Pub Date : 2024-01-12DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00274-w
This month, we launch a new collection of pieces that highlight ways to improve doctoral education and support graduate student trainees to their fullest potential.
本月，我们将推出一组新的文章，重点介绍改进博士生教育和支持研究生充分发挥潜力的方法。
{"title":"Supporting the next generation of psychologists","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00274-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00274-w","url":null,"abstract":"This month, we launch a new collection of pieces that highlight ways to improve doctoral education and support graduate student trainees to their fullest potential.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-023-00274-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139431091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-12DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00265-x
Teresa Schubert
Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing individuals with doctoral degrees in psychology who pursued non-academic careers. We spoke with Jens Foell about his journey from a research associate to a science journalist for German television.
{"title":"From the lab to a career in science entertainment","authors":"Teresa Schubert","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00265-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00265-x","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing individuals with doctoral degrees in psychology who pursued non-academic careers. We spoke with Jens Foell about his journey from a research associate to a science journalist for German television.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139431102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00270-0
Seema Prasad
{"title":"Cognitive science from the real-world to the laboratory","authors":"Seema Prasad","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00270-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00270-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139103962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00273-x
Waldir M. Sampaio
{"title":"The uniqueness of human cooperation","authors":"Waldir M. Sampaio","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00273-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00273-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139104505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00260-2
Ashley L. Watts, Ashley L. Greene, Wes Bonifay, Eiko I. Fried
The p-factor is a construct that is thought to explain and maybe even cause variation in all forms of psychopathology. Since its ‘discovery’ in 2012, hundreds of studies have been dedicated to the extraction and validation of statistical instantiations of the p-factor, called general factors of psychopathology. In this Perspective, we outline five major challenges in the p-factor literature, namely that it: mistakenly equates good model fit with validity; corroborates weak p-factor theories through underspecified construct validation efforts; produces poorly replicated general factors of psychopathology; violates assumptions of latent variable models; and reifies general factors of psychopathology as latent, causal entities. In turn, the p-factor literature neglects alternative models that are incompatible with the notion that a single dimension adequately summarizes variation in all forms of psychopathology. These challenges raise questions about substantive interpretations of the p-factor, undermining confidence that the p-factor is a real, latent entity, or that general factors of psychopathology are useful summaries of psychopathology variation. We conclude with ways to move forward, in the spirit of strengthening the p-factor literature and improving psychopathology classification, treatment and prevention across the lifespan. The p-factor is a construct that is thought to explain and perhaps cause variation in all forms of psychopathology. In this Perspective, Watts et al. outline theoretical and statistical challenges in the p-factor literature that raise questions about whether general factors of psychopathology are useful summaries of psychopathology variation.
p因素是一种被认为可以解释甚至可能导致各种形式精神病理学变异的结构。自2012年 "发现 "p因子以来，已有数百项研究致力于提取和验证p因子的统计实例，这些实例被称为精神病理学的一般因子。在本视角中，我们概述了p因子文献中存在的五大挑战，即：错误地将良好的模型拟合等同于有效性；通过不够具体的建构验证工作来证实薄弱的p因子理论；产生的精神病理学一般因子重复性差；违反潜变量模型的假设；以及将精神病理学一般因子重新视为潜伏的因果实体。反过来，p 因子文献忽视了与单一维度充分概括所有形式精神病理学变异的概念不相容的替代模型。这些挑战对 p 因子的实质性解释提出了质疑，削弱了人们对 p 因子是一个真实、潜在实体的信心，也削弱了人们对精神病理学的一般因素是精神病理学变异的有用总结的信心。最后，我们将本着加强 p 因子文献、改善整个生命周期的精神病理学分类、治疗和预防的精神，提出一些向前迈进的方法。p因素被认为可以解释并可能导致各种形式的精神病理学的变异。在本视角中，Watts 等人概述了 p 因子文献在理论和统计方面所面临的挑战，这些挑战提出了关于精神病理学的一般因子是否是精神病理学变异的有用总结的问题。
{"title":"A critical evaluation of the p-factor literature","authors":"Ashley L. Watts, Ashley L. Greene, Wes Bonifay, Eiko I. Fried","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00260-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00260-2","url":null,"abstract":"The p-factor is a construct that is thought to explain and maybe even cause variation in all forms of psychopathology. Since its ‘discovery’ in 2012, hundreds of studies have been dedicated to the extraction and validation of statistical instantiations of the p-factor, called general factors of psychopathology. In this Perspective, we outline five major challenges in the p-factor literature, namely that it: mistakenly equates good model fit with validity; corroborates weak p-factor theories through underspecified construct validation efforts; produces poorly replicated general factors of psychopathology; violates assumptions of latent variable models; and reifies general factors of psychopathology as latent, causal entities. In turn, the p-factor literature neglects alternative models that are incompatible with the notion that a single dimension adequately summarizes variation in all forms of psychopathology. These challenges raise questions about substantive interpretations of the p-factor, undermining confidence that the p-factor is a real, latent entity, or that general factors of psychopathology are useful summaries of psychopathology variation. We conclude with ways to move forward, in the spirit of strengthening the p-factor literature and improving psychopathology classification, treatment and prevention across the lifespan. The p-factor is a construct that is thought to explain and perhaps cause variation in all forms of psychopathology. In this Perspective, Watts et al. outline theoretical and statistical challenges in the p-factor literature that raise questions about whether general factors of psychopathology are useful summaries of psychopathology variation.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00262-0
Dezső Németh, Emilie Gerbier, Jan Born, Timothy Rickard, Susanne Diekelmann, Stuart Fogel, Lisa Genzel, Alexander Prehn-Kristensen, Jessica Payne, Martin Dresler, Peter Simor, Stephanie Mazza, Kerstin Hoedlmoser, Perrine Ruby, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Genevieve Albouy, Teodóra Vékony, Manuel Schabus, Karolina Janacsek
Understanding the complex relationship between sleep and memory consolidation is a major challenge in cognitive neuroscience and psychology. Many studies suggest that sleep triggers off-line memory processes, resulting in less forgetting of declarative memory and performance stabilization in non-declarative memory. However, the role of sleep in human memory consolidation is still under considerable debate, and numerous contradictory and non-replicable findings have been reported. Methodological issues related to experimental designs, task characteristics and measurements, and data-analysis practices all influence the effects that are observed and their interpretation. In this Perspective, we review methodological issues in sleep and memory studies and suggest constructive solutions to address them. We believe that implementing these solutions in future sleep and memory research will substantially advance the field and improve understanding of the specific role of sleep in memory consolidation. Studies of the effect of sleep on learning and memory sometimes reveal conflicting or unreliable results. In this Perspective, Nemeth and colleagues review methodological challenges and make recommendations for improving the reliability of research in this field.
{"title":"Optimizing the methodology of human sleep and memory research","authors":"Dezső Németh, Emilie Gerbier, Jan Born, Timothy Rickard, Susanne Diekelmann, Stuart Fogel, Lisa Genzel, Alexander Prehn-Kristensen, Jessica Payne, Martin Dresler, Peter Simor, Stephanie Mazza, Kerstin Hoedlmoser, Perrine Ruby, Rebecca M. C. Spencer, Genevieve Albouy, Teodóra Vékony, Manuel Schabus, Karolina Janacsek","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00262-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00262-0","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the complex relationship between sleep and memory consolidation is a major challenge in cognitive neuroscience and psychology. Many studies suggest that sleep triggers off-line memory processes, resulting in less forgetting of declarative memory and performance stabilization in non-declarative memory. However, the role of sleep in human memory consolidation is still under considerable debate, and numerous contradictory and non-replicable findings have been reported. Methodological issues related to experimental designs, task characteristics and measurements, and data-analysis practices all influence the effects that are observed and their interpretation. In this Perspective, we review methodological issues in sleep and memory studies and suggest constructive solutions to address them. We believe that implementing these solutions in future sleep and memory research will substantially advance the field and improve understanding of the specific role of sleep in memory consolidation. Studies of the effect of sleep on learning and memory sometimes reveal conflicting or unreliable results. In this Perspective, Nemeth and colleagues review methodological challenges and make recommendations for improving the reliability of research in this field.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138944566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00266-w
Vladislav Ayzenberg, Marlene Behrmann
Object recognition is the process by which humans organize the visual world into meaningful perceptual units. In this Review, we examine the developmental origins and maturation of object recognition by synthesizing research from developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience and computational modelling. We describe the extent to which infants demonstrate early traces of adult visual competencies within their first year. The rapid development of these competencies is supported by infant-specific biological and experiential constraints, including blurry vision and ‘self-curation’ of object viewpoints that best support learning. We also discuss how the neural mechanisms that support object-recognition abilities in infancy seem to differ from those in adulthood, with less engagement of the ventral visual pathway. We conclude that children’s specific developmental niche shapes early object-recognition abilities and their neural underpinnings. Humans organize the visual world into meaningful perceptual objects. In this Review, Ayzenberg and Behrmann examine the maturation of object recognition from infancy through childhood and describe how children’s environments and visual capabilities shape early object recognition.
{"title":"Development of visual object recognition","authors":"Vladislav Ayzenberg, Marlene Behrmann","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00266-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00266-w","url":null,"abstract":"Object recognition is the process by which humans organize the visual world into meaningful perceptual units. In this Review, we examine the developmental origins and maturation of object recognition by synthesizing research from developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience and computational modelling. We describe the extent to which infants demonstrate early traces of adult visual competencies within their first year. The rapid development of these competencies is supported by infant-specific biological and experiential constraints, including blurry vision and ‘self-curation’ of object viewpoints that best support learning. We also discuss how the neural mechanisms that support object-recognition abilities in infancy seem to differ from those in adulthood, with less engagement of the ventral visual pathway. We conclude that children’s specific developmental niche shapes early object-recognition abilities and their neural underpinnings. Humans organize the visual world into meaningful perceptual objects. In this Review, Ayzenberg and Behrmann examine the maturation of object recognition from infancy through childhood and describe how children’s environments and visual capabilities shape early object recognition.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00257-x
Jennifer Wiley, Amory H. Danek
Insightful solution processes represent cases of problem solving in which the emergence of a new interpretation allows for an abrupt shift from bewilderment to clarity. One approach to researching insight problem solving emphasizes cognitive restructuring of the problem representation as a defining feature of the insightful solution process. By contrast, another approach emphasizes phenomenological Aha! experiences. In this Review, we summarize both approaches, considering the restructuring processes involved in finding a solution and the Aha! experiences that might accompany solutions. We then consider the extent to which Aha! experiences co-occur with restructuring, and the critical observation that sometimes they do not. We conclude by proposing avenues for future research that combine the methodologies used to study restructuring and Aha! experiences to better understand the cognitive and phenomenological underpinnings of insight problem solving and the connections between them. Some researchers equate insight with cognitive restructuring processes that occur when solvers reinterpret the problem, whereas others equate insight with phenomenological Aha! experiences that accompany solutions. In this Review, Wiley and Danek summarize both approaches to insight problem solving and consider the extent to which Aha! experiences co-occur with restructuring.
{"title":"Restructuring processes and Aha! experiences in insight problem solving","authors":"Jennifer Wiley, Amory H. Danek","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00257-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00257-x","url":null,"abstract":"Insightful solution processes represent cases of problem solving in which the emergence of a new interpretation allows for an abrupt shift from bewilderment to clarity. One approach to researching insight problem solving emphasizes cognitive restructuring of the problem representation as a defining feature of the insightful solution process. By contrast, another approach emphasizes phenomenological Aha! experiences. In this Review, we summarize both approaches, considering the restructuring processes involved in finding a solution and the Aha! experiences that might accompany solutions. We then consider the extent to which Aha! experiences co-occur with restructuring, and the critical observation that sometimes they do not. We conclude by proposing avenues for future research that combine the methodologies used to study restructuring and Aha! experiences to better understand the cognitive and phenomenological underpinnings of insight problem solving and the connections between them. Some researchers equate insight with cognitive restructuring processes that occur when solvers reinterpret the problem, whereas others equate insight with phenomenological Aha! experiences that accompany solutions. In this Review, Wiley and Danek summarize both approaches to insight problem solving and consider the extent to which Aha! experiences co-occur with restructuring.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138632836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00267-9
Evie Vergauwe
It is normal to deal with difficult situations during PhD studies. Students and their advisors can set themselves up for success and minimize potential challenges with foreknowledge and by making expectations and workflows explicit.
{"title":"Coping with common PhD challenges by making the implicit explicit","authors":"Evie Vergauwe","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00267-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00267-9","url":null,"abstract":"It is normal to deal with difficult situations during PhD studies. Students and their advisors can set themselves up for success and minimize potential challenges with foreknowledge and by making expectations and workflows explicit.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138565711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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