Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1177/21632324241251536
Md. Nadim Uddin
This study uses neoclassical labour theory to examine the association between migration and the time-spending behaviour of left behind family members by gender and the female relationship with migrated members. Using two-year panel data, this study controls the individual-level time-invariant factors to correct potential self-selection. The study finds that migration of a family member is associated with decreasing off-farm labour of both working-age females and males. Additionally, it is observed that the leisure time of working-age females increases while their work burden on domestic labour decreases. Migration also increases off-farm labour of left-behind wives when only the husbands migrate and decreases off-farm and domestic labour, and increases the leisure of left-behind mothers when only sons/daughters migrate. Thus, migration reshapes the left behind family members’ time allocation between labour and leisure with a heterogeneous impact on the wives and mothers.
{"title":"Impact of Migration on Time Use Pattern of Left-Behind Male and Female in Rural Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Nadim Uddin","doi":"10.1177/21632324241251536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21632324241251536","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses neoclassical labour theory to examine the association between migration and the time-spending behaviour of left behind family members by gender and the female relationship with migrated members. Using two-year panel data, this study controls the individual-level time-invariant factors to correct potential self-selection. The study finds that migration of a family member is associated with decreasing off-farm labour of both working-age females and males. Additionally, it is observed that the leisure time of working-age females increases while their work burden on domestic labour decreases. Migration also increases off-farm labour of left-behind wives when only the husbands migrate and decreases off-farm and domestic labour, and increases the leisure of left-behind mothers when only sons/daughters migrate. Thus, migration reshapes the left behind family members’ time allocation between labour and leisure with a heterogeneous impact on the wives and mothers.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"54 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141102897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-19DOI: 10.1177/21632324241235034
S. Krannich
The impact of international student mobility on the development in countries of origin is an under-researched topic in migration studies. In a global knowledge economy, immigration countries in the Global North perceive international students almost exclusively as ideal immigrants who are (mostly) young, flexible, and highly skilled when they enter the labour market after graduation. However, international students can play an important role for their countries of origin. For instance, our own research on international students and alumni from selected countries in the Global South (Colombia, Georgia, Ghana, and Indonesia) studying in Germany and the United States shows that they transfer development-related knowhow back to their country of origin by doing diverse activities in leading positions. They do that through return migration as well as by remaining in the country of graduation (by creating transnational social networks from abroad) and through circular mobility. However, these processes need more institutional support. Therefore, international student mobility should be an integral part of global migration governance, where scholarships for students from poor countries are the key drivers for international mobility. These considerations can stimulate the broader discussion about international migration and development.
{"title":"International Student Mobility in the Context of Migration and Development","authors":"S. Krannich","doi":"10.1177/21632324241235034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21632324241235034","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of international student mobility on the development in countries of origin is an under-researched topic in migration studies. In a global knowledge economy, immigration countries in the Global North perceive international students almost exclusively as ideal immigrants who are (mostly) young, flexible, and highly skilled when they enter the labour market after graduation. However, international students can play an important role for their countries of origin. For instance, our own research on international students and alumni from selected countries in the Global South (Colombia, Georgia, Ghana, and Indonesia) studying in Germany and the United States shows that they transfer development-related knowhow back to their country of origin by doing diverse activities in leading positions. They do that through return migration as well as by remaining in the country of graduation (by creating transnational social networks from abroad) and through circular mobility. However, these processes need more institutional support. Therefore, international student mobility should be an integral part of global migration governance, where scholarships for students from poor countries are the key drivers for international mobility. These considerations can stimulate the broader discussion about international migration and development.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"124 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141123683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-19DOI: 10.1177/21632324241235035
Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Mohd Ibrahiem Khaja
AKM Ahsan Ullah and Diotima Chattoraj, The Unheard Stories of The Rohingyas: Ethnicity, Diversity, and Media. Bristol University Press, 2023. ISBN: 978-1-5292-3137-3 (e-pdf).
{"title":"Book review: AKM Ahsan Ullah and Diotima Chattoraj, The Unheard Stories of The Rohingyas: Ethnicity, Diversity, and Media","authors":"Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Mohd Ibrahiem Khaja","doi":"10.1177/21632324241235035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21632324241235035","url":null,"abstract":"AKM Ahsan Ullah and Diotima Chattoraj, The Unheard Stories of The Rohingyas: Ethnicity, Diversity, and Media. Bristol University Press, 2023. ISBN: 978-1-5292-3137-3 (e-pdf).","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"109 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141124796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-19DOI: 10.1177/21632324241251529
Edward Akpomera
The national and regional interests of the European Union, oil-rich Gulf Cooperation Council and Africa are conflictual in addressing international labour migration. This underscores the structure and ineffectiveness of bilateral migration instruments. The European Union canvasses for migrants’ returns, readmission and outsourcing of national border controls; Arab states show reluctance to stop the predominant employer–sponsorship system that curtails labour migrants’ human rights, while African states detest migrants’ return and readmission, and prefer liberalisation of legal migration and flow of remittances. This article is anchored on the hegemonic stability and regime frame of interventionist liberalism theoretical perspectives to highlight Europe’s soft power in migration partnerships or agreements deployed via financial aid and development projects as a way to drive the migration-development-security nexus with African countries. Essentially, African states’ asymmetric economic relationship with Europe has accentuated the carrot-and-stick approach, while Arab states’ slow pace in allowing the mobility of African labour migrants has led to a reduction in remittance flows. It is recommended that the dialogues between the regional blocs and countries leading to labour migration agreements must find a common ground of mutual interests for effective partnerships to emerge.
{"title":"Europe and Arab States’ Migration-related Instruments with Africa: Dilemma of Soft Power and Conflictual Interests","authors":"Edward Akpomera","doi":"10.1177/21632324241251529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21632324241251529","url":null,"abstract":"The national and regional interests of the European Union, oil-rich Gulf Cooperation Council and Africa are conflictual in addressing international labour migration. This underscores the structure and ineffectiveness of bilateral migration instruments. The European Union canvasses for migrants’ returns, readmission and outsourcing of national border controls; Arab states show reluctance to stop the predominant employer–sponsorship system that curtails labour migrants’ human rights, while African states detest migrants’ return and readmission, and prefer liberalisation of legal migration and flow of remittances. This article is anchored on the hegemonic stability and regime frame of interventionist liberalism theoretical perspectives to highlight Europe’s soft power in migration partnerships or agreements deployed via financial aid and development projects as a way to drive the migration-development-security nexus with African countries. Essentially, African states’ asymmetric economic relationship with Europe has accentuated the carrot-and-stick approach, while Arab states’ slow pace in allowing the mobility of African labour migrants has led to a reduction in remittance flows. It is recommended that the dialogues between the regional blocs and countries leading to labour migration agreements must find a common ground of mutual interests for effective partnerships to emerge.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"117 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141124386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-06DOI: 10.1177/21632324231220445
A. Ullah, D. Chattoraj, Siti Nurbazilah Zulkifili
Due to the long-standing labour shortage in Japan, the issue of migration has recently come to the forefront of public and private discourse. This article examines a hitherto under-researched area, namely, how Japan has maintained its traditional homogeneity and Japan’s reluctance to accept migrants and refugees. To this end, we have attempted to examine why there is a reluctance to accept refugees. We assume that homogeneity fosters a culture of rejection. Using snowballing, we interviewed 12 Japanese (students and professionals) and 15 foreigners (professionals and students) who have lived in Japan for at least ten years. Our arguments were supported by empirical information and underpinned by the theory of ethnic demarcation and homogeneity. This research has critical policy implications for refugee regimes and host countries.
{"title":"Shades of Homogeneity: Redefining Japan’s Narrative Through Refugee Acceptance","authors":"A. Ullah, D. Chattoraj, Siti Nurbazilah Zulkifili","doi":"10.1177/21632324231220445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21632324231220445","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the long-standing labour shortage in Japan, the issue of migration has recently come to the forefront of public and private discourse. This article examines a hitherto under-researched area, namely, how Japan has maintained its traditional homogeneity and Japan’s reluctance to accept migrants and refugees. To this end, we have attempted to examine why there is a reluctance to accept refugees. We assume that homogeneity fosters a culture of rejection. Using snowballing, we interviewed 12 Japanese (students and professionals) and 15 foreigners (professionals and students) who have lived in Japan for at least ten years. Our arguments were supported by empirical information and underpinned by the theory of ethnic demarcation and homogeneity. This research has critical policy implications for refugee regimes and host countries.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"52 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.1177/21632324231205914
Mansour Pourmehdi, Suaad El Abani
The Libyan revolution, which overthrew Gaddafi’s regime in 2011, did not result in social, political and economic development for the people of Libya. For the youth who played a vital role in the old regime’s downfall, the revolution brought frustration, insecurity, unemployment, disruption of education, uncertainty and a lack of freedom. This article aims to develop an under-researched field of youth migration by exploring the factors that influence desire for emigration amongst the youth in Libya, by using a sample of 500 university students. Modelling the data through binary logistic regression, we found that gender, family, satisfaction with life, the outlook of the country and conflict and war were key factors influencing the Libyan students’ desire for emigration.
{"title":"Drivers of Libyan Students’ Desire for Emigration: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Mansour Pourmehdi, Suaad El Abani","doi":"10.1177/21632324231205914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21632324231205914","url":null,"abstract":"The Libyan revolution, which overthrew Gaddafi’s regime in 2011, did not result in social, political and economic development for the people of Libya. For the youth who played a vital role in the old regime’s downfall, the revolution brought frustration, insecurity, unemployment, disruption of education, uncertainty and a lack of freedom. This article aims to develop an under-researched field of youth migration by exploring the factors that influence desire for emigration amongst the youth in Libya, by using a sample of 500 university students. Modelling the data through binary logistic regression, we found that gender, family, satisfaction with life, the outlook of the country and conflict and war were key factors influencing the Libyan students’ desire for emigration.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"76 11-12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139273202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1177/21632324231205996
Jonathan Crush, Godfrey Tawodzera
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migrant remittances has generated a great deal of confusion and debate. This article aims to test three conflicting global and local narratives about the relationship between the pandemic and remittance flows in the South Africa–Zimbabwe remittance corridor. We refer to these as remittance pessimism, remittance resilience and remittance rerouting narratives. The article presents the pre-pandemic background context of migration from Zimbabwe to South Africa, the evidence for a shift from informal to formal remitting during the pandemic, and the implications of the remittance rerouting narrative for other corridors. We find that many Zimbabwean migrants in South Africa experienced severe economic impacts including unemployment, income loss and lack of access to COVID-19 relief measures. We conclude that there was a significant increase in formal, primarily digital, remittances during the pandemic and a decline in informal remittance conveyance. We highlight the need for more research in other remittance corridors to identify similarities and differences between them in terms of COVID-19 impacts and the shift from informal to formal remittances enabled by digital platforms.
{"title":"Digital Disruptions in the South Africa–Zimbabwe Remittance Corridor During COVID-19","authors":"Jonathan Crush, Godfrey Tawodzera","doi":"10.1177/21632324231205996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21632324231205996","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migrant remittances has generated a great deal of confusion and debate. This article aims to test three conflicting global and local narratives about the relationship between the pandemic and remittance flows in the South Africa–Zimbabwe remittance corridor. We refer to these as remittance pessimism, remittance resilience and remittance rerouting narratives. The article presents the pre-pandemic background context of migration from Zimbabwe to South Africa, the evidence for a shift from informal to formal remitting during the pandemic, and the implications of the remittance rerouting narrative for other corridors. We find that many Zimbabwean migrants in South Africa experienced severe economic impacts including unemployment, income loss and lack of access to COVID-19 relief measures. We conclude that there was a significant increase in formal, primarily digital, remittances during the pandemic and a decline in informal remittance conveyance. We highlight the need for more research in other remittance corridors to identify similarities and differences between them in terms of COVID-19 impacts and the shift from informal to formal remittances enabled by digital platforms.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":" 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1177/21632324231203730
Ana Moreno Merino
{"title":"Can SDG 10.7 Transform the World by 2030?","authors":"Ana Moreno Merino","doi":"10.1177/21632324231203730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21632324231203730","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135859045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1177/21632324231194763
Sabina Shaikh, Alan L. Kolata, Jonathan Johnson, Michael W. Binford
Cambodian cities continue to experience major growth, due principally to in-country migration. However, the recent trajectory and historical context of urbanisation differs from other Asian countries and as such are less investigated. Using a framework of interconnected migration factors, this article reports on rural-to-urban migration in five provinces around Phnom Penh—from the perspective of both urban migrants and their rural family members. The work examines the economic, environmental, and sociocultural factors influencing migrants’ current and desired movements, changing livelihood activities, and the permanency of migration choices. While there is evidence to support three major theories of migration—income differentials, environmental change, and social networks—it is argued that none of these alone explains current migration patterns. Explanations of Cambodian migration must account for the powerful attraction of home villages and kin relations, as well as the inseparability of two exogenous factors: the proliferation of microfinance (MFI) and the rise of the garment industry. The results show distinct patterns of migration with implications for adaptation, precarity, and rural livelihoods.
{"title":"Home and Away: Drivers and Perceptions of Migration Among Urban Migrants and Their Rural Families in the Lower Mekong River Basin of Cambodia","authors":"Sabina Shaikh, Alan L. Kolata, Jonathan Johnson, Michael W. Binford","doi":"10.1177/21632324231194763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21632324231194763","url":null,"abstract":"Cambodian cities continue to experience major growth, due principally to in-country migration. However, the recent trajectory and historical context of urbanisation differs from other Asian countries and as such are less investigated. Using a framework of interconnected migration factors, this article reports on rural-to-urban migration in five provinces around Phnom Penh—from the perspective of both urban migrants and their rural family members. The work examines the economic, environmental, and sociocultural factors influencing migrants’ current and desired movements, changing livelihood activities, and the permanency of migration choices. While there is evidence to support three major theories of migration—income differentials, environmental change, and social networks—it is argued that none of these alone explains current migration patterns. Explanations of Cambodian migration must account for the powerful attraction of home villages and kin relations, as well as the inseparability of two exogenous factors: the proliferation of microfinance (MFI) and the rise of the garment industry. The results show distinct patterns of migration with implications for adaptation, precarity, and rural livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135243670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.1177/21632324231194762
Niklas Mayer, Tadele Dana Darebo, Elsje Fourie, Giselle Bosse
In recent years, the European Union (EU) and other donors have increasingly instrumentalised their development cooperation to meet their own domestic migration policy goals, under the assumption that different development interventions—such as building climate resilience – may result in less outward migration from the recipient country. However, it is not yet understood how increased climate resilience would influence individual migration aspirations and capabilities. We conducted 32 in-depth interviews (IDI) and eight focus group discussions (FGD) with beneficiaries of the EU RESET Plus climate-resilience building project in southern Ethiopia. Half of the respondents are adult direct beneficiaries, and the other half are indirect beneficiaries (youths 17–24 years old). By applying a modified aspirations-capabilities framework, we extended the migration-development nexus to climate change and climate-resilience building. We found that climate change worsened perceived conditions and prospects for the future, while the development intervention mostly reinforced already emerging migration aspirations. By improving agricultural output in the context of climate variability, the RESET Plus project contributed to supporting people who wanted to stay to actually be able to do so but also encouraging those wanting to leave by slightly increasing migration capabilities.
{"title":"Climate Variability and Development Interventions Influence Migration Aspirations and Capabilities of Project Beneficiaries in Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Niklas Mayer, Tadele Dana Darebo, Elsje Fourie, Giselle Bosse","doi":"10.1177/21632324231194762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21632324231194762","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the European Union (EU) and other donors have increasingly instrumentalised their development cooperation to meet their own domestic migration policy goals, under the assumption that different development interventions—such as building climate resilience – may result in less outward migration from the recipient country. However, it is not yet understood how increased climate resilience would influence individual migration aspirations and capabilities. We conducted 32 in-depth interviews (IDI) and eight focus group discussions (FGD) with beneficiaries of the EU RESET Plus climate-resilience building project in southern Ethiopia. Half of the respondents are adult direct beneficiaries, and the other half are indirect beneficiaries (youths 17–24 years old). By applying a modified aspirations-capabilities framework, we extended the migration-development nexus to climate change and climate-resilience building. We found that climate change worsened perceived conditions and prospects for the future, while the development intervention mostly reinforced already emerging migration aspirations. By improving agricultural output in the context of climate variability, the RESET Plus project contributed to supporting people who wanted to stay to actually be able to do so but also encouraging those wanting to leave by slightly increasing migration capabilities.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134960648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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