应和循环条件，以进行PCR扩增和遗传多样性评估。在ISSR-PCR反应优化中使用了五个不同的参数[即模板DNA、MgCl2、脱氧核苷酸三磷酸（dNTPs）、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶]。此外，评估了4种不同的循环条件，以确定ISSR-PCR图谱的最佳范围。优化的PCR反应条件为25 ng DNA、3.0 mM MgCl2、0.4 mM dNTP、0.4µM引物和1.5单位Taq DNA聚合酶，最佳PCR循环条件为94°C初始变性5分钟，然后在94°C变性40个循环30秒，在50°C退火45秒，在72°C延伸2分钟，在72℃延伸7分钟。本研究的结果成功地用于基于ISSR-PCR的尼泊尔酸橙基因型遗传多样性评估，以找出尼泊尔东部的优良品种。
{"title":"Optimization of PCR protocol for ISSR marker based genetic diversity assessment of acid lime [Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle] germplasm in Eastern Nepal","authors":"Narayan Munankarmi Nabin, Rana Neesha, Bhattarai Tribikram, L. Ram, Chaudhary Sujan, Shrestha Sangita","doi":"10.5897/ajb2021.17427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2021.17427","url":null,"abstract":"Acid lime [ Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle] is a valuable commercial fruit crop grown in Nepal's Terai to high hills which has high economic, cultural and medicinal importance. Due to low quality planting materials and poor orchard management, production and productivity of acid lime are extremely low in Nepal. The present study aimed at optimization of Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction and cycling conditions for PCR amplification and genetic diversity assessment of acid lime cultivars from eastern agro-ecological zone, Nepal. Five different parameters [ viz. Template DNA, MgCl 2 , Deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTPs), Primers and Taq DNA polymerase] were used in the ISSR-PCR reaction optimization. Moreover, 4 different cycling conditions were assessed for the determination of the optimum range for ISSR-PCR profiling. The optimized PCR reaction conditions were found to be 25 ng DNA, 3.0 mM MgCl 2 , 0.4 mM dNTPs, 0.4 µM Primers and 1.5 Unit Taq DNA polymerase and best PCR cycling condition consisted of initial denaturation of 94°C for 5 min followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 50°C for 45 s, elongation at 72°C for 2 min and final elongation of 7 min at 72°C. The results from this study were successfully used for ISSR-PCR based genetic diversity assessment of Nepalese acid lime genotypes to find out the elite cultivars of Eastern Nepal.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45768597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. B. Sylvia, Lin Chun, Liu Zhengjie, Wen-Bo Hao, C. Qin, Mao Zichao
Carotenoids are essential nutrient compounds with numerous biological functions. Neurospora crassa is a model filamentous fungus with orange pigmentation which is attributed to the accumulation of carotenoids containing neurosporaxanthin (NX) and neutral carotenoids (NC). To enhance carotenoids synthesis in N. crassa , isoprene diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) were increased using the genes, xylulose-5-phosphate phosphoketolase ( XPK ), phosphotransacetylase ( PTA ), and NADH-specific-3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase ( HMGR ), as single, fused and three combined expressions to channel more carbon source into the mevalonate pathway (MVP). The single ( PTA , XPK , HMGR ), fused ( PTA:HMGR & XPK:HMGR ) and three combined gene ( PTA with fused XPK:HMGR ) expressions in engineered fungal resulted in carotenoid titers with contents of NX accumulated up to 4.5 mg/g DW and NC up to 1.7 mg/g DW as compared to the wild-type with NX up to 1.54 mg/g DW and NC up to 0.8 mg/g DW. The optimized MVP with metabolic engineering methods is a key method to increase the synthesis of carotenoid and other active terpenoids crassa .
{"title":"Metabolic engineering of Neurospora crassa for increasing carotenoids synthesis","authors":"E. B. Sylvia, Lin Chun, Liu Zhengjie, Wen-Bo Hao, C. Qin, Mao Zichao","doi":"10.5897/ajb2021.17442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2021.17442","url":null,"abstract":"Carotenoids are essential nutrient compounds with numerous biological functions. Neurospora crassa is a model filamentous fungus with orange pigmentation which is attributed to the accumulation of carotenoids containing neurosporaxanthin (NX) and neutral carotenoids (NC). To enhance carotenoids synthesis in N. crassa , isoprene diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) were increased using the genes, xylulose-5-phosphate phosphoketolase ( XPK ), phosphotransacetylase ( PTA ), and NADH-specific-3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase ( HMGR ), as single, fused and three combined expressions to channel more carbon source into the mevalonate pathway (MVP). The single ( PTA , XPK , HMGR ), fused ( PTA:HMGR & XPK:HMGR ) and three combined gene ( PTA with fused XPK:HMGR ) expressions in engineered fungal resulted in carotenoid titers with contents of NX accumulated up to 4.5 mg/g DW and NC up to 1.7 mg/g DW as compared to the wild-type with NX up to 1.54 mg/g DW and NC up to 0.8 mg/g DW. The optimized MVP with metabolic engineering methods is a key method to increase the synthesis of carotenoid and other active terpenoids crassa .","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49016919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed Ali Hammad Ahmed, Abdelkareem Geddo Abdelkareem Adam, Omer Abdelbagi Azhari, Elaziz Sulieman Ahmed Ishag Abd, Delmege Laing Mark, Hur Jang-Hyun
The current study evaluated the bio-control activity of Sudanese isolates of entomopathogenic-fungi against 3 rd larval instars of Khapra beetle ( Trogoderma granarium ) (Everts) in Sudan and morphologically and molecularly characterized the virulent isolates. Fungi were isolated using Galleria-baiting method and tested against the larvae using immersion-technique at concentration of 1×10 7 conidia ml -1 . Commercial product, Eco-Bb® was used as standard treatment. Twenty of the 3 rd instar larvae were immersed in 10 ml of fungal suspension for five seconds. Control larvae were immersed in sterilized-distilled water. Dead insects were counted daily for seven days after inoculation. Microscopic examination of the cadavers was conducted to explain whether or not the test organisms caused the death of test larvae. Virulent isolates were identified morphologically and confirmed by molecular techniques as Beauveria bassiana isolate Sud-afro.18 (MK046654), Metarhizium anisopliae isolate Dmazeen F1 (MK046658), Metarhizium anisopliae isolate Dmazeen R1 (MK046659), Albifimbria viridis isolate Shmbat-fo1 (MK046656), Purpureocillium lilacinum isolate Khartoum f1 (MK046655), B. bassiana isolate Sud-afro.20 (MK046652), B. bassiana isolate Giddo6RF (MN598664), B. bassiana isolate GiddoR (MN598665), and B. bassiana isolate HammadR7,F (MN598666). Mortality induced by various isolates ranged from 40.0-90.4% compared to 96 and 7.9% induced by standard treatment Eco-Bb® and untreated control respectively. LT 50 values of B. bassiana isolate Sudafro.18 and M. anisopliae isolate DmazeenF1 is comparable to that induced by Eco-Bb®.
本研究评估了苏丹分离的昆虫病原真菌对苏丹Khapra甲虫(Trogoderma granarium) (Everts) 3龄幼虫的生物防治活性，并对毒力分离株进行了形态和分子表征。采用gallerium -诱饵法分离真菌，并用浓度为1×10 7分生孢子ml -1的浸渍法对幼虫进行抑菌试验。使用商业产品Eco-Bb®作为标准处理。将20只3龄幼虫浸泡在10 ml真菌悬浮液中5秒。对照幼虫浸泡在消毒蒸馏水中。接种后7天每天计数死亡昆虫。对尸体进行了显微镜检查，以解释试验生物是否导致试验幼虫死亡。经形态学鉴定和分子技术鉴定为球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)金龟子绿僵菌(MK046654)、金龟子绿僵菌分离株Dmazeen F1 (MK046658)、金龟子绿僵菌分离株Dmazeen R1 (MK046659)、绿僵菌分离株shmbatfo1 (MK046656)、紫紫色紫僵菌分离株Khartoum F1 (MK046655)、球孢白僵菌分离株sud - afo .20(MK046652)、球孢白僵菌分离株Giddo6RF (MN598664)、球孢白僵菌分离株GiddoR (MN598665)、球孢白僵菌分离株HammadR7,F (MN598666)。不同菌株的致死率分别为40.0% -90.4%，而标准处理Eco-Bb®和未处理对照的致死率分别为96%和7.9%。球孢白僵菌分离株sudafro18和绿僵菌分离株DmazeenF1的LT 50值与Eco-Bb®诱导的LT 50值相当。
{"title":"Efficacy of Sudanese isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against the Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium (Everts) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)","authors":"Mohammed Ali Hammad Ahmed, Abdelkareem Geddo Abdelkareem Adam, Omer Abdelbagi Azhari, Elaziz Sulieman Ahmed Ishag Abd, Delmege Laing Mark, Hur Jang-Hyun","doi":"10.5897/ajb2021.17420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2021.17420","url":null,"abstract":"The current study evaluated the bio-control activity of Sudanese isolates of entomopathogenic-fungi against 3 rd larval instars of Khapra beetle ( Trogoderma granarium ) (Everts) in Sudan and morphologically and molecularly characterized the virulent isolates. Fungi were isolated using Galleria-baiting method and tested against the larvae using immersion-technique at concentration of 1×10 7 conidia ml -1 . Commercial product, Eco-Bb® was used as standard treatment. Twenty of the 3 rd instar larvae were immersed in 10 ml of fungal suspension for five seconds. Control larvae were immersed in sterilized-distilled water. Dead insects were counted daily for seven days after inoculation. Microscopic examination of the cadavers was conducted to explain whether or not the test organisms caused the death of test larvae. Virulent isolates were identified morphologically and confirmed by molecular techniques as Beauveria bassiana isolate Sud-afro.18 (MK046654), Metarhizium anisopliae isolate Dmazeen F1 (MK046658), Metarhizium anisopliae isolate Dmazeen R1 (MK046659), Albifimbria viridis isolate Shmbat-fo1 (MK046656), Purpureocillium lilacinum isolate Khartoum f1 (MK046655), B. bassiana isolate Sud-afro.20 (MK046652), B. bassiana isolate Giddo6RF (MN598664), B. bassiana isolate GiddoR (MN598665), and B. bassiana isolate HammadR7,F (MN598666). Mortality induced by various isolates ranged from 40.0-90.4% compared to 96 and 7.9% induced by standard treatment Eco-Bb® and untreated control respectively. LT 50 values of B. bassiana isolate Sudafro.18 and M. anisopliae isolate DmazeenF1 is comparable to that induced by Eco-Bb®.","PeriodicalId":7414,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46004418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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