Nanomedicine (London, England)最新文献

In recent years, the application of nanotechnology in biomedicine has been extensively studied. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), a novel type of nanomaterial, have garnered increasing attention in the field of ophthalmology because of their unique antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties. The research and development of AgNPs are driving innovations in ophthalmic treatment technologies and offering new solutions to address the challenges posed by traditional treatment methods. This article reviews the methods used to synthesize AgNPs, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. A comprehensive literature search was performed in the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published up to 2025. Furthermore, it focuses on the applications of AgNPs in ophthalmology, including anti-infection, wound healing, antiangiogenic, and drug delivery systems. Finally, this article highlights the development trends and challenges of the use of AgNPs in ophthalmology, providing a theoretical basis and research direction for their future clinical application in this field.

Nanocarriers have transformed drug delivery by improving bioavailability, enabling targeted action, and reducing systemic toxicity. Despite these advances, the field has become saturated with structurally and functionally similar platforms, leading to redundancy and limited translational progress. This work critically analyzes the scientific and systemic drivers of redundancy, including design convergence, patent-driven modifications, novelty-focused academic incentives, and insufficient comparative standards. To address these challenges, a rational innovation framework is proposed, grounded in needs-based design, comparative benchmarking, predictive modeling, and resource-conscious decision-making. Within this framework, the Rationality Guidance Index (RGI) is introduced as a semi-quantitative pre-initiation triage tool that balances clinical need, innovation value, and translational feasibility. Designed for academic and innovator contexts, the RGI complements existing frameworks such as DELIVER and the 6Rs roadmap by identifying projects at high risk of redundancy before resource-intensive development. The adoption of rational innovation strategies, supported by structured decision-making tools, is essential to enhance clinical success rates and ensure that advances in nanomedicine translate into meaningful patient outcomes.

Aims: Chronic low-grade inflammation accelerates skin aging, termed inflammaging. This study investigates whether Photinia glabra-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PgELNs) can alleviate inflammaging by modulating inflammatory signaling and calcium homeostasis.

Materials and methods: PgELNs were isolated using tangential flow filtration and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to model inflammaging. PgELN uptake, cell viability, senescence markers, cytokine expression, tight junction proteins, and calcium levels were assessed via flow cytometry, quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblotting, and transcriptomic profiling.

Results: PgELNs were efficiently internalized without cytotoxicity. In stimulated cells, PgELNs reduced proinflammatory cytokines, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) markers, and restored IL-10 and tight junction proteins. Transcriptome and pathway analyses revealed suppression of JAK/STAT signaling via STAT1 and ISG15 downregulation, reducing CXCL9/10 expression. This led to normalization of intracellular and extracellular Ca²⁺ levels.

Discussion: PgELNs mitigate skin inflammaging by dual regulation of inflammation and calcium homeostasis. Targeting the STAT1-CXCL9/10 axis, PgELNs reduce senescence and preserve barrier integrity. These findings highlight PgELNs as a promising plant-derived nanotherapeutic for managing inflammation-associated skin aging.

Aims: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of pulsed laser ablation-generated copper oxide (CuO/Cu₂O) nanoparticles (NPs) against urinary pathogens and to elucidate molecular stress responses through proteomic profiling.

Methods: Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were exposed to CuO/Cu₂O NPs. Viability was assessed by colony-forming unit counts, while morphological alterations were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Quantitative proteomic analysis with COG and KEGG bioinformatics was performed for E. faecalis and P. mirabilis at early exposure times (10-60 min).

Results: CuO/Cu₂O NPs significantly reduced viability, with E. coli and P. aeruginosa fully inhibited after 30 min, whereas P. mirabilis showed relative resistance. FESEM revealed nanoparticle-induced membrane rupture and cell deformation. Proteomic analysis identified conserved and species-specific stress responses. Shared adaptations included upregulation of energy metabolism, transcription, and transport pathways. E. faecalis uniquely increased carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall biogenesis, while P. mirabilis emphasized ribosome biogenesis, ion transport, and nucleotide metabolism. Virulence-associated proteins were differentially expressed, linking stress adaptation to pathogenicity.

Conclusions: CuO/Cu₂O NPs exert rapid antibacterial activity via oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and metabolic reprogramming. Distinct proteomic adaptations explain species differences in susceptibility and highlight copper nanoparticles as promising antimicrobial candidates.

Malignant brain tumors are a highly complex and heterogeneous group of neoplasms, with glioblastoma being the most aggressive and treatment-resistant form. Standard therapies remain insufficient, largely due to poor drug penetration across the blood-brain barrier and tumor heterogeneity. Lipid-based nanoemulsions have emerged as promising nanocarriers capable of enhancing drug solubility, protecting unstable compounds, and facilitating targeted delivery across the blood-brain barrier. This scoping review analyzed 19 studies focused on lipid-based nanoemulsions for brain tumor therapy, particularly those incorporating synthetic drugs, natural compounds, and nucleic acids. Key formulation strategies, preparation methods, and physicochemical characteristics were outlined. The majority of studies demonstrated in vitro cytotoxicity against rat C6 and human U87MG glioma cell lines. Particularly, nanoemulsions loaded with temozolomide, and siRNA targeting CD73 reduced tumor growth in glioma-bearing rats, especially via nasal administration. Natural products such as kaempferol and honokiol also showed antiglioma effects in vitro when delivered through nanoemulsions. These findings highlight the potential of nanoemulsions in neuro-oncology, particularly for noninvasive nose-to-brain delivery and gene silencing therapies. Further research is needed to standardize formulations and validate their efficacy and safety in clinical settings.

BCR-ABL oncogene associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) encodes for tyrosine kinase with enhanced activity that drives the uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells. The therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors improves the life expectancy of patients without curative effects. However, lifelong treatments are required and usually associated with adverse effects and drug resistance. Alternatively, gene-silencing using nucleic acids has been proposed to avoid the synthesis of protein kinase. The use of RNA Interference seems to be the most promising strategy for new therapy. This review provides an overview of clinically used therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and explores future advances using RNA interference, especially siRNA, as it is the one tested the most up to now. The studies reporting the use of siRNA to silence BCR-ABL gene are analyzed based on the used sequence, chemical modifications, and delivery systems. The sequence that targets specific regions of BCR-ABL gene and chemical modifications that improve stability, specificity, and potency are underlined. Finally, the studies devoted to delivering siRNA have been examined based on the vector nature (natural or synthetic) and delivery mechanism (conjugation or loading). The level of maturity reached (in vitro, in vivo, pre-clinical) in the studies has been underlined. No clinical studies were found.

Background: Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected tropical disease that impacts millions of individuals. At least two drugs directed against the parasite (Benznidazole and Nifurtimox) have low effectiveness in treating Chronic Chagasic patients. The present work is focused on studying new strategies to develop innovative treatments.

Methods: The strategy was based on the use of a virus-inspired protein (CB^K12) that formed nanoparticles with antisense oligonucleotides (AON) against Calreticulin gene of T. cruzi. TcCRT has several functions in T. cruzi, such as participation in cell infection, modulation of the host's immune response, cell adhesion, control of the level of calcium, and in the folding of glycoproteins. T. cruzi trypomastigotes were incubated with the protein-CRT nanoparticle (CB^K12+CRT), and several parameters were evaluated.

Results: The results showed that CRT, Super Oxide Dismutase, and Glutathione Peroxidase presented gene expression reduction. Decreased parasite survival, altered parasite morphology, increased complement susceptibility, produced metabolic alteration, and substantially reduced mammal cell infection were also observed.

Conclusion: The results indicate that protein nanoparticles carrying antisense oligonucleotides are a promising strategy directed against T. cruzi.

Cancer therapy is an ever-changing landscape in constant demand of innovative approaches. Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a tetrapeptide epoxyketone covalent proteasome inhibitor currently approved for the treatment of refractory multiple myeloma. CFZ has a litany of anti-cancer biological effects lending itself to the treatment of a broad number of malignancies. Like many anti-cancer agents, CFZ is marred by severe offsite toxicities that limit applications of the drug. As a result, many nanomedicine approaches have been explored to improve the therapeutic index of CFZ-based treatments. Nanoparticle mediated delivery of CFZ has emerged as a leading candidate. CFZ can be encapsulated in a diverse array of nanomedical formulations including lipid-based, polymer, inorganic, and nanocrystalline vehicles. Each vehicle subtype has unique properties allowing for opportunities for enhanced delivery as well as multimodal therapy. In this review, we will categorize and summarize CFZ nanomedicine methods while demonstrating the potential of CFZ in the treatment of cancer.