Nanomedicine (London, England)最新文献

Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (iLNPs) have revolutionized Ribonucleic acid (RNA) therapeutics by enabling precise and efficient delivery of nucleic acids. However, their clinical translation remains challenged by batch-to-batch variability, complex lipid - RNA interactions, and stringent regulatory requirements. This review highlights how advanced microfluidic technologies address these issues by providing precise control over iLNP fabrication through engineered mixer geometries, optimized flow dynamics, and pH-dependent self-assembly. Comparative analyses of hydrodynamic flow focusing (HFF), and staggered herringbone mixers (SHM) demonstrate their distinct influence on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency. Furthermore, the integration of design-of-experiments (DoE) methodologies, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and machine learning (ML)-assisted optimization enables predictive formulation design and adaptive process control, enhancing reproducibility and scalability. Collectively, this review underscores microfluidics and ML as synergistic technologies that bridge laboratory innovation with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant, large-scale production paving the way for the next generation of intelligent, personalized RNA nanomedicines.

Purpose: To develop and characterize Pterostilbene (PT)-loaded nanoemulgel (PNEG) and to evaluate its effect in rat model of ischemic stroke.

Method: PT-loaded nanoemulsion (PNE) was developed and further coated with chitosan and poloxamer-407 to obtain PNEG. It was characterized for particle size, zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency, viscosity, stability, and ex-vivo mucoadhesive strength. Safety was assessed via in-vitro cytotoxicity assays and ex-vivo nasal mucosal compatibility. The therapeutic efficacy of PNEG was evaluated in a rat model of ischemic stroke, with assessments including neurobehavioral performances, oxidative stress, mitochondrial ultrastructure and complex activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.

Results: PNEG exhibited particle size of 65.68 ± 0.66 nm with a zeta potential of 9.77 ± 1.2. The formulation demonstrated enhanced mucoadhesive strength and thermoresponsive viscosity, promoting prolonged nasal residence time. In-vitro and ex-vivo assessments confirmed the formulation's biocompatibility and non-toxicity. In-vivo, PNEG significantly enhanced neurological performance, including motor coordination, muscle strength, and cognition, while concurrently reducing oxidative stress, preserving mitochondrial integrity, and suppressing neuroinflammation in hippocampus and cortex of ischemic rats.

Conclusion: Intranasal PNEG enabled sustained PT delivery with robust neuroprotection in ischemic stroke, highlighting its promise as a clinically translatable strategy for targeted brain therapy.

A significant upsurge in antibiotic-resistant infections, mainly due to the Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), is a major global concern. These GNBs carry lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a complex outer membrane component that endows them with structural integrity and acts as a formidable barrier against most antibiotics. Targeting LPS has thus emerged as a promising frontier in antibacterial nanomedicine. This review explores the structure of LPS and its pivotal role in bacterial virulence and immune evasion. We have highlighted diverse nanoparticle-based strategies like antibodies, peptides, aptamers, and small molecules that selectively bind and neutralize the LPS. Additionally, we have tried to present the key mechanisms of action of these NPs, which include membrane disruption, neutralization of the endotoxin, etc. Overall, this review provides a clear picture of how LPS-targeting NPs could aid in combating drug-resistant and deadly infections in the future.

Venous malformations (VMs) are congenital vascular anomalies that cause pain, bleeding, and functional impairment, yet current first-line therapies such as sclerotherapy and surgical resection are limited by complications and high recurrence rates. Nanomedicine provides a promising alternative by exploiting the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR)-like effect to achieve selective accumulation of nanoparticles (NPs) within VMs. Preclinical studies support the use of NPs not only for improved drug delivery but also for non-pharmacologic based treatment, such as photothermal therapy. Furthermore, active targeting strategies involving surface-functionalized NPs offer the potential for enhanced specificity and treatment efficacy. Despite these advances, clinical translation faces challenges such as heterogeneity in EPR efficiency, depth-limited delivery, and pediatric safety concerns. Continued efforts to create more effective, pediatric-specific drug delivery systems are essential for developing safer, more efficient, and minimally invasive nanomedicine therapy for patients with VMs.

Background: Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Selective inhibition of COX-2 can come forward as improved and targeted therapeutic strategy.

Methods: We hereby determine selective inhibition efficiency of COX-2 enzyme in HepG₂ cells through laser-assisted oligonucleotides release from remote optical nano-switches (LORONS) with spatial and temporal control. Gold nanorods (GNRs) were decorated with fluorescein labeled single and double strand RNA interfering oligos through methoxy PEG thiol linkages. Upon uptake by HepG₂ cell, conjugated GNRs were exposed to continuous NIR laser irradiation near the resonance wavelength of GNRs (808 nm) for controlled release of oligos.

Results: COX-2 protein expression was reduced by 93% after NIR laser exposure compared to control sample after 48 h (p < 0.05). Significant reduction in prostaglandin E2(PGE2) levels after LORONS treatment was also observed. Gene silencing efficacy using GNRs conjugated oligos without laser exposure was recorded 38%.

Conclusion: We hereby conclude LORONS as a useful therapeutic strategy for localized gene silencing by remote optical excitation at desired intracellular location.

In recent years, the application of nanotechnology in biomedicine has been extensively studied. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), a novel type of nanomaterial, have garnered increasing attention in the field of ophthalmology because of their unique antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties. The research and development of AgNPs are driving innovations in ophthalmic treatment technologies and offering new solutions to address the challenges posed by traditional treatment methods. This article reviews the methods used to synthesize AgNPs, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. A comprehensive literature search was performed in the PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published up to 2025. Furthermore, it focuses on the applications of AgNPs in ophthalmology, including anti-infection, wound healing, antiangiogenic, and drug delivery systems. Finally, this article highlights the development trends and challenges of the use of AgNPs in ophthalmology, providing a theoretical basis and research direction for their future clinical application in this field.

Nanocarriers have transformed drug delivery by improving bioavailability, enabling targeted action, and reducing systemic toxicity. Despite these advances, the field has become saturated with structurally and functionally similar platforms, leading to redundancy and limited translational progress. This work critically analyzes the scientific and systemic drivers of redundancy, including design convergence, patent-driven modifications, novelty-focused academic incentives, and insufficient comparative standards. To address these challenges, a rational innovation framework is proposed, grounded in needs-based design, comparative benchmarking, predictive modeling, and resource-conscious decision-making. Within this framework, the Rationality Guidance Index (RGI) is introduced as a semi-quantitative pre-initiation triage tool that balances clinical need, innovation value, and translational feasibility. Designed for academic and innovator contexts, the RGI complements existing frameworks such as DELIVER and the 6Rs roadmap by identifying projects at high risk of redundancy before resource-intensive development. The adoption of rational innovation strategies, supported by structured decision-making tools, is essential to enhance clinical success rates and ensure that advances in nanomedicine translate into meaningful patient outcomes.