Pub Date : 2022-12-09DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00142-z
Michael T. Treadway
The next generation of translational measures must exhibit greater construct validity in their capacity to capture the dynamic nature of mental illness.
下一代的转化测量方法必须在捕捉精神疾病动态性质的能力方面表现出更高的构造效度。
{"title":"Computational psychiatry and the lived experience of mental illness","authors":"Michael T. Treadway","doi":"10.1038/s44159-022-00142-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-022-00142-z","url":null,"abstract":"The next generation of translational measures must exhibit greater construct validity in their capacity to capture the dynamic nature of mental illness.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 2","pages":"67-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45748938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-09DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00143-y
Teresa Schubert
{"title":"Enumeration across the visual field","authors":"Teresa Schubert","doi":"10.1038/s44159-022-00143-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-022-00143-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 1","pages":"7-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41637943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00136-x
Manuela Barreto, David Matthew Doyle
The theory of and research on ambivalent sexism — which encompasses both attitudes that are overtly negative (hostile sexism) and those that seem subjectively positive but are actually harmful (benevolent sexism) — have made substantial contributions to understanding how sexism operates and the consequences it has for women. It is now clear that sexism takes different forms, some of which can be disguised as protection and flattery. However, all forms of sexism have negative effects on how women are perceived and treated by others as well as on women themselves. Some of these findings have implications for understanding other social inequalities, such as ableism, ageism, racism and classism. In this Review, we summarize what is known about the predictors of ambivalent sexism and its effects. Although we focus on women, we also consider some effects on men, in particular those that indirectly influence women. Throughout the Review we point to societal shifts that are likely to influence how sexism is manifested, experienced and understood. We conclude by discussing the broader implications of these changes and specifying areas of enquiry that need to be addressed to continue making progress in understanding the mechanisms that underlie social inequalities. Sexism encompasses attitudes that are both overtly negative and those that seem subjectively positive but are actually harmful. In this Review, Barreto and Doyle describe the predictors of ambivalent sexism and its effects on women, and consider societal shifts that might influence how sexism is manifested, experienced and understood.
{"title":"Benevolent and hostile sexism in a shifting global context","authors":"Manuela Barreto, David Matthew Doyle","doi":"10.1038/s44159-022-00136-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-022-00136-x","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of and research on ambivalent sexism — which encompasses both attitudes that are overtly negative (hostile sexism) and those that seem subjectively positive but are actually harmful (benevolent sexism) — have made substantial contributions to understanding how sexism operates and the consequences it has for women. It is now clear that sexism takes different forms, some of which can be disguised as protection and flattery. However, all forms of sexism have negative effects on how women are perceived and treated by others as well as on women themselves. Some of these findings have implications for understanding other social inequalities, such as ableism, ageism, racism and classism. In this Review, we summarize what is known about the predictors of ambivalent sexism and its effects. Although we focus on women, we also consider some effects on men, in particular those that indirectly influence women. Throughout the Review we point to societal shifts that are likely to influence how sexism is manifested, experienced and understood. We conclude by discussing the broader implications of these changes and specifying areas of enquiry that need to be addressed to continue making progress in understanding the mechanisms that underlie social inequalities. Sexism encompasses attitudes that are both overtly negative and those that seem subjectively positive but are actually harmful. In this Review, Barreto and Doyle describe the predictors of ambivalent sexism and its effects on women, and consider societal shifts that might influence how sexism is manifested, experienced and understood.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 2","pages":"98-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9717569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10697033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-29DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00120-5
Rick Dale, Anne S. Warlaumont, Kerri L. Johnson
Many domains of inquiry in psychology are concerned with rich and complex phenomena. At the same time, the field of psychology is grappling with how to improve research practices to address concerns with the scientific enterprise. In this Perspective, we argue that both of these challenges can be addressed by adopting a principle of methodological variety. According to this principle, developing a variety of methodological tools should be regarded as a scientific goal in itself, one that is critical for advancing scientific theory. To illustrate, we show how the study of language and communication requires varied methodologies, and that theory development proceeds, in part, by integrating disparate tools and designs. We argue that the importance of methodological variation and innovation runs deep, travelling alongside theory development to the core of the scientific enterprise. Finally, we highlight ongoing research agendas that might help to specify, quantify and model methodological variety and its implications. Philosophers of science have identified epistemological criteria for evaluating the promise of a scientific theory. In this Perspective, Dale et al. propose that a principle of methodological variety should be one of these criteria, and argue that psychologists should actively cultivate methodological variety to advance theory.
{"title":"The fundamental importance of method to theory","authors":"Rick Dale, Anne S. Warlaumont, Kerri L. Johnson","doi":"10.1038/s44159-022-00120-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-022-00120-5","url":null,"abstract":"Many domains of inquiry in psychology are concerned with rich and complex phenomena. At the same time, the field of psychology is grappling with how to improve research practices to address concerns with the scientific enterprise. In this Perspective, we argue that both of these challenges can be addressed by adopting a principle of methodological variety. According to this principle, developing a variety of methodological tools should be regarded as a scientific goal in itself, one that is critical for advancing scientific theory. To illustrate, we show how the study of language and communication requires varied methodologies, and that theory development proceeds, in part, by integrating disparate tools and designs. We argue that the importance of methodological variation and innovation runs deep, travelling alongside theory development to the core of the scientific enterprise. Finally, we highlight ongoing research agendas that might help to specify, quantify and model methodological variety and its implications. Philosophers of science have identified epistemological criteria for evaluating the promise of a scientific theory. In this Perspective, Dale et al. propose that a principle of methodological variety should be one of these criteria, and argue that psychologists should actively cultivate methodological variety to advance theory.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 1","pages":"55-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46627863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-24DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00134-z
Ann F. Haynos, Emily Koithan, Kelsey E. Hagan
It remains unexplained why some behaviours persist despite being non-hedonic and ostensibly aversive. This phenomenon is especially baffling when such behaviours are taken to excess in the form of psychopathology. Anorexia nervosa is one psychiatric disorder in which effortful behaviours that most people find unpleasant (such as restrictive eating) are persistently performed. We propose that the social psychology theory of learned industriousness provides a novel mechanistic account for such phenomena. This theory posits that high-effort behaviour can be conditioned to acquire secondary reinforcing properties through repeated pairing with reward. Accordingly, effort sensations become less aversive and more appetitive, increasing willingness to engage in effortful behaviour. In this Perspective, we review pre-clinical behavioural and biological data that support learned industriousness, contrast learned industriousness with other models of non-hedonic persistence (such as habit learning), highlight evidence that supports learned industriousness in individuals with anorexia nervosa and consider implications of the model, including translation to other psychiatric presentations. Individuals with anorexia nervosa persistently exert effortful behaviour such as restrictive eating that most individuals find aversive. In this Perspective, Haynos et al. propose a novel mechanistic account for why such behaviours persist from the social psychology theory of learned industriousness.
{"title":"Learned industriousness as a translational mechanism in anorexia nervosa","authors":"Ann F. Haynos, Emily Koithan, Kelsey E. Hagan","doi":"10.1038/s44159-022-00134-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-022-00134-z","url":null,"abstract":"It remains unexplained why some behaviours persist despite being non-hedonic and ostensibly aversive. This phenomenon is especially baffling when such behaviours are taken to excess in the form of psychopathology. Anorexia nervosa is one psychiatric disorder in which effortful behaviours that most people find unpleasant (such as restrictive eating) are persistently performed. We propose that the social psychology theory of learned industriousness provides a novel mechanistic account for such phenomena. This theory posits that high-effort behaviour can be conditioned to acquire secondary reinforcing properties through repeated pairing with reward. Accordingly, effort sensations become less aversive and more appetitive, increasing willingness to engage in effortful behaviour. In this Perspective, we review pre-clinical behavioural and biological data that support learned industriousness, contrast learned industriousness with other models of non-hedonic persistence (such as habit learning), highlight evidence that supports learned industriousness in individuals with anorexia nervosa and consider implications of the model, including translation to other psychiatric presentations. Individuals with anorexia nervosa persistently exert effortful behaviour such as restrictive eating that most individuals find aversive. In this Perspective, Haynos et al. propose a novel mechanistic account for why such behaviours persist from the social psychology theory of learned industriousness.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 2","pages":"112-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10293967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00133-0
Matthew J. Hornsey, Kinga Bierwiaczonek, Kai Sassenberg, Karen M. Douglas
Conspiracy theories are part of mainstream public life, with the potential to undermine governments, promote racism, ignite extremism and threaten public health efforts. Psychological research on conspiracy theories is booming, with more than half of the academic articles on the topic published since 2019. In this Review, we synthesize the literature with an eye to understanding the psychological factors that shape willingness to believe conspiracy theories. We begin at the individual level, examining the cognitive, clinical, motivational, personality and developmental factors that predispose people to believe conspiracy theories. Drawing on insights from social and evolutionary psychology, we then review research examining conspiracy theories as an intergroup phenomenon that reflects and reinforces societal fault lines. Finally, we examine how conspiracy theories are shaped by the economic, political, cultural and socio-historical contexts at the national level. This multilevel approach offers a deep and broad insight into conspiracist thinking that increases understanding of the problem and offers potential solutions. Conspiracy theories have the potential to undermine governments, promote racism, ignite extremism and threaten public health efforts. In this Review, Hornsey et al. synthesize the literature on factors that shape conspiracy beliefs at the individual, intergroup and national level.
{"title":"Individual, intergroup and nation-level influences on belief in conspiracy theories","authors":"Matthew J. Hornsey, Kinga Bierwiaczonek, Kai Sassenberg, Karen M. Douglas","doi":"10.1038/s44159-022-00133-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-022-00133-0","url":null,"abstract":"Conspiracy theories are part of mainstream public life, with the potential to undermine governments, promote racism, ignite extremism and threaten public health efforts. Psychological research on conspiracy theories is booming, with more than half of the academic articles on the topic published since 2019. In this Review, we synthesize the literature with an eye to understanding the psychological factors that shape willingness to believe conspiracy theories. We begin at the individual level, examining the cognitive, clinical, motivational, personality and developmental factors that predispose people to believe conspiracy theories. Drawing on insights from social and evolutionary psychology, we then review research examining conspiracy theories as an intergroup phenomenon that reflects and reinforces societal fault lines. Finally, we examine how conspiracy theories are shaped by the economic, political, cultural and socio-historical contexts at the national level. This multilevel approach offers a deep and broad insight into conspiracist thinking that increases understanding of the problem and offers potential solutions. Conspiracy theories have the potential to undermine governments, promote racism, ignite extremism and threaten public health efforts. In this Review, Hornsey et al. synthesize the literature on factors that shape conspiracy beliefs at the individual, intergroup and national level.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 2","pages":"85-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9685076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10690124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00127-y
Lyndsey Nickels, Simon Fischer-Baum, Wendy Best
Psychology embraces a diverse range of methodologies. However, most rely on averaging group data to draw conclusions. In this Perspective, we argue that single case methodology is a valuable tool for developing and extending psychological theories. We stress the importance of single case and case series research, drawing on classic and contemporary cases in which cognitive and perceptual deficits provide insights into typical cognitive processes in domains such as memory, delusions, reading and face perception. We unpack the key features of single case methodology, describe its strengths, its value in adjudicating between theories, and outline its benefits for a better understanding of deficits and hence more appropriate interventions. The unique insights that single case studies have provided illustrate the value of in-depth investigation within an individual. Single case methodology has an important place in the psychologist’s toolkit and it should be valued as a primary research tool. The majority of methods in psychology rely on averaging group data to draw conclusions. In this Perspective, Nickels et al. argue that single case methodology is a valuable tool for developing and extending psychological theories, with applied benefits of understanding neuropsychological deficits and developing interventions.
{"title":"Single case studies are a powerful tool for developing, testing and extending theories","authors":"Lyndsey Nickels, Simon Fischer-Baum, Wendy Best","doi":"10.1038/s44159-022-00127-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-022-00127-y","url":null,"abstract":"Psychology embraces a diverse range of methodologies. However, most rely on averaging group data to draw conclusions. In this Perspective, we argue that single case methodology is a valuable tool for developing and extending psychological theories. We stress the importance of single case and case series research, drawing on classic and contemporary cases in which cognitive and perceptual deficits provide insights into typical cognitive processes in domains such as memory, delusions, reading and face perception. We unpack the key features of single case methodology, describe its strengths, its value in adjudicating between theories, and outline its benefits for a better understanding of deficits and hence more appropriate interventions. The unique insights that single case studies have provided illustrate the value of in-depth investigation within an individual. Single case methodology has an important place in the psychologist’s toolkit and it should be valued as a primary research tool. The majority of methods in psychology rely on averaging group data to draw conclusions. In this Perspective, Nickels et al. argue that single case methodology is a valuable tool for developing and extending psychological theories, with applied benefits of understanding neuropsychological deficits and developing interventions.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"1 12","pages":"733-747"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48276805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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