Pub Date : 2020-08-25DOI: 10.1080/21632324.2020.1806599
James T. Bang, Aniruddha Mitra, Phanindra V. Wunnava
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the impact of remittances on poverty and inequality in Nigeria. In contrast to the existing literature, our methodology of instrumental variable quantile regression (IVQR) explicitly demonstrates the differential marginal impact of remittances for households at different levels of the conditional expenditure distribution. In tracing this heterogeneous impact, we are further able to address the effect of remittances on poverty and inequality simultaneously in one econometric model. Our results based on the Nigerian Migration Household Survey 2009 show that remittances reduce poverty by increasing household expenditures reveal a positive marginal impact of remittances at all but the highest quantiles of the conditional distribution of household expenditure, with the impact being the greatest up to the 12th quantile. While this unambiguously supports the poverty alleviation role of remittances documented in the literature, the distributional impact is more nuanced: The marginal effect of remittances follows a U-shape over most of the household expenditure distribution, which suggests that remittances may ‘hollow out’ the middle class. Specifically, households lying between the 13th to the 35th quantile gain less from receiving remittances than households on either side of this range.
{"title":"Hollowing out the middle? Remittances, poverty, and income inequality in Nigeria","authors":"James T. Bang, Aniruddha Mitra, Phanindra V. Wunnava","doi":"10.1080/21632324.2020.1806599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1806599","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper investigates the impact of remittances on poverty and inequality in Nigeria. In contrast to the existing literature, our methodology of instrumental variable quantile regression (IVQR) explicitly demonstrates the differential marginal impact of remittances for households at different levels of the conditional expenditure distribution. In tracing this heterogeneous impact, we are further able to address the effect of remittances on poverty and inequality simultaneously in one econometric model. Our results based on the Nigerian Migration Household Survey 2009 show that remittances reduce poverty by increasing household expenditures reveal a positive marginal impact of remittances at all but the highest quantiles of the conditional distribution of household expenditure, with the impact being the greatest up to the 12th quantile. While this unambiguously supports the poverty alleviation role of remittances documented in the literature, the distributional impact is more nuanced: The marginal effect of remittances follows a U-shape over most of the household expenditure distribution, which suggests that remittances may ‘hollow out’ the middle class. Specifically, households lying between the 13th to the 35th quantile gain less from receiving remittances than households on either side of this range.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"11 1","pages":"543 - 559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21632324.2020.1806599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45493119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-24DOI: 10.1080/21632324.2020.1809283
Tivia Collins, R. Daly
ABSTRACT This paper critically analyses how Venezuelan migrant women negotiate, challenge and at times reproduce oppressive gender relations as they navigate their new socio-economic realities within Trinidad and Tobago. These socio-economic realities include the ways they attempt to meet their financial needs within feminised labour markets such as engaging in care and domestic work. We focus on how the pervasive constructions of their femininity, based upon the social and cultural expectations they migrated with from Venezuela, re-produce unequal power relations in their everyday lives. We also examine how the gendered stereotypes of Venezuelan migrant women within Trinidad and Tobago reflect how their racialised identities are situated as desirable and exploitable within the Trinidadian labour market. We engage in a feminist narrative analysis that employs the qualitative method of in-depth interviews to gain gendered insights from Venezuelan migrant women about their lived experiences. We share these migrant women’s stories of survival to highlight how their liminal racialised identities lead to hypervisibility and invisibility, resulting in them experiencing multiple forms of discrimination, including xenophobia and stereotyping. Yet, despite these challenges, we explore how they remain empowered to find ways to challenge stigma, discrimination and xenophobia and access necessary material resources.
{"title":"Reconstructing Racialised Femininity: Stories from Venezuelan migrant women","authors":"Tivia Collins, R. Daly","doi":"10.1080/21632324.2020.1809283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1809283","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper critically analyses how Venezuelan migrant women negotiate, challenge and at times reproduce oppressive gender relations as they navigate their new socio-economic realities within Trinidad and Tobago. These socio-economic realities include the ways they attempt to meet their financial needs within feminised labour markets such as engaging in care and domestic work. We focus on how the pervasive constructions of their femininity, based upon the social and cultural expectations they migrated with from Venezuela, re-produce unequal power relations in their everyday lives. We also examine how the gendered stereotypes of Venezuelan migrant women within Trinidad and Tobago reflect how their racialised identities are situated as desirable and exploitable within the Trinidadian labour market. We engage in a feminist narrative analysis that employs the qualitative method of in-depth interviews to gain gendered insights from Venezuelan migrant women about their lived experiences. We share these migrant women’s stories of survival to highlight how their liminal racialised identities lead to hypervisibility and invisibility, resulting in them experiencing multiple forms of discrimination, including xenophobia and stereotyping. Yet, despite these challenges, we explore how they remain empowered to find ways to challenge stigma, discrimination and xenophobia and access necessary material resources.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"10 1","pages":"294 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21632324.2020.1809283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46673873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-24DOI: 10.1080/21632324.2020.1797453
D. Y. Atiglo, A. Christian, M. A. Okyere, S. Codjoe
ABSTRACT Food security and human migration are both major developmental issues for governments, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, scholarship on the links between rural out-migration and food insecurity remains ambiguous about migrants in their destination and lacks ample comparison with the place of origin. Using data from the nationally representative Ghana Living Standards Survey (Round 7), we employed multinomial logit functions to examine the food security status of migrants relative to their non-migrant counterparts in their rural origins across Ghana’s three development zones i.e. Coastal, Middle Belt and Northern. The results showed that compared to their respective non-migrants, whereas rural out-migrants from the Coastal and Middle Belt development zones to urban areas were significantly more likely to be severely food insecure, rural out-migrants from the Northern Development Zone were less likely to be food insecure. Increase in household size and decrease in household expenditure were both associated with an increased likelihood of being food insecure across all development zones. These empirical findings highlight the importance of the unique characteristics of different migration flows in current food security and migration discourse globally. This study shows that rural out-migration to urban centers might not necessarily ensure relatively better food security as largely anticipated if the origin of migrants is overlooked.
{"title":"Rural out-migration from Ghana’s development zones and household food security","authors":"D. Y. Atiglo, A. Christian, M. A. Okyere, S. Codjoe","doi":"10.1080/21632324.2020.1797453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1797453","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Food security and human migration are both major developmental issues for governments, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, scholarship on the links between rural out-migration and food insecurity remains ambiguous about migrants in their destination and lacks ample comparison with the place of origin. Using data from the nationally representative Ghana Living Standards Survey (Round 7), we employed multinomial logit functions to examine the food security status of migrants relative to their non-migrant counterparts in their rural origins across Ghana’s three development zones i.e. Coastal, Middle Belt and Northern. The results showed that compared to their respective non-migrants, whereas rural out-migrants from the Coastal and Middle Belt development zones to urban areas were significantly more likely to be severely food insecure, rural out-migrants from the Northern Development Zone were less likely to be food insecure. Increase in household size and decrease in household expenditure were both associated with an increased likelihood of being food insecure across all development zones. These empirical findings highlight the importance of the unique characteristics of different migration flows in current food security and migration discourse globally. This study shows that rural out-migration to urban centers might not necessarily ensure relatively better food security as largely anticipated if the origin of migrants is overlooked.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"11 1","pages":"469 - 483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21632324.2020.1797453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44575644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-23DOI: 10.1080/21632324.2020.1806600
G. Kiros, Mehari Zeru
ABSTRACT This article studied human trafficking and associated threats exacerbating insecurity of victims, families and the community in Atsbi Wenberta woreda. Besides, it examined the response to the problem. Subsequently, this article underlined applying a human security perspective is required to address the root cause and risks of human trafficking.
{"title":"A human security perspective to human trafficking from Ethiopia to Saudi Arabia: the case of Atsbi Wenberta woreda in Tigray region","authors":"G. Kiros, Mehari Zeru","doi":"10.1080/21632324.2020.1806600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1806600","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article studied human trafficking and associated threats exacerbating insecurity of victims, families and the community in Atsbi Wenberta woreda. Besides, it examined the response to the problem. Subsequently, this article underlined applying a human security perspective is required to address the root cause and risks of human trafficking.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"11 1","pages":"560 - 579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21632324.2020.1806600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45415165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-23DOI: 10.1080/21632324.2020.1806604
Anamika Ajay
ABSTRACT This article explores a largely understudied aspect of women’s transnational labour migration: how localised frameworks of feminine ideals and subjectivities interact with women’s migration. It is based on a mixed-methods field research conducted in 2016 in a village in Central Kerala with a long history of women’s labour migration. Analyses revealed the emergence of five local categories of feminine subjectivities: the dutiful daughters, young educated and typically unmarried women who are considered as assets rather than burdens by their families; the responsible mothers, who are responsible for the social reproduction of dutiful daughters; the flying grandmas, commonly older mothers who engage in temporary migration to support the transmigrant women with their domestic responsibilities; the defiant wives, mostly married women whose autonomous migration is perceived as a transgression of the conjugal family ideals even though these families survive on their earnings; and the substitute women, typically older women who take over the role of caregivers when married women migrate leaving behind their husbands and children. The paper concludes by demonstrating how globalising processes like women’s international labour migration interact with localised gender, caste and class structures to produce new and unequal categories of femininities.
{"title":"Differentiation of femininities in contemporary Kerala: evidence from left-behind families of women transmigrant workers","authors":"Anamika Ajay","doi":"10.1080/21632324.2020.1806604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1806604","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores a largely understudied aspect of women’s transnational labour migration: how localised frameworks of feminine ideals and subjectivities interact with women’s migration. It is based on a mixed-methods field research conducted in 2016 in a village in Central Kerala with a long history of women’s labour migration. Analyses revealed the emergence of five local categories of feminine subjectivities: the dutiful daughters, young educated and typically unmarried women who are considered as assets rather than burdens by their families; the responsible mothers, who are responsible for the social reproduction of dutiful daughters; the flying grandmas, commonly older mothers who engage in temporary migration to support the transmigrant women with their domestic responsibilities; the defiant wives, mostly married women whose autonomous migration is perceived as a transgression of the conjugal family ideals even though these families survive on their earnings; and the substitute women, typically older women who take over the role of caregivers when married women migrate leaving behind their husbands and children. The paper concludes by demonstrating how globalising processes like women’s international labour migration interact with localised gender, caste and class structures to produce new and unequal categories of femininities.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"11 1","pages":"618 - 637"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21632324.2020.1806604","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42569681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-20DOI: 10.1080/21632324.2020.1806603
S. Nasrat
ABSTRACT This study explores the access and use of social capital by Afghan refugees for their labour market integration in the Netherlands. Using a qualitative research method, I conducted 32 interviews with Afghan refugees who arrived in the Netherlands as part of different migration waves, obtained refugee status and integrated into the Dutch labour market for the first time. The findings reveal that Afghan refugees have access and use different types of social capital for support in their labour market integration process to a varying degree. The support from vertical bridging was found to be the most used and helpful form of social capital for many Afghan refugees in preparing for and entering into the Dutch labour market. No case of refugees who entered the Dutch labour market directly through the support from vertical bonding social capital was found. Moreover, it was found that access and use of different forms of social capital alone have no substantial impact on securing adequate employment and/or occupational status; however, there are also several other important factors.
{"title":"Social capital and the labour market integration experiences of Afghan refugees in the Netherlands","authors":"S. Nasrat","doi":"10.1080/21632324.2020.1806603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1806603","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study explores the access and use of social capital by Afghan refugees for their labour market integration in the Netherlands. Using a qualitative research method, I conducted 32 interviews with Afghan refugees who arrived in the Netherlands as part of different migration waves, obtained refugee status and integrated into the Dutch labour market for the first time. The findings reveal that Afghan refugees have access and use different types of social capital for support in their labour market integration process to a varying degree. The support from vertical bridging was found to be the most used and helpful form of social capital for many Afghan refugees in preparing for and entering into the Dutch labour market. No case of refugees who entered the Dutch labour market directly through the support from vertical bonding social capital was found. Moreover, it was found that access and use of different forms of social capital alone have no substantial impact on securing adequate employment and/or occupational status; however, there are also several other important factors.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"11 1","pages":"600 - 617"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21632324.2020.1806603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46782435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-19DOI: 10.1080/21632324.2020.1806605
B. Bedasso, Ermias Gebru Weldesenbet, Nonso Obikili
ABSTRACT The potential effects of migration on the welfare of the left behind consist in an important part of the debate around migration. In this paper, we use household survey data from Nigeria to examine the impact of family migration on educational attainment. Because migration status of households is endogenous, we use proportion of migrants in a local district and historical exposure to foreigners as proxied by distance to foreign missionary station in 1921 as instruments for migration of household member. We find that being in a migrant household increases the probability of completing secondary school and attending some postsecondary education. We also find that belonging to a migrant household increases the probability of own future migration. We further explore channels through which migration of family member affects education. We provide tentative evidence suggesting that anticipation of future own migration may be behind increased educational attainment.
{"title":"Emigration and education: the schooling of the left behind in Nigeria","authors":"B. Bedasso, Ermias Gebru Weldesenbet, Nonso Obikili","doi":"10.1080/21632324.2020.1806605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1806605","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The potential effects of migration on the welfare of the left behind consist in an important part of the debate around migration. In this paper, we use household survey data from Nigeria to examine the impact of family migration on educational attainment. Because migration status of households is endogenous, we use proportion of migrants in a local district and historical exposure to foreigners as proxied by distance to foreign missionary station in 1921 as instruments for migration of household member. We find that being in a migrant household increases the probability of completing secondary school and attending some postsecondary education. We also find that belonging to a migrant household increases the probability of own future migration. We further explore channels through which migration of family member affects education. We provide tentative evidence suggesting that anticipation of future own migration may be behind increased educational attainment.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"11 1","pages":"638 - 654"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21632324.2020.1806605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47789411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-16DOI: 10.1080/21632324.2020.1797458
Manojit Debnath, D. K. Nayak
ABSTRACT Drought is a regular occurrence in the western part of West Bengal state in Eastern India. Here, drought-like ambience ensues during every summer. Summers manifest intensively in some years leading to prevalence of drought in this region. Recurring drought has been one of the most important reasons forcing the rural people of this region to migrate out and the area experiences the highest out migration rate in the state. Most of the migrants seek employment in the nearby agriculturally and economically developed districts. The present study aims at investigating the importance of migration as a part of their livelihood strategy in times of drought. The study is based on information collected from door to door survey of migrant households through a structured schedule designed for the purpose. Livelihood threats loom large on the marginal and small landholding households in drought years which results in severe crop failures. Members of these households often try to adapt to the crisis by resorting to migrate out for a short duration. The study reveals that this coping strategy benefits the small land holders to some extent but the poorest continue to be extremely vulnerable. Even the institutional level assistance cannot eliminate drought vulnerability. The study also reveals that seasonal migration is resorted to as the last option as a strategy after exhausting all other possibilities.
{"title":"Assessing drought-induced temporary migration as an adaptation strategy: evidence from rural India","authors":"Manojit Debnath, D. K. Nayak","doi":"10.1080/21632324.2020.1797458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1797458","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drought is a regular occurrence in the western part of West Bengal state in Eastern India. Here, drought-like ambience ensues during every summer. Summers manifest intensively in some years leading to prevalence of drought in this region. Recurring drought has been one of the most important reasons forcing the rural people of this region to migrate out and the area experiences the highest out migration rate in the state. Most of the migrants seek employment in the nearby agriculturally and economically developed districts. The present study aims at investigating the importance of migration as a part of their livelihood strategy in times of drought. The study is based on information collected from door to door survey of migrant households through a structured schedule designed for the purpose. Livelihood threats loom large on the marginal and small landholding households in drought years which results in severe crop failures. Members of these households often try to adapt to the crisis by resorting to migrate out for a short duration. The study reveals that this coping strategy benefits the small land holders to some extent but the poorest continue to be extremely vulnerable. Even the institutional level assistance cannot eliminate drought vulnerability. The study also reveals that seasonal migration is resorted to as the last option as a strategy after exhausting all other possibilities.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"11 1","pages":"521 - 542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21632324.2020.1797458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44432611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-13DOI: 10.1080/21632324.2020.1797456
Denise N. Obinna
ABSTRACT Legal permanent residency (LPR) removes the immediate threat of deportation and allows a permanent foothold in America. Yet despite its protections, LPR is an incredibly difficult status to achieve for legal immigrants who are not immediate relatives (spouses, parents or minor children) of American citizens. Within a climate of increased enforcement, immigrants are urged to migrate using legal channels. Yet these channels are often oversubscribed and may span decades depending on visa type or country of origin. Using data from the National visa Center (NVC) and the U.S. Department of State, this manuscript outlines the difficulties of American LPR within its two largest quota capped categories: family reunification and employment. Findings indicate that countries like India, China, Mexico and the Philippines have the longest wait-times in visa queues – averaging between 7 and 23 years. Data also indicate that for the 2017 and 2018 fiscal years, there were over 3.7 million petitions waitlisted in visa queues at U.S. consulates abroad. As such, this manuscript evaluates how the unpredictability of American LPR restricts immigrant pathways to legal integration. It also evaluates how time spent in long visa queues – in part engenders illegal immigration.
{"title":"Wait-times, visa queues and uncertainty: the barriers to American legal migration","authors":"Denise N. Obinna","doi":"10.1080/21632324.2020.1797456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1797456","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Legal permanent residency (LPR) removes the immediate threat of deportation and allows a permanent foothold in America. Yet despite its protections, LPR is an incredibly difficult status to achieve for legal immigrants who are not immediate relatives (spouses, parents or minor children) of American citizens. Within a climate of increased enforcement, immigrants are urged to migrate using legal channels. Yet these channels are often oversubscribed and may span decades depending on visa type or country of origin. Using data from the National visa Center (NVC) and the U.S. Department of State, this manuscript outlines the difficulties of American LPR within its two largest quota capped categories: family reunification and employment. Findings indicate that countries like India, China, Mexico and the Philippines have the longest wait-times in visa queues – averaging between 7 and 23 years. Data also indicate that for the 2017 and 2018 fiscal years, there were over 3.7 million petitions waitlisted in visa queues at U.S. consulates abroad. As such, this manuscript evaluates how the unpredictability of American LPR restricts immigrant pathways to legal integration. It also evaluates how time spent in long visa queues – in part engenders illegal immigration.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"9 1","pages":"390 - 410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21632324.2020.1797456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42492048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1080/21632324.2020.1797457
Ayesha Qaisrani
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the multi-dimensional approach through which the Pakistani state envisages, cultivates and practices state–diaspora relations. It examines the bureaucratic initiatives and official narratives to understand how the state extends its reach across its borders to bring the overseas population into its domain to fulfil the national agendas. The paper further argues that the state-diaspora relations in Pakistan are being developed through two main shifts: a) the way the state moulds its own identity in relation to the diaspora, and b) the way the state attempts to shape or create a diasporic identity for the overseas population. The paper adopts the analytical lens of why, who and how, to describe the motivations behind diaspora engagement, the discrepancies created between different diaspora groups and modes of engagement with these groups. From a neoliberal governmentality optic, these processes explain how the Pakistani state involves the diaspora members as partners in development, politics and governance and also treats them as subjects of governance and surveillance through identification and categorisation. It concludes that the Pakistani state’s enhanced interest in diaspora engagement is to articulate nationhood in a transnational setting to reconfigure state hegemony in a globalised context.
{"title":"Reaching out, inviting in: Pakistan’s approach to diaspora engagement","authors":"Ayesha Qaisrani","doi":"10.1080/21632324.2020.1797457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1797457","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the multi-dimensional approach through which the Pakistani state envisages, cultivates and practices state–diaspora relations. It examines the bureaucratic initiatives and official narratives to understand how the state extends its reach across its borders to bring the overseas population into its domain to fulfil the national agendas. The paper further argues that the state-diaspora relations in Pakistan are being developed through two main shifts: a) the way the state moulds its own identity in relation to the diaspora, and b) the way the state attempts to shape or create a diasporic identity for the overseas population. The paper adopts the analytical lens of why, who and how, to describe the motivations behind diaspora engagement, the discrepancies created between different diaspora groups and modes of engagement with these groups. From a neoliberal governmentality optic, these processes explain how the Pakistani state involves the diaspora members as partners in development, politics and governance and also treats them as subjects of governance and surveillance through identification and categorisation. It concludes that the Pakistani state’s enhanced interest in diaspora engagement is to articulate nationhood in a transnational setting to reconfigure state hegemony in a globalised context.","PeriodicalId":74195,"journal":{"name":"Migration and development","volume":"11 1","pages":"501 - 520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21632324.2020.1797457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43227405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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