Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00190-z
Allison L. Skinner-Dorkenoo, Meghan George, James E. Wages III, Sirenia Sánchez, Sylvia P. Perry
Historically, the field of psychology has focused on racial biases at an individual level, considering the effects of various stimuli on individual racial attitudes and biases. This approach has provided valuable information, but not enough focus has been placed on the systemic nature of racial biases. In this Review, we examine the bidirectional relation between individual-level racial biases and broader societal systems through a systemic lens. We argue that systemic factors operating across levels — from the interpersonal to the cultural — contribute to the production and reinforcement of racial biases in children and adults. We consider the effects of five systemic factors on racial biases in the USA: power and privilege disparities, cultural narratives and values, segregated communities, shared stereotypes and nonverbal messages. We discuss evidence that these factors shape individual-level racial biases, and that individual-level biases shape systems and institutions to reproduce systemic racial biases and inequalities. We conclude with suggestions for interventions that could limit the effects of these influences and discuss future directions for the field. Psychology research typically focuses on biases at the individual level rather than across broader societal systems. In this Review, Skinner-Dorkenoo and colleagues consider how systemic factors contribute to individual-level racial biases in the USA and vice versa.
{"title":"A systemic approach to the psychology of racial bias within individuals and society","authors":"Allison L. Skinner-Dorkenoo, Meghan George, James E. Wages III, Sirenia Sánchez, Sylvia P. Perry","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00190-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00190-z","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, the field of psychology has focused on racial biases at an individual level, considering the effects of various stimuli on individual racial attitudes and biases. This approach has provided valuable information, but not enough focus has been placed on the systemic nature of racial biases. In this Review, we examine the bidirectional relation between individual-level racial biases and broader societal systems through a systemic lens. We argue that systemic factors operating across levels — from the interpersonal to the cultural — contribute to the production and reinforcement of racial biases in children and adults. We consider the effects of five systemic factors on racial biases in the USA: power and privilege disparities, cultural narratives and values, segregated communities, shared stereotypes and nonverbal messages. We discuss evidence that these factors shape individual-level racial biases, and that individual-level biases shape systems and institutions to reproduce systemic racial biases and inequalities. We conclude with suggestions for interventions that could limit the effects of these influences and discuss future directions for the field. Psychology research typically focuses on biases at the individual level rather than across broader societal systems. In this Review, Skinner-Dorkenoo and colleagues consider how systemic factors contribute to individual-level racial biases in the USA and vice versa.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 7","pages":"392-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10196321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9707119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-17DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00182-z
Manvir Singh, Samuel A. Mehr
Humans can find music happy, sad, fearful or spiritual. They can be soothed by it or urged to dance. Whether these psychological responses reflect cognitive adaptations that evolved expressly for responding to music is an ongoing topic of study. In this Review, we examine three features of music-related psychological responses that help to elucidate whether the underlying cognitive systems are specialized adaptations: universality, domain-specificity and early expression. Focusing on emotional and behavioural responses, we find evidence that the relevant psychological mechanisms are universal and arise early in development. However, the existing evidence cannot establish that these mechanisms are domain-specific. To the contrary, many findings suggest that universal psychological responses to music reflect more general properties of emotion, auditory perception and other human cognitive capacities that evolved for non-musical purposes. Cultural evolution, driven by the tinkering of musical performers, evidently crafts music to compellingly appeal to shared psychological mechanisms, resulting in both universal patterns (such as form–function associations) and culturally idiosyncratic styles. Whether music-related psychological responses evolved as specialized cognitive adaptations is unknown. In this Review, Singh and Mehr find evidence for universality and early expression of emotional and behavioural responses but not domain-specificity, suggesting that music-related responses draw on more general psychological mechanisms.
人类可以在音乐中找到快乐、悲伤、恐惧或灵性。他们可以被音乐抚慰，也可以被音乐催促起舞。这些心理反应是否反映了专门为回应音乐而进化的认知适应，是一个持续研究的课题。在这篇综述中，我们将研究与音乐相关的心理反应的三个特征，这些特征有助于阐明潜在的认知系统是否是专门的适应：普遍性、领域特异性和早期表达。以情绪和行为反应为重点，我们发现有证据表明，相关的心理机制具有普遍性，并且在发育早期就已出现。然而，现有的证据并不能确定这些机制具有领域特异性。相反，许多研究结果表明，对音乐的普遍心理反应反映了情感、听觉感知和其他人类认知能力的更普遍特性，而这些特性是为非音乐目的进化而来的。在音乐表演者的修修补补的推动下，文化进化显然使音乐对共同的心理机制产生了令人信服的吸引力，从而产生了普遍的模式（如形式-功能关联）和文化特异性风格。与音乐相关的心理反应是否作为专门的认知适应进化而来，目前还不得而知。在这篇综述中，Singh 和 Mehr 发现了情绪和行为反应的普遍性和早期表达的证据，但没有发现特定领域的证据，这表明与音乐相关的反应借鉴了更普遍的心理机制。
{"title":"Universality, domain-specificity and development of psychological responses to music","authors":"Manvir Singh, Samuel A. Mehr","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00182-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00182-z","url":null,"abstract":"Humans can find music happy, sad, fearful or spiritual. They can be soothed by it or urged to dance. Whether these psychological responses reflect cognitive adaptations that evolved expressly for responding to music is an ongoing topic of study. In this Review, we examine three features of music-related psychological responses that help to elucidate whether the underlying cognitive systems are specialized adaptations: universality, domain-specificity and early expression. Focusing on emotional and behavioural responses, we find evidence that the relevant psychological mechanisms are universal and arise early in development. However, the existing evidence cannot establish that these mechanisms are domain-specific. To the contrary, many findings suggest that universal psychological responses to music reflect more general properties of emotion, auditory perception and other human cognitive capacities that evolved for non-musical purposes. Cultural evolution, driven by the tinkering of musical performers, evidently crafts music to compellingly appeal to shared psychological mechanisms, resulting in both universal patterns (such as form–function associations) and culturally idiosyncratic styles. Whether music-related psychological responses evolved as specialized cognitive adaptations is unknown. In this Review, Singh and Mehr find evidence for universality and early expression of emotional and behavioural responses but not domain-specificity, suggesting that music-related responses draw on more general psychological mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 6","pages":"333-346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48995411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-10DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00195-8
Teresa Schubert
{"title":"Tinkering with tools leads to more success","authors":"Teresa Schubert","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00195-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00195-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 6","pages":"328-328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45647514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-10DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00193-w
Omid V. Ebrahimi
{"title":"Systems-based thinking in psychology and the mental health sciences","authors":"Omid V. Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00193-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00193-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 6","pages":"332-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10171725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9619031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-09DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00181-0
Alexis S. Smith-Flores, Lindsey J. Powell
Social relationships powerfully influence human emotions. Understanding how relationships influence emotions enables people to make important social inferences, such as what will delight or upset someone and which people are allies or enemies. In this Perspective, we bring together research that has separately addressed reasoning about emotion and reasoning about affiliation. People expect others’ emotions to reflect their appraisals of a situation relative to what they value. People also expect others to value the welfare of friends, family and group members. This common connection to value can support joint reasoning across these two domains. An intuitive theory representing the connection between affiliation and emotion can enable people to use relationships to better predict others’ emotions, including empathy and counter-empathy, and to infer relationships from observed emotional responses. We also review evidence that human infants can make inferences about emotion and affiliation separately, and we propose future work to explore the development of joint reasoning across these domains. People can reason about the relationships between people and about other people’s emotions. In this Perspective, Smith-Flores and Powell review research in both domains and propose a framework of how people jointly reason about social affiliation and emotion.
{"title":"Joint reasoning about social affiliation and emotion","authors":"Alexis S. Smith-Flores, Lindsey J. Powell","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00181-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00181-0","url":null,"abstract":"Social relationships powerfully influence human emotions. Understanding how relationships influence emotions enables people to make important social inferences, such as what will delight or upset someone and which people are allies or enemies. In this Perspective, we bring together research that has separately addressed reasoning about emotion and reasoning about affiliation. People expect others’ emotions to reflect their appraisals of a situation relative to what they value. People also expect others to value the welfare of friends, family and group members. This common connection to value can support joint reasoning across these two domains. An intuitive theory representing the connection between affiliation and emotion can enable people to use relationships to better predict others’ emotions, including empathy and counter-empathy, and to infer relationships from observed emotional responses. We also review evidence that human infants can make inferences about emotion and affiliation separately, and we propose future work to explore the development of joint reasoning across these domains. People can reason about the relationships between people and about other people’s emotions. In this Perspective, Smith-Flores and Powell review research in both domains and propose a framework of how people jointly reason about social affiliation and emotion.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 6","pages":"374-383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44131607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-09DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00184-x
Riana M. Brown, Maureen A. Craig
People may address societal problems either by engaging in collective action, aiming to change underlying structural systems, or by engaging in prosocial behaviours, aiming to help those affected. In this Perspective, we draw on construal level theory and regulatory scope theory to understand how people might choose to mitigate social problems. Specifically, we propose that people pursue solutions that alleviate the suffering of those affected by the problem (consequence-focused solutions) when they focus on lower-level or more psychologically proximal features and that they pursue solutions that address the underlying causes of the problem (cause-focused solutions) when they focus on higher-level or more psychologically distant features. Thus, people’s preferences for different solutions might be explained by understanding how people view the underlying problem. This framework explains the different ways people seek to address perceived social problems, providing insights into when and why people devote their time and energy to pursuing different forms of social action. People address societal problems by engaging in collective action to attempt to change underlying structural systems (cause-focused solutions) or prosocial behaviours to help those affected (consequence-focused solutions). In this Perspective, Brown and Craig draw on construal level theory and regulatory scope theory to understand why people engage in different forms of social action.
{"title":"Understanding tactical responses to social problems through the lens of regulatory scope","authors":"Riana M. Brown, Maureen A. Craig","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00184-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00184-x","url":null,"abstract":"People may address societal problems either by engaging in collective action, aiming to change underlying structural systems, or by engaging in prosocial behaviours, aiming to help those affected. In this Perspective, we draw on construal level theory and regulatory scope theory to understand how people might choose to mitigate social problems. Specifically, we propose that people pursue solutions that alleviate the suffering of those affected by the problem (consequence-focused solutions) when they focus on lower-level or more psychologically proximal features and that they pursue solutions that address the underlying causes of the problem (cause-focused solutions) when they focus on higher-level or more psychologically distant features. Thus, people’s preferences for different solutions might be explained by understanding how people view the underlying problem. This framework explains the different ways people seek to address perceived social problems, providing insights into when and why people devote their time and energy to pursuing different forms of social action. People address societal problems by engaging in collective action to attempt to change underlying structural systems (cause-focused solutions) or prosocial behaviours to help those affected (consequence-focused solutions). In this Perspective, Brown and Craig draw on construal level theory and regulatory scope theory to understand why people engage in different forms of social action.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 7","pages":"440-449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42493799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-09DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00191-y
June Gruber, A. Susan Jurow, Eliana Colunga, Pardis Sabeti, Laura A. King
Scholarly harassment, or repeated mistreatment or threats towards one’s scholarly work, conduct or capabilities, poses a threat to scholars and might disproportionately impact women. The field must acknowledge and challenge the routine practices that stifle scholars’ voices and contributions.
{"title":"It’s time to talk about scholarly harassment","authors":"June Gruber, A. Susan Jurow, Eliana Colunga, Pardis Sabeti, Laura A. King","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00191-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00191-y","url":null,"abstract":"Scholarly harassment, or repeated mistreatment or threats towards one’s scholarly work, conduct or capabilities, poses a threat to scholars and might disproportionately impact women. The field must acknowledge and challenge the routine practices that stifle scholars’ voices and contributions.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 6","pages":"326-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46535960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-28DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00178-9
Minna Lehtonen, Valantis Fyndanis, Jussi Jylkkä
There is continuing debate over whether bilingualism can confer advantages in other areas of cognition. Bilingual language behaviours, such as switching between languages, are often assumed to engage domain-general executive functions that control and regulate behaviour. According to this account, language switching might also improve executive functions used for nonverbal tasks. An alternative account suggests that bilingual language behaviours are skills that become automatic with practice and come to rely on task-specific processes instead of domain-general executive functions. According to this account, repeated training in bilingual language behaviours would not enhance executive functions generally. In this Review, we examine cross-sectional and longitudinal research on language switching and executive function in language users with and without cognitive deficits in order to compare the domain-generality and skill-learning accounts. We also discuss how these results converge with the findings of task specificity in the cognitive training literature suggesting that training does not generalize to other tasks. We hope to stimulate further research contrasting these two accounts, with the goal of a better understanding of the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive control and whether it is possible to train executive functions via bilingual language behaviours. Debate exists regarding whether using multiple languages confers cognitive advantages beyond the language domain. In this Review, Lehtonen and colleagues contrast domain-generality and skill-learning accounts of bilingualism, considering how bilingual language use interacts with executive functions across levels of language proficiency.
{"title":"The relationship between bilingual language use and executive functions","authors":"Minna Lehtonen, Valantis Fyndanis, Jussi Jylkkä","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00178-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00178-9","url":null,"abstract":"There is continuing debate over whether bilingualism can confer advantages in other areas of cognition. Bilingual language behaviours, such as switching between languages, are often assumed to engage domain-general executive functions that control and regulate behaviour. According to this account, language switching might also improve executive functions used for nonverbal tasks. An alternative account suggests that bilingual language behaviours are skills that become automatic with practice and come to rely on task-specific processes instead of domain-general executive functions. According to this account, repeated training in bilingual language behaviours would not enhance executive functions generally. In this Review, we examine cross-sectional and longitudinal research on language switching and executive function in language users with and without cognitive deficits in order to compare the domain-generality and skill-learning accounts. We also discuss how these results converge with the findings of task specificity in the cognitive training literature suggesting that training does not generalize to other tasks. We hope to stimulate further research contrasting these two accounts, with the goal of a better understanding of the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive control and whether it is possible to train executive functions via bilingual language behaviours. Debate exists regarding whether using multiple languages confers cognitive advantages beyond the language domain. In this Review, Lehtonen and colleagues contrast domain-generality and skill-learning accounts of bilingualism, considering how bilingual language use interacts with executive functions across levels of language proficiency.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 6","pages":"360-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43058841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-27DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00189-6
Helena Hartmann
{"title":"Your pain in my brain","authors":"Helena Hartmann","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00189-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00189-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 6","pages":"331-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48037289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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