Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00231-7
All Nature Reviews Psychology articles are edited for clarity and consistency prior to publication. We encourage researchers to devote the same attention to precision when writing their empirical papers.
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Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00224-6
Holly A. Taylor, Heather Burte, Kai T. Renshaw
Spatial thinking relates to interest and success in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. In this Review, we suggest that visualizations connect spatial and STEM thinking because all STEM disciplines use visualizations, and visualizations use space to meaningfully organize information. We focus on visualizations to show that their ubiquitous use reflects the importance of spatial thinking in STEM. In building to this point, we discuss different ways to think spatially, as spatial thinking is not a unitary process. With this base, we review the cognitive underpinnings of spatial thinking and visualization comprehension, including attention, perception and memory. We then examine how spatial thinking is involved when processing visualizations, across visualization types and STEM fields. We end by discussing future work to further probe the importance of visualizations and their connection to spatial thinking and STEM success. The ability to think spatially is associated with STEM success. In this Review, Taylor and colleagues discuss how visualizations engage spatial thinking and the role of visualizations across STEM fields.
{"title":"Connecting spatial thinking to STEM learning through visualizations","authors":"Holly A. Taylor, Heather Burte, Kai T. Renshaw","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00224-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00224-6","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial thinking relates to interest and success in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. In this Review, we suggest that visualizations connect spatial and STEM thinking because all STEM disciplines use visualizations, and visualizations use space to meaningfully organize information. We focus on visualizations to show that their ubiquitous use reflects the importance of spatial thinking in STEM. In building to this point, we discuss different ways to think spatially, as spatial thinking is not a unitary process. With this base, we review the cognitive underpinnings of spatial thinking and visualization comprehension, including attention, perception and memory. We then examine how spatial thinking is involved when processing visualizations, across visualization types and STEM fields. We end by discussing future work to further probe the importance of visualizations and their connection to spatial thinking and STEM success. The ability to think spatially is associated with STEM success. In this Review, Taylor and colleagues discuss how visualizations engage spatial thinking and the role of visualizations across STEM fields.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 10","pages":"637-653"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44316232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00221-9
Emiko J. Muraki, Laura J. Speed, Penny M. Pexman
Mental representations allow humans to think about, remember and communicate about an infinite number of concepts. A key question within cognitive psychology is how the mind stores and accesses the meaning of concepts. Embodied theories propose that concept knowledge includes or requires simulations of the sensory and physical interactions of one’s body with the world, even when a concept is subsequently processed in a context unrelated to those interactions. However, the nature of these simulations is highly debated and their mechanisms underspecified. Insight into whether and how simulations support concept knowledge can be derived from studying related mental representations, such as mental imagery. In particular, research into the inability to form mental imagery, known as aphantasia, can advance understanding of mental imagery and mental simulations. In this Review, we provide an overview of embodied theories of cognition, review research in mental imagery and consider how simulation and mental imagery might overlap. We then synthesize the growing aphantasia literature and discuss how aphantasia can be used to test predictions derived from theories of embodied cognition. Embodied theories propose that concept knowledge involves simulations of sensory information. In this Review, Muraki et al. discuss how studying individuals with an inability to form mental images can provide insight into the relationship between mental imagery and these mental simulations.
{"title":"Insights into embodied cognition and mental imagery from aphantasia","authors":"Emiko J. Muraki, Laura J. Speed, Penny M. Pexman","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00221-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00221-9","url":null,"abstract":"Mental representations allow humans to think about, remember and communicate about an infinite number of concepts. A key question within cognitive psychology is how the mind stores and accesses the meaning of concepts. Embodied theories propose that concept knowledge includes or requires simulations of the sensory and physical interactions of one’s body with the world, even when a concept is subsequently processed in a context unrelated to those interactions. However, the nature of these simulations is highly debated and their mechanisms underspecified. Insight into whether and how simulations support concept knowledge can be derived from studying related mental representations, such as mental imagery. In particular, research into the inability to form mental imagery, known as aphantasia, can advance understanding of mental imagery and mental simulations. In this Review, we provide an overview of embodied theories of cognition, review research in mental imagery and consider how simulation and mental imagery might overlap. We then synthesize the growing aphantasia literature and discuss how aphantasia can be used to test predictions derived from theories of embodied cognition. Embodied theories propose that concept knowledge involves simulations of sensory information. In this Review, Muraki et al. discuss how studying individuals with an inability to form mental images can provide insight into the relationship between mental imagery and these mental simulations.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 10","pages":"591-605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46501444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00217-5
Juulia T. Suvilehto, Asta Cekaite, India Morrison
A growing body of evidence from the behavioural and neural sciences indicates that social touch has a vital role in human development and psychological well-being. Despite some advances, differences in emphasis and approach across disciplines have hampered a comprehensive understanding of touch behaviour in social interactions. In this Review, we synthesize findings from quantitative and qualitative research in psychology and neuroscience to present a cross-disciplinary framework for investigating social touch and interpreting the associated behaviour. This framework elucidates levels of analysis and explanation for the functions, evolution, mechanisms and development of social touch. We highlight three main areas of inquiry, many of which remain under-researched: the purpose of social touch (‘why’), the individuals involved in the touch (‘who’) and the use of social touch in a given situation (‘how’). Together, these dimensions can accommodate features of social relationships from the level of the individual to society while also taking into account the influence of intention, motivation and emotion on social touch. We also consider important yet often overlooked factors such as the species’ evolutionary history, language and sociocultural variables, as well as biological mechanisms underpinning social touch. Social touch plays a vital part in human development and psychological well-being, but relevant research is often siloed across disciplines. In this Review, Suvilehto and colleagues integrate across areas and approaches to draw conclusions regarding the purpose, participants and use of social touch.
{"title":"The why, who and how of social touch","authors":"Juulia T. Suvilehto, Asta Cekaite, India Morrison","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00217-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00217-5","url":null,"abstract":"A growing body of evidence from the behavioural and neural sciences indicates that social touch has a vital role in human development and psychological well-being. Despite some advances, differences in emphasis and approach across disciplines have hampered a comprehensive understanding of touch behaviour in social interactions. In this Review, we synthesize findings from quantitative and qualitative research in psychology and neuroscience to present a cross-disciplinary framework for investigating social touch and interpreting the associated behaviour. This framework elucidates levels of analysis and explanation for the functions, evolution, mechanisms and development of social touch. We highlight three main areas of inquiry, many of which remain under-researched: the purpose of social touch (‘why’), the individuals involved in the touch (‘who’) and the use of social touch in a given situation (‘how’). Together, these dimensions can accommodate features of social relationships from the level of the individual to society while also taking into account the influence of intention, motivation and emotion on social touch. We also consider important yet often overlooked factors such as the species’ evolutionary history, language and sociocultural variables, as well as biological mechanisms underpinning social touch. Social touch plays a vital part in human development and psychological well-being, but relevant research is often siloed across disciplines. In this Review, Suvilehto and colleagues integrate across areas and approaches to draw conclusions regarding the purpose, participants and use of social touch.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 10","pages":"606-621"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49490238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-21DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00226-4
Florian van Leeuwen, Bastian Jaeger, Joshua M. Tybur
Infectious disease threatens humans across cultures and time periods. The mental mechanisms that have evolved to navigate this threat can have non-intuitive consequences for phenomena such as political ideology and social prejudice. In this Review, we describe these mental mechanisms (together called the behavioural immune system), review the evidence that they contribute to prejudice and critically evaluate evidence for two proposed underlying principles: that the behavioural immune system functions according to a ‘better safe than sorry’ bias (the smoke detector principle) and generates prejudice towards people with atypical features. We find that evidence supports both features. However, most evidence for the smoke detector principle remains indirect, and only specific types of atypicality seem to evoke prejudice. These considerations lead to two priorities for future research. First, research should apply signal detection methods to more directly test whether the behavioural immune system leads to prejudice because of a bias towards false alarms. Second, research should focus on testing the extent to which explanations based on low interpersonal value can account for relations between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice towards groups and individuals associated with norm violations. The behavioural immune system consists of psychological mechanisms that evolved to prevent pathogens from entering the body (such as avoiding stimuli that elicit disgust). In this Review, van Leeuwen et al. consider how pathogen avoidance gives rise to prejudice and evaluate the empirical support for principles hypothesized to underlie this phenomenon.
{"title":"A behavioural immune system perspective on disgust and social prejudice","authors":"Florian van Leeuwen, Bastian Jaeger, Joshua M. Tybur","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00226-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00226-4","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious disease threatens humans across cultures and time periods. The mental mechanisms that have evolved to navigate this threat can have non-intuitive consequences for phenomena such as political ideology and social prejudice. In this Review, we describe these mental mechanisms (together called the behavioural immune system), review the evidence that they contribute to prejudice and critically evaluate evidence for two proposed underlying principles: that the behavioural immune system functions according to a ‘better safe than sorry’ bias (the smoke detector principle) and generates prejudice towards people with atypical features. We find that evidence supports both features. However, most evidence for the smoke detector principle remains indirect, and only specific types of atypicality seem to evoke prejudice. These considerations lead to two priorities for future research. First, research should apply signal detection methods to more directly test whether the behavioural immune system leads to prejudice because of a bias towards false alarms. Second, research should focus on testing the extent to which explanations based on low interpersonal value can account for relations between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice towards groups and individuals associated with norm violations. The behavioural immune system consists of psychological mechanisms that evolved to prevent pathogens from entering the body (such as avoiding stimuli that elicit disgust). In this Review, van Leeuwen et al. consider how pathogen avoidance gives rise to prejudice and evaluate the empirical support for principles hypothesized to underlie this phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 11","pages":"676-687"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48870601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00229-1
Lukas A. Basedow
{"title":"High on your own supply","authors":"Lukas A. Basedow","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00229-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00229-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 10","pages":"588-588"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43382808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00228-2
Axel G. Ekström
{"title":"Predicting linguistic universality through reverse engineering","authors":"Axel G. Ekström","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00228-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00228-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 10","pages":"587-587"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43757598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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