Pub Date : 2016-03-20DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000200
I. Uwimana, Gatabazi Jb, O. Mukabayire, Bigirimana, L. Ngendahayo, Mubako Tvk, Stevens Mh
Background: The number of people infected with tuberculosis is gradually increasing in Rwanda. The diagnosis of suspected Tuberculous Lymphadenitis (TL) is still difficult to diagnose and remain expensive when applying surgical procedures. Objective: To study the usefulness of fine needle aspirates in diagnosis of TL in patients from a low income country. Methods: Triplicate smears from lymph node aspirates were prepared. Air-dried smears were stained by hot ZN staining technique for AFB examination, and Gram staining technique for exclusion of any bacterial infection and Papanicolaou staining technique was done for cytological to detect malignant cells and other pathology. Slides were examined by laboratory technologist and pathologist respectively. Results: A total number of 138 specimens from suspected TL patients were analysed, of which 14 (10.1%) were ZN positive while cytology revealed 25 (18.1%) cases of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis. From Papanicolaou stain 25 (18.1%) cases were either supportive for TB (7.2%) cases or suspicious for TB (10.9%) while 113 (81.9%) there was no features for TB. Among 25 cases which were supportive or suspicious for TB only 6 cases (4.3%) were also ZN positive and 19 (13.8%) were ZN negative. Cytology revealed also 19 (13.8%) cases of reactive nodes, 25 (18.1%) accounted for other pathologies and 33 (23.9%) were inadequate samples for analysis and interpretation. Gram stain showed 2 (2.7%) cases of Gram positive cocci. Conclusion: In low income countries, the use of FNA cytology with more training should be considered as a useful tool in diagnosis of TL instead of biopsy applying surgical procedures.
{"title":"Fine Needle Aspirate and Cytology (FNAC) as Useful Tool in the Diagnosis ofSuspected Tuberculous Lymphadenitis in Rwanda, 2009","authors":"I. Uwimana, Gatabazi Jb, O. Mukabayire, Bigirimana, L. Ngendahayo, Mubako Tvk, Stevens Mh","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000200","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The number of people infected with tuberculosis is gradually increasing in Rwanda. The diagnosis of suspected Tuberculous Lymphadenitis (TL) is still difficult to diagnose and remain expensive when applying surgical procedures. \u0000Objective: To study the usefulness of fine needle aspirates in diagnosis of TL in patients from a low income country. \u0000Methods: Triplicate smears from lymph node aspirates were prepared. Air-dried smears were stained by hot ZN staining technique for AFB examination, and Gram staining technique for exclusion of any bacterial infection and Papanicolaou staining technique was done for cytological to detect malignant cells and other pathology. Slides were examined by laboratory technologist and pathologist respectively. \u0000Results: A total number of 138 specimens from suspected TL patients were analysed, of which 14 (10.1%) were ZN positive while cytology revealed 25 (18.1%) cases of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis. From Papanicolaou stain 25 (18.1%) cases were either supportive for TB (7.2%) cases or suspicious for TB (10.9%) while 113 (81.9%) there was no features for TB. Among 25 cases which were supportive or suspicious for TB only 6 cases (4.3%) were also ZN positive and 19 (13.8%) were ZN negative. Cytology revealed also 19 (13.8%) cases of reactive nodes, 25 (18.1%) accounted for other pathologies and 33 (23.9%) were inadequate samples for analysis and interpretation. Gram stain showed 2 (2.7%) cases of Gram positive cocci. \u0000Conclusion: In low income countries, the use of FNA cytology with more training should be considered as a useful tool in diagnosis of TL instead of biopsy applying surgical procedures.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70582311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-15DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000199
J. Shingdang, Y. Bot, O. Ojo, O. Edeh, C. Essien, E. Bwende, C. Okolie, A. Ekwempu
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important communicable disease all over the world. The serum protein levels in TB patients may be altered by low immunity, edema and decrease antioxidant activity. This study therefore evaluates the relationship between TB and serum proteins with emphasis on albumin/globulin ratio an important component for treatment and management of TB. The study also aimed at comparing albumin/globulin ratio of tuberculosis patients, HIV patients, those on drugs and naive patients. Materials and Method: A total of 120 participants (42 control and 78 patients) aged between 15 years-65 years and sex-matched attending Plateau State Specialist Hospital were enrolled. Total protein was estimated using Biuret method and albumin by Bromocresol green method, serum globulin value was obtained by subtracting albumin from total protein then albumin/globulin ratio was calculated. Screening for HIV antibody was done using Determine strip and confirmed with Unigold. Results: Evaluated albumin/globulin ratio (1:4) was obtained in the TB case when compared to control group (p = 0.002). The albumin was significantly higher in study group compared to control (2.95 ± 0.86 and 2.75 ± 0.65 g/dl) while total protein and globulin was significantly lower (6.17 ± 1.66 and 6.76 ± 0.86 g/dl, p = 0.011 and 3.22 ± 1.9 and 3.97 ± 0.86 g/dl with p = 0.016. Patients seropositive for HIV antibody had a decrease in serum total protein, albumin and globulin but high albumin/globulin ratio. Total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin of TB patients not on drugs were elevated compared to those currently undergoing treatment. Age group < 30 years when compared with age group between 30-40 years showed significant low albumin and albumin/globulin ratio (2.74 ± 0.75 and 3.10 ± 0.72 g/dl, p = 0.025 and 0.97:1 ± 0.66and 1.42:1 ± 1.47, p = 0.042). Conclusion: Our work suggests that individuals < 30 years had hypoproteinaemia which maybe lead to low immunity. Our results also suggests that albumin/globulin ratio of TB patients on drugs were higher which may be due to hyperalbunaemia observed in this group. For effective treatment and management of TB infected individuals, appropriate use of drugs, adherence to treatment plan, close monitoring of dietary intake is needful in building and improving immunity.
背景:结核病(TB)仍然是世界范围内重要的传染病。结核病患者血清蛋白水平可能因免疫力低下、水肿和抗氧化活性降低而改变。因此，本研究评估了结核病与血清蛋白之间的关系，重点是白蛋白/球蛋白比率，这是结核病治疗和管理的重要组成部分。本研究还旨在比较结核病患者、艾滋病患者、药物治疗患者和初治患者的白蛋白/球蛋白比率。材料与方法:在高原州专科医院就诊，年龄15 ~ 65岁，性别匹配，共纳入120例受试者(对照组42例，患者78例)。用双缩脲法测定总蛋白，用溴甲酚绿法测定白蛋白，用总蛋白减去白蛋白得到血清球蛋白值，计算白蛋白/球蛋白比。用测定条进行HIV抗体筛选，并用Unigold进行检测。结果:与对照组相比，TB患者的白蛋白/球蛋白比值为1:4 (p = 0.002)。研究组白蛋白显著高于对照组(2.95±0.86和2.75±0.65 g/dl)，总蛋白和球蛋白显著低于对照组(6.17±1.66和6.76±0.86 g/dl, p = 0.011和3.22±1.9和3.97±0.86 g/dl, p = 0.016)。HIV抗体阳性患者血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白均降低，但白蛋白/球蛋白比值较高。与目前正在接受治疗的结核病患者相比，未服用药物的结核病患者的总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白和白蛋白/球蛋白升高。年龄< 30岁组与30-40岁组相比，白蛋白和白蛋白/球蛋白比值明显降低(分别为2.74±0.75和3.10±0.72 g/dl, p = 0.025和0.97:1±0.66和1.42:1±1.47,p = 0.042)。结论:我们的工作提示，< 30岁的个体存在低蛋白血症，这可能导致免疫力低下。我们的研究结果还表明，服用药物的结核病患者的白蛋白/球蛋白比率较高，这可能是由于该组观察到的高白蛋白血症所致。为了有效治疗和管理结核病感染者，需要适当使用药物，遵守治疗计划，密切监测饮食摄入量，以建立和改善免疫力。
{"title":"Serum Albumin/Globulin ratio in Tuberculosis and HIV Patients any Relationship?","authors":"J. Shingdang, Y. Bot, O. Ojo, O. Edeh, C. Essien, E. Bwende, C. Okolie, A. Ekwempu","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000199","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important communicable disease all over the world. The serum protein levels in TB patients may be altered by low immunity, edema and decrease antioxidant activity. This study therefore evaluates the relationship between TB and serum proteins with emphasis on albumin/globulin ratio an important component for treatment and management of TB. The study also aimed at comparing albumin/globulin ratio of tuberculosis patients, HIV patients, those on drugs and naive patients. \u0000Materials and Method: A total of 120 participants (42 control and 78 patients) aged between 15 years-65 years and sex-matched attending Plateau State Specialist Hospital were enrolled. Total protein was estimated using Biuret method and albumin by Bromocresol green method, serum globulin value was obtained by subtracting albumin from total protein then albumin/globulin ratio was calculated. Screening for HIV antibody was done using Determine strip and confirmed with Unigold. \u0000Results: Evaluated albumin/globulin ratio (1:4) was obtained in the TB case when compared to control group (p = 0.002). The albumin was significantly higher in study group compared to control (2.95 ± 0.86 and 2.75 ± 0.65 g/dl) while total protein and globulin was significantly lower (6.17 ± 1.66 and 6.76 ± 0.86 g/dl, p = 0.011 and 3.22 ± 1.9 and 3.97 ± 0.86 g/dl with p = 0.016. Patients seropositive for HIV antibody had a decrease in serum total protein, albumin and globulin but high albumin/globulin ratio. Total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin of TB patients not on drugs were elevated compared to those currently undergoing treatment. Age group < 30 years when compared with age group between 30-40 years showed significant low albumin and albumin/globulin ratio (2.74 ± 0.75 and 3.10 ± 0.72 g/dl, p = 0.025 and 0.97:1 ± 0.66and 1.42:1 ± 1.47, p = 0.042). \u0000Conclusion: Our work suggests that individuals < 30 years had hypoproteinaemia which maybe lead to low immunity. Our results also suggests that albumin/globulin ratio of TB patients on drugs were higher which may be due to hyperalbunaemia observed in this group. For effective treatment and management of TB infected individuals, appropriate use of drugs, adherence to treatment plan, close monitoring of dietary intake is needful in building and improving immunity.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70582096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-03-13DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000198
Rakesh Patel, Rajni Upadhyay, B. Bajaj, V. Yadav, N. Srivastava, D. Chauhan, S. Kar, B. Joshi
Immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is complex and some cytokines are believed to be involved in protective response in humans. In the present study the levels of IFNγ, IL-17, IL-10 and IL-2 stimulated by PPD and ESAT-6 in the PBMCs of active untreated pulmonary TB patients (PTB), their PPD+ve household contacts (HHC) and PPD-ve healthy controls (H) has been estimated at the start and 2 months and 6 months after the start of treatment. IgG subclass antibodies to ESAT-6 and Ag85 complex circulating in the serum of the study subjects on the same days were also measured. Significantly elevated levels of cytokines were secreted by the unstimulated PBMC of patients and HHC in comparison to healthy individuals. PPD significantly increased the secretion of all the measured cytokines by the PBMC of healthy individuals and patients. Higher levels of IL-2 and lower levels of IL-10 were secreted by the PBMC of healthy individuals than the patients whereas that between HHC and patients did not differ. Ratio of IFNγ/IL-10 was also compared among study subjects and significantly higher ratio was observed in healthy subjects than patients and HHC. Significantly higher IgG1 response to ESAT-6 and Ag85 complex was detected in patients’ sera than HHC. No effect of treatment could be observed in cytokine and IgG1 levels in all the groups on all the days studied. Our findings suggest preactivated state of TB patients and their PPD+ household contacts and significant cellular immune reactivity by PPD-ve healthy individuals. Further, our findings suggest that IFNγ/IL-10 ratio could differentiate infection from cure.
{"title":"Differential Cytokine Response and IgG Subclasses in Pulmonary TB Patients,Household Contacts and BCG Vaccinated PPD-ve Healthy Controls","authors":"Rakesh Patel, Rajni Upadhyay, B. Bajaj, V. Yadav, N. Srivastava, D. Chauhan, S. Kar, B. Joshi","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000198","url":null,"abstract":"Immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is complex and some cytokines are believed to be involved in protective response in humans. In the present study the levels of IFNγ, IL-17, IL-10 and IL-2 stimulated by PPD and ESAT-6 in the PBMCs of active untreated pulmonary TB patients (PTB), their PPD+ve household contacts (HHC) and PPD-ve healthy controls (H) has been estimated at the start and 2 months and 6 months after the start of treatment. IgG subclass antibodies to ESAT-6 and Ag85 complex circulating in the serum of the study subjects on the same days were also measured. Significantly elevated levels of cytokines were secreted by the unstimulated PBMC of patients and HHC in comparison to healthy individuals. PPD significantly increased the secretion of all the measured cytokines by the PBMC of healthy individuals and patients. Higher levels of IL-2 and lower levels of IL-10 were secreted by the PBMC of healthy individuals than the patients whereas that between HHC and patients did not differ. Ratio of IFNγ/IL-10 was also compared among study subjects and significantly higher ratio was observed in healthy subjects than patients and HHC. Significantly higher IgG1 response to ESAT-6 and Ag85 complex was detected in patients’ sera than HHC. No effect of treatment could be observed in cytokine and IgG1 levels in all the groups on all the days studied. Our findings suggest preactivated state of TB patients and their PPD+ household contacts and significant cellular immune reactivity by PPD-ve healthy individuals. Further, our findings suggest that IFNγ/IL-10 ratio could differentiate infection from cure.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70582003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-21DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000197
M. Saleh, G. Longhi, P. Hanifi-Moghaddam, Roula Toubassy
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiological agent of tuberculosis. It is a pathogen that continues to draw international concerns particularly due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance and to the difficulties associated with the diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis. A key process in the pathogenesis of this disease is the interaction between this pathogen and host macrophages. Invasion of the macrophages protects the pathogen from attack by the immune system, allows it to multiply while protected within the macrophages, and alters the immune response as it influences the profiles of the cytokine and chemokine responses. Key to the intracellular survival of the pathogen within the macrophages is the specific interaction between the pathogen and its virulence factors with the host. This review provides an a summary of pertinent literature on the topic of macrophage receptors utilized by the pathogen, its survival strategies within the macrophage, and the general profile of immune signalling upon exposure to the pathogen. The importance of specific macrophage receptors and certain components of the pathogen to the direction of the immune response are also discussed.
{"title":"Macrophage Infection by Mycobacteria","authors":"M. Saleh, G. Longhi, P. Hanifi-Moghaddam, Roula Toubassy","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000197","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiological agent of tuberculosis. It is a pathogen that continues to draw international concerns particularly due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance and to the difficulties associated with the diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis. A key process in the pathogenesis of this disease is the interaction between this pathogen and host macrophages. Invasion of the macrophages protects the pathogen from attack by the immune system, allows it to multiply while protected within the macrophages, and alters the immune response as it influences the profiles of the cytokine and chemokine responses. Key to the intracellular survival of the pathogen within the macrophages is the specific interaction between the pathogen and its virulence factors with the host. This review provides an a summary of pertinent literature on the topic of macrophage receptors utilized by the pathogen, its survival strategies within the macrophage, and the general profile of immune signalling upon exposure to the pathogen. The importance of specific macrophage receptors and certain components of the pathogen to the direction of the immune response are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2161-1068.1000197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70581858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000196
D. Ray, Saket M. Nigam
Tuberculosis is highly prevalent in developing country and with rising incidence of HIV, incidence of tuberculosis is further rising. Spine is most common site of osseous involvement of tuberculosis and the psoas abscess one of its common complication. We encountered a rare case of bilateral tubercular psoas abscess having aneurysm of abdominal aorta. While performing aspiration of abscess through posterior paraspinal approach for diagnostic work up, we land up in fatal complication of aortic aneurysm rupture. The case was further managed by injecting glue, so could avoid life threatening complication.
{"title":"Tubercular Aortic Aneurysm with Rupture into Psoas Abscess","authors":"D. Ray, Saket M. Nigam","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000196","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis is highly prevalent in developing country and with rising incidence of HIV, incidence of tuberculosis is further rising. Spine is most common site of osseous involvement of tuberculosis and the psoas abscess one of its common complication. We encountered a rare case of bilateral tubercular psoas abscess having aneurysm of abdominal aorta. While performing aspiration of abscess through posterior paraspinal approach for diagnostic work up, we land up in fatal complication of aortic aneurysm rupture. The case was further managed by injecting glue, so could avoid life threatening complication.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70581735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-25DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000195
M. Fujita, Takemasa Matsumoto, Ryousuke Hirano, Hiroshi Ouchi, E. Harada, Y. Nakanishi, Kentaro Watanabe
Pulmonary MAC disease causes pulmonary involvement, such as bronchiectasis and small nodules, particularly in the middle lobe and lingular segment. An evaluation of the efficacy of pulmonary MAC disease treatment is difficult. The investigation of biomarkers against MAC infection may lead to a more precise evaluation of the treatment for MAC infection. We experienced several cases of pulmonary MAC disease and found carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) concentrations correlated with the activity of pulmonary MAC disease. In this study, we evaluated the role of CA19-9 as a biomarker in pulmonary MAC disease. We found an elevation of CA19-9 during pulmonary MAC disease, but not in tuberculosis, suggesting a relationship between CA19-9 and the disease activity in the elevated CA19-9 group. CA19-9 may be a promising biomarker for the evaluation of the disease activity of pulmonary MAC disease.
{"title":"Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) Represents the Disease Activity ofNontuberculous Mycobacteria","authors":"M. Fujita, Takemasa Matsumoto, Ryousuke Hirano, Hiroshi Ouchi, E. Harada, Y. Nakanishi, Kentaro Watanabe","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000195","url":null,"abstract":"Pulmonary MAC disease causes pulmonary involvement, such as bronchiectasis and small nodules, particularly in the middle lobe and lingular segment. An evaluation of the efficacy of pulmonary MAC disease treatment is difficult. The investigation of biomarkers against MAC infection may lead to a more precise evaluation of the treatment for MAC infection. We experienced several cases of pulmonary MAC disease and found carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) concentrations correlated with the activity of pulmonary MAC disease. In this study, we evaluated the role of CA19-9 as a biomarker in pulmonary MAC disease. We found an elevation of CA19-9 during pulmonary MAC disease, but not in tuberculosis, suggesting a relationship between CA19-9 and the disease activity in the elevated CA19-9 group. CA19-9 may be a promising biomarker for the evaluation of the disease activity of pulmonary MAC disease.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70582084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-05DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000194
B. Ayele, Getachew Nenko
Background: TB continues to be a major public health problem in Ethiopia, which ranks eighth by estimated number of cases among the 22 TB high-burden countries. The impact of the programme on treatment outcomes and the trend in the service coverage for tuberculosis has not been assessed ever since. The aim of the study was to assess trends in the expansion of DOTS and treatment outcomes for tuberculosis in Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia. Methods: 3722 TB patients in Gedeo zone, four health facilities were analysed from September 2009 to August 2014. Data entry was done by EPiData 3.1 and descriptive analysis and multinomial logistic regression modelling for categorical outcome were carried out using STATA version12. Logistic regression is used to model categorical outcome variable, to estimate the relative risk and its corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results were reported as being statistically significant if p-value was less than 5%. Result: Of 3722 patients, 1042 cured (28%), 1431 treatment completed (38.45%), 197 treatment defaulters (5.29%), 161 deaths (4.33%), 12 treatment failures (0.32%) and 879 cases transferred out (23.62%) to other health facilities were recorded in the study. In total, 1,705(45.81%) of the patients were SPPTB, 1,287(34.58%) were SNPTB and the rest 730(19.61%) were EPTB cases. More proportion of death and default were recorded among HIV reactive patients and unknown for their status on HIV test, respectively. Conclusion: TSR of all types of TB patients treated in Gedeo zone health facilities were unsatisfactory (66.44%) compared to the updated Global Plan (WHO, 2011-2015) are to achieve a TSR of 87% by 2015 as a threshold. The proportion of defaulted and failure rates were higher in SPPTB than SNPTB and EPTB but death rate was high in EPTB patients. The health centres exhibited better treatment outcomes compared to hospital.
{"title":"Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis in Selected Health Facilities of Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study","authors":"B. Ayele, Getachew Nenko","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000194","url":null,"abstract":"Background: TB continues to be a major public health problem in Ethiopia, which ranks eighth by estimated number of cases among the 22 TB high-burden countries. The impact of the programme on treatment outcomes and the trend in the service coverage for tuberculosis has not been assessed ever since. The aim of the study was to assess trends in the expansion of DOTS and treatment outcomes for tuberculosis in Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia. \u0000Methods: 3722 TB patients in Gedeo zone, four health facilities were analysed from September 2009 to August 2014. Data entry was done by EPiData 3.1 and descriptive analysis and multinomial logistic regression modelling for categorical outcome were carried out using STATA version12. Logistic regression is used to model categorical outcome variable, to estimate the relative risk and its corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results were reported as being statistically significant if p-value was less than 5%. \u0000Result: Of 3722 patients, 1042 cured (28%), 1431 treatment completed (38.45%), 197 treatment defaulters (5.29%), 161 deaths (4.33%), 12 treatment failures (0.32%) and 879 cases transferred out (23.62%) to other health facilities were recorded in the study. In total, 1,705(45.81%) of the patients were SPPTB, 1,287(34.58%) were SNPTB and the rest 730(19.61%) were EPTB cases. More proportion of death and default were recorded among HIV reactive patients and unknown for their status on HIV test, respectively. \u0000Conclusion: TSR of all types of TB patients treated in Gedeo zone health facilities were unsatisfactory (66.44%) compared to the updated Global Plan (WHO, 2011-2015) are to achieve a TSR of 87% by 2015 as a threshold. The proportion of defaulted and failure rates were higher in SPPTB than SNPTB and EPTB but death rate was high in EPTB patients. The health centres exhibited better treatment outcomes compared to hospital.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70581978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-05DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000193
L. Larcombe, N. Mookherjee, A. Lodge, Jodie S. Brown, Lizette Denechezhe, P. Nickerson, P. Orr
Objectives: The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) regulates susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune diseases. NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms have been implicated in susceptibility to tuberculosis. The frequency of NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms was therefore evaluated in three Manitoba First Nations sub-groups (Dene, Cree, and Saulteaux) with differential but high rates of tuberculosis (636/100,000, 496/100,000, and 0/100,000 respectively). Methods: Venous blood samples were collected from 281 study participants from three First Nations sub-groups (Dene (N=108), Cree (N=41), Saulteaux (N=49)), and a non-indigenous Canadian-born (European-descent) group (N=83). Genomic DNA was extracted and four single nucleotide polymorphisms in the NRAMP1 gene (5′ (GT)n, -274 (C/T), Intron 4 (469+14 G/C), D543N (G/A)) were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism. NRAMP1 SNP allele frequencies were counted and compared between studied sub-groups. Results: The Dene sub-group had significantly different allele frequencies of NRAMP1 (5′(GT)n, -274 (C/T), Intron 4(G/C), D543N (G/A)) compared to the European-descent group. The NRAMP1 allele frequencies at D543N (G/A) and Intron 4(G/C) differed significantly between the Cree and the European-descent group while the allele frequencies of the Saulteaux were not significantly different from the European-descent group. Two sub-groups (Dene and Cree) had higher frequency of NRAMP1 D543N (A) allele, which is associated with tuberculosis in other populations. Conclusion: High, but differential rates of tuberculosis among the First Nation sub-groups in Manitoba are related to social determinants of health (i.e. poverty, racism, inadequate housing) but other potential risk factors such as gene polymorphisms associated with tuberculosis have only recently come under investigation. NRAMP1 allele frequencies were found to be different comparing the Dene, Cree and Saulteaux and their role in tuberculosis susceptibility/resistance needs further investigation.
{"title":"Frequency of NRAMP1 Gene Polymorphisms among Canadian First NationsPeoples Experiencing Endemic Tuberculosis","authors":"L. Larcombe, N. Mookherjee, A. Lodge, Jodie S. Brown, Lizette Denechezhe, P. Nickerson, P. Orr","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000193","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) regulates susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune diseases. NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms have been implicated in susceptibility to tuberculosis. The frequency of NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms was therefore evaluated in three Manitoba First Nations sub-groups (Dene, Cree, and Saulteaux) with differential but high rates of tuberculosis (636/100,000, 496/100,000, and 0/100,000 respectively). \u0000Methods: Venous blood samples were collected from 281 study participants from three First Nations sub-groups (Dene (N=108), Cree (N=41), Saulteaux (N=49)), and a non-indigenous Canadian-born (European-descent) group (N=83). Genomic DNA was extracted and four single nucleotide polymorphisms in the NRAMP1 gene (5′ (GT)n, -274 (C/T), Intron 4 (469+14 G/C), D543N (G/A)) were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism. NRAMP1 SNP allele frequencies were counted and compared between studied sub-groups. \u0000Results: The Dene sub-group had significantly different allele frequencies of NRAMP1 (5′(GT)n, -274 (C/T), Intron 4(G/C), D543N (G/A)) compared to the European-descent group. The NRAMP1 allele frequencies at D543N (G/A) and Intron 4(G/C) differed significantly between the Cree and the European-descent group while the allele frequencies of the Saulteaux were not significantly different from the European-descent group. Two sub-groups (Dene and Cree) had higher frequency of NRAMP1 D543N (A) allele, which is associated with tuberculosis in other populations. \u0000Conclusion: High, but differential rates of tuberculosis among the First Nation sub-groups in Manitoba are related to social determinants of health (i.e. poverty, racism, inadequate housing) but other potential risk factors such as gene polymorphisms associated with tuberculosis have only recently come under investigation. NRAMP1 allele frequencies were found to be different comparing the Dene, Cree and Saulteaux and their role in tuberculosis susceptibility/resistance needs further investigation.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70581895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-29DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000192
N. Tashiro, M. Fujita, Takemasa Matsumoto, Ryousuke Hirano, J. Uchino, E. Harada, Satoshi Ikegame, Hiroshi Ouchi, Y. Nakanishi, Kentaro Watanabe
Mycobacterium avium causes chronic and progressive respiratory infection. A therapeutic regimen including clarithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol has been commonly employed, however, the effect of such antibacterial therapy is often unsatisfactory. Doxycycline is an antibiotic known to have immuno-modulating effects as well as antibacterial activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of doxycycline administration on M. avium infection in mice. The administration of doxycycline attenuated lung inflammation caused by M. avium according to the results from a histology analysis and the number of inflammatory cells from BAL fluids. Moreover, doxycycline improved the survival rate in TNF-R1 KO mice infected with M. avium. However, doxycycline did not affect the colony number of M. avium in the lungs. These results suggest that doxycycline may have protective effects against M. avium induced inflammation in mice. The effects of doxycycline may be due to its biological effect apart from its antimicrobial function.
{"title":"Doxycycline Attenuated Mycobacterium avium Induced Inflammation in Mice","authors":"N. Tashiro, M. Fujita, Takemasa Matsumoto, Ryousuke Hirano, J. Uchino, E. Harada, Satoshi Ikegame, Hiroshi Ouchi, Y. Nakanishi, Kentaro Watanabe","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000192","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacterium avium causes chronic and progressive respiratory infection. A therapeutic regimen including clarithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol has been commonly employed, however, the effect of such antibacterial therapy is often unsatisfactory. Doxycycline is an antibiotic known to have immuno-modulating effects as well as antibacterial activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of doxycycline administration on M. avium infection in mice. The administration of doxycycline attenuated lung inflammation caused by M. avium according to the results from a histology analysis and the number of inflammatory cells from BAL fluids. Moreover, doxycycline improved the survival rate in TNF-R1 KO mice infected with M. avium. However, doxycycline did not affect the colony number of M. avium in the lungs. These results suggest that doxycycline may have protective effects against M. avium induced inflammation in mice. The effects of doxycycline may be due to its biological effect apart from its antimicrobial function.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70581616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-27DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000189
M. Trivedi, S. Patil, Harish Shettigar, Sambhu Mondal, S. Jana
The aim was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment modality on mycobacterial strains in relation to antimycobacterials susceptibility. Mycobacterial sensitivity was analysed using 12 B BACTEC vials on the BACTEC 460 TB machine in 39 lab isolates (sputum samples) from stored stock cultures. Two American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains were also used to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobials (Mycobacterium smegmatis 14468 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis 25177). Rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin in treated samples showed increased susceptibility as 3.33%, 3.33% and 400.6%, respectively, as compared to control in extensive drug resistance (XDR) strains. Pyrazinamide showed 300% susceptibility as compared to control in multidrug resistance (MDR) strains. Isoniazide did not show any improvement of susceptibility pattern against treated either in XDR or MDR strains of Mycobacterium as compared to control. Besides susceptibility, the resistance pattern of treated group was reduced in case of isoniazide (26.7%), rifampicin (27.6%), pyrazinamide (31.4%), ethambutol (33.43%) and streptomycin (41.3%) as compared to the untreated group of XDR strains. The MIC values of few antimicrobials were also altered in the treated group of Mycobacterium smegmatis. There was a significant reduction observed in MIC values of linezolid (8.0 to 2.0 μg/ml) and tobramycin (2.0 to 1.0 μg/ml); however, very slight changes occurred in the remaining antimicrobials of treated samples. There was no change of MIC values in the strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after biofield treatment. Biofield treatment effect on Mycobacterium against anti-tubercular drugs might be due to altered ligand-receptor/protein interactions at either enzymatic and/or genetic level with respect to anti-mycobacterium susceptibility and MIC values of antimicrobials.
{"title":"An Impact of Biofield Treatment: Antimycobacterial Susceptibility Potential Using BACTEC 460/MGIT-TB System","authors":"M. Trivedi, S. Patil, Harish Shettigar, Sambhu Mondal, S. Jana","doi":"10.4172/2161-1068.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1068.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"The aim was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment modality on mycobacterial strains in relation to antimycobacterials susceptibility. Mycobacterial sensitivity was analysed using 12 B BACTEC vials on the BACTEC 460 TB machine in 39 lab isolates (sputum samples) from stored stock cultures. Two American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains were also used to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobials (Mycobacterium smegmatis 14468 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis 25177). Rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin in treated samples showed increased susceptibility as 3.33%, 3.33% and 400.6%, respectively, as compared to control in extensive drug resistance (XDR) strains. Pyrazinamide showed 300% susceptibility as compared to control in multidrug resistance (MDR) strains. Isoniazide did not show any improvement of susceptibility pattern against treated either in XDR or MDR strains of Mycobacterium as compared to control. Besides susceptibility, the resistance pattern of treated group was reduced in case of isoniazide (26.7%), rifampicin (27.6%), pyrazinamide (31.4%), ethambutol (33.43%) and streptomycin (41.3%) as compared to the untreated group of XDR strains. The MIC values of few antimicrobials were also altered in the treated group of Mycobacterium smegmatis. There was a significant reduction observed in MIC values of linezolid (8.0 to 2.0 μg/ml) and tobramycin (2.0 to 1.0 μg/ml); however, very slight changes occurred in the remaining antimicrobials of treated samples. There was no change of MIC values in the strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after biofield treatment. Biofield treatment effect on Mycobacterium against anti-tubercular drugs might be due to altered ligand-receptor/protein interactions at either enzymatic and/or genetic level with respect to anti-mycobacterium susceptibility and MIC values of antimicrobials.","PeriodicalId":74235,"journal":{"name":"Mycobacterial diseases : tuberculosis & leprosy","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70581274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：