Pub Date : 2025-03-28DOI: 10.1038/s44159-025-00438-w
Francisca S. Rodriguez, Lena M. Hofbauer, Simone Reppermund, Suraj Samtani, Susanne Röhr
Promoting good cognitive functioning and preventing dementia in late life are priority actions for many countries with rapidly ageing populations. Although epidemiological research has established some modifiable factors that influence the risk of cognitive impairment (such as low education level, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity or social isolation), a growing literature suggests further risk and protective factors that might affect cognitive functioning and dementia. In this Review, we examine the potential effects of these less well-established factors, and discuss promotion and prevention strategies at the population and individual levels that might reduce dementia risk in the long term. Reducing financial struggles, neighbourhood deprivation and workplace strain and promoting leisure activities, emotional wellbeing and healthy nutritional styles have emerged as factors that might help to prevent dementia and could be included among priority actions for healthy cognitive ageing. Researchers have identified several environmental and personal characteristics that might accelerate cognitive decline in older adults but that are not yet listed as established risk factors for dementia. In this Review, Rodriguez et. al. explore the potential of these less well-established factors to prevent dementia and foster healthy cognitive ageing.
{"title":"Updating risk and protective factors for dementia in older adults","authors":"Francisca S. Rodriguez, Lena M. Hofbauer, Simone Reppermund, Suraj Samtani, Susanne Röhr","doi":"10.1038/s44159-025-00438-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-025-00438-w","url":null,"abstract":"Promoting good cognitive functioning and preventing dementia in late life are priority actions for many countries with rapidly ageing populations. Although epidemiological research has established some modifiable factors that influence the risk of cognitive impairment (such as low education level, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity or social isolation), a growing literature suggests further risk and protective factors that might affect cognitive functioning and dementia. In this Review, we examine the potential effects of these less well-established factors, and discuss promotion and prevention strategies at the population and individual levels that might reduce dementia risk in the long term. Reducing financial struggles, neighbourhood deprivation and workplace strain and promoting leisure activities, emotional wellbeing and healthy nutritional styles have emerged as factors that might help to prevent dementia and could be included among priority actions for healthy cognitive ageing. Researchers have identified several environmental and personal characteristics that might accelerate cognitive decline in older adults but that are not yet listed as established risk factors for dementia. In this Review, Rodriguez et. al. explore the potential of these less well-established factors to prevent dementia and foster healthy cognitive ageing.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"4 5","pages":"322-335"},"PeriodicalIF":21.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1038/s44159-025-00441-1
Teresa Schubert
Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing individuals with doctoral degrees in psychology who pursued non-academic careers. We spoke with Jeff Cooper about his journey from a postdoctoral fellow to a director of decision science products.
{"title":"From the lab to a career in decision science","authors":"Teresa Schubert","doi":"10.1038/s44159-025-00441-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-025-00441-1","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing individuals with doctoral degrees in psychology who pursued non-academic careers. We spoke with Jeff Cooper about his journey from a postdoctoral fellow to a director of decision science products.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"4 4","pages":"244-245"},"PeriodicalIF":21.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-17DOI: 10.1038/s44159-025-00432-2
Lauren L. Richmond, Ryan G. Taylor
Remembering past information (such as recalling the items needed for a favourite recipe while at the grocery store) can sometimes be difficult. To support such retrospective memory-based tasks in everyday life, people engage in cognitive offloading, defined as the use of physical action (such as writing a shopping list) to reduce internal memory demand. In this Review, we summarize the literature on cognitive offloading for retrospective memory-based tasks. Although laboratory studies have demonstrated that cognitive offloading has benefits for task performance, it is not without costs. For example, unexpectedly losing access to offloaded notes results in poorer performance than relying on internal memory alone. We also consider factors that might lead to variability in the use and benefits of cognitive offloading, such as working memory capacity and age. Indeed, given that older adults exhibit poorer performance in some aspects of retrospective memory than young adults, this group might especially benefit from cognitive offloading in everyday life. Future research should focus on better understanding how, for whom, and under what conditions offloading improves performance to provide maximal benefits while also minimizing the costs associated with cognitive offloading in real-world settings. People use cognitive offloading (the use of physical action to reduce internal memory demand, such as writing a shopping list) in everyday life. In this Review, Richmond and Taylor describe cognitive offloading for retrospective memory-based tasks and consider factors that might lead to variability in the use and benefits of cognitive offloading.
{"title":"The benefits and potential costs of cognitive offloading for retrospective information","authors":"Lauren L. Richmond, Ryan G. Taylor","doi":"10.1038/s44159-025-00432-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-025-00432-2","url":null,"abstract":"Remembering past information (such as recalling the items needed for a favourite recipe while at the grocery store) can sometimes be difficult. To support such retrospective memory-based tasks in everyday life, people engage in cognitive offloading, defined as the use of physical action (such as writing a shopping list) to reduce internal memory demand. In this Review, we summarize the literature on cognitive offloading for retrospective memory-based tasks. Although laboratory studies have demonstrated that cognitive offloading has benefits for task performance, it is not without costs. For example, unexpectedly losing access to offloaded notes results in poorer performance than relying on internal memory alone. We also consider factors that might lead to variability in the use and benefits of cognitive offloading, such as working memory capacity and age. Indeed, given that older adults exhibit poorer performance in some aspects of retrospective memory than young adults, this group might especially benefit from cognitive offloading in everyday life. Future research should focus on better understanding how, for whom, and under what conditions offloading improves performance to provide maximal benefits while also minimizing the costs associated with cognitive offloading in real-world settings. People use cognitive offloading (the use of physical action to reduce internal memory demand, such as writing a shopping list) in everyday life. In this Review, Richmond and Taylor describe cognitive offloading for retrospective memory-based tasks and consider factors that might lead to variability in the use and benefits of cognitive offloading.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"4 5","pages":"312-321"},"PeriodicalIF":21.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-17DOI: 10.1038/s44159-025-00440-2
Yu R. Dandan
{"title":"Ensemble perception in human vision","authors":"Yu R. Dandan","doi":"10.1038/s44159-025-00440-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-025-00440-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"4 5","pages":"310-310"},"PeriodicalIF":21.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-17DOI: 10.1038/s44159-025-00430-4
Kristy A. Martire, Tess M. S. Neal, Fernand Gobet, Jason M. Chin, Jonathan F. Berengut, Gary Edmond
Determining which experts to trust is essential for both routine and high-stakes decisions, yet evaluating expertise can be difficult. In this Review, we examine the cognitive processes that underpin genuine expertise and explore the disconnect between psychological insights into expertise and the practical methods used to evaluate it. In settings where expertise must be evaluated by laypeople, such as adversarial legal trials, evaluators face substantial challenges, including knowledge disparities that hinder analysis, communication barriers that impact the clear explanation of expert methods, and procedural constraints that limit the scrutiny of expert evidence. These challenges complicate the assessment of expert claims and contribute to wrongful convictions and unjust outcomes. We suggest that a distinction between ‘show-it’ and ‘know-it’ expert performances that differ in their visibility, measurability and immediacy can be used as a heuristic for identifying when evaluations of expertise require greater care and should incorporate a variety of diagnostic factors including foundational and applied validity. Finally, we highlight key knowledge gaps and propose promising directions for future research to improve evaluations of expertise in a range of contexts. Determining which experts to trust is essential for routine and high-stakes decisions. In this Review, Martire and colleagues examine the cognitive processes that underpin genuine expertise and consider key difficulties in evaluating expertise, using adversarial legal systems as an illustrative context.
{"title":"Psychological insights for judging expertise and implications for adversarial legal contexts","authors":"Kristy A. Martire, Tess M. S. Neal, Fernand Gobet, Jason M. Chin, Jonathan F. Berengut, Gary Edmond","doi":"10.1038/s44159-025-00430-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-025-00430-4","url":null,"abstract":"Determining which experts to trust is essential for both routine and high-stakes decisions, yet evaluating expertise can be difficult. In this Review, we examine the cognitive processes that underpin genuine expertise and explore the disconnect between psychological insights into expertise and the practical methods used to evaluate it. In settings where expertise must be evaluated by laypeople, such as adversarial legal trials, evaluators face substantial challenges, including knowledge disparities that hinder analysis, communication barriers that impact the clear explanation of expert methods, and procedural constraints that limit the scrutiny of expert evidence. These challenges complicate the assessment of expert claims and contribute to wrongful convictions and unjust outcomes. We suggest that a distinction between ‘show-it’ and ‘know-it’ expert performances that differ in their visibility, measurability and immediacy can be used as a heuristic for identifying when evaluations of expertise require greater care and should incorporate a variety of diagnostic factors including foundational and applied validity. Finally, we highlight key knowledge gaps and propose promising directions for future research to improve evaluations of expertise in a range of contexts. Determining which experts to trust is essential for routine and high-stakes decisions. In this Review, Martire and colleagues examine the cognitive processes that underpin genuine expertise and consider key difficulties in evaluating expertise, using adversarial legal systems as an illustrative context.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"4 4","pages":"264-276"},"PeriodicalIF":21.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1038/s44159-025-00428-y
Bodi Bodenhamer, Ximena Goldberg
Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing people with lived experience of mental health challenges. We spoke with Bodi Bodenhamer about research growing through experts’ participation.
{"title":"A lived experience perspective on symptoms knowledge and management","authors":"Bodi Bodenhamer, Ximena Goldberg","doi":"10.1038/s44159-025-00428-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-025-00428-y","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing people with lived experience of mental health challenges. We spoke with Bodi Bodenhamer about research growing through experts’ participation.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"4 3","pages":"151-152"},"PeriodicalIF":16.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-025-00428-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1038/s44159-025-00411-7
Michael Williams, Ximena Goldberg
Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing people with lived experience of mental health challenges. We spoke with Michael Williams about determining how to make a meaningful contribution to mental health research.
{"title":"A lived experience perspective on narratives in mental health research","authors":"Michael Williams, Ximena Goldberg","doi":"10.1038/s44159-025-00411-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-025-00411-7","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing people with lived experience of mental health challenges. We spoke with Michael Williams about determining how to make a meaningful contribution to mental health research.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"4 3","pages":"161-161"},"PeriodicalIF":16.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-025-00411-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1038/s44159-025-00413-5
Kim L. Johnston, Gabrielle Brand
Many health disciplines integrate lived experience in education to enrich learning, align with sector standards, and model equitable, person-centred research and practice. Psychology must follow suit to better align the discipline with the evolving needs and values of those it serves.
{"title":"Integrating lived and learned expertise in psychology education","authors":"Kim L. Johnston, Gabrielle Brand","doi":"10.1038/s44159-025-00413-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-025-00413-5","url":null,"abstract":"Many health disciplines integrate lived experience in education to enrich learning, align with sector standards, and model equitable, person-centred research and practice. Psychology must follow suit to better align the discipline with the evolving needs and values of those it serves.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"4 3","pages":"147-148"},"PeriodicalIF":16.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1038/s44159-025-00429-x
Dorthe Kirkegaard Thomsen, Robyn Fivush, Alin Coman, William Hirst, Olivier Luminet, David B. Pillemer
Memories of the past enable people to project into the future and to build identities and narratives at individual and community levels. In this Perspective, we explore the intersections and shared functions of vicarious memory (memory of events that happened to other individuals) and collective memory (memory of events shared across a community). We introduce ‘allobiographical memory’, a category that subsumes vicarious and collective memory, and discuss its connection to personal memory (memory of personally experienced events). We suggest that allobiographical memories and the future projections they ground are organized into temporally extended allobiographical narratives of social entities (for instance, ‘my mother’ or ‘my nation’). We review key findings on vicarious and collective memory and future projections, their organization into allobiographical narrative identities, and their functions for sociality and social embedding of personal identity. Finally, we present a future research agenda guided by this framework. Memory enables people to build narratives of the past and to imagine a future for themselves and others. In this Perspective, Thomsen and colleagues present a framework for how vicarious, collective and personal memories interact to support future projections and narrative identities.
{"title":"A framework for vicarious and collective memory, future projections and narrative identity","authors":"Dorthe Kirkegaard Thomsen, Robyn Fivush, Alin Coman, William Hirst, Olivier Luminet, David B. Pillemer","doi":"10.1038/s44159-025-00429-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-025-00429-x","url":null,"abstract":"Memories of the past enable people to project into the future and to build identities and narratives at individual and community levels. In this Perspective, we explore the intersections and shared functions of vicarious memory (memory of events that happened to other individuals) and collective memory (memory of events shared across a community). We introduce ‘allobiographical memory’, a category that subsumes vicarious and collective memory, and discuss its connection to personal memory (memory of personally experienced events). We suggest that allobiographical memories and the future projections they ground are organized into temporally extended allobiographical narratives of social entities (for instance, ‘my mother’ or ‘my nation’). We review key findings on vicarious and collective memory and future projections, their organization into allobiographical narrative identities, and their functions for sociality and social embedding of personal identity. Finally, we present a future research agenda guided by this framework. Memory enables people to build narratives of the past and to imagine a future for themselves and others. In this Perspective, Thomsen and colleagues present a framework for how vicarious, collective and personal memories interact to support future projections and narrative identities.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"4 4","pages":"292-305"},"PeriodicalIF":21.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1038/s44159-025-00434-0
Rachel Grace Peiris, Ximena Goldberg
Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing people with lived experience of mental health challenges. We spoke with Rachel Grace Peiris about inclusivity in mental health research.
{"title":"A lived experience perspective on overcoming research biases","authors":"Rachel Grace Peiris, Ximena Goldberg","doi":"10.1038/s44159-025-00434-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-025-00434-0","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing people with lived experience of mental health challenges. We spoke with Rachel Grace Peiris about inclusivity in mental health research.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"4 3","pages":"155-156"},"PeriodicalIF":16.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-025-00434-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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