Pub Date : 2023-03-23DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00174-z
Kimberly C. Doell
{"title":"Megastudies to test the efficacy of behavioural interventions","authors":"Kimberly C. Doell","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00174-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00174-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 5","pages":"263-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43114620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-21DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00167-y
Samuel F. Acuff, James MacKillop, James G. Murphy
Behavioural economic accounts of addiction conceptualize harmful drug use as an operant reinforcer pathology, emphasizing that a drug is consumed because of overvaluation of smaller immediate rewards relative to larger delayed rewards (delay discounting) and high drug reinforcing value (drug demand). These motivational processes are within-individual determinants of behaviour. A third element of learning theory posits that harmful drug use depends on the relative constraints on access to other available activities and commodities in the choice context (alternative reinforcers), reflecting the substantial influence of environmental factors. In this Perspective, we integrate alternative reinforcers into the contemporary behavioural economic account of harmful drug use — the contextualized reinforcer pathology model — and review empirical literature across the translational spectrum in support of this model. Furthermore, we consider how increases in drug-related mortality and health disparities in addiction can be understood and potentially ameliorated via a contextualized reinforcer pathology model in which lack of alternative reinforcement is a major risk factor for addiction. Behavioural economic accounts of addiction suggest that drug consumption arises from overvaluation of small, immediate rewards and drug-specific reinforcement. In this Perspective, Acuff et al. propose an extension to this reinforcer pathology model that highlights the critical role of alternative reinforcers in addiction motivation.
{"title":"A contextualized reinforcer pathology approach to addiction","authors":"Samuel F. Acuff, James MacKillop, James G. Murphy","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00167-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00167-y","url":null,"abstract":"Behavioural economic accounts of addiction conceptualize harmful drug use as an operant reinforcer pathology, emphasizing that a drug is consumed because of overvaluation of smaller immediate rewards relative to larger delayed rewards (delay discounting) and high drug reinforcing value (drug demand). These motivational processes are within-individual determinants of behaviour. A third element of learning theory posits that harmful drug use depends on the relative constraints on access to other available activities and commodities in the choice context (alternative reinforcers), reflecting the substantial influence of environmental factors. In this Perspective, we integrate alternative reinforcers into the contemporary behavioural economic account of harmful drug use — the contextualized reinforcer pathology model — and review empirical literature across the translational spectrum in support of this model. Furthermore, we consider how increases in drug-related mortality and health disparities in addiction can be understood and potentially ameliorated via a contextualized reinforcer pathology model in which lack of alternative reinforcement is a major risk factor for addiction. Behavioural economic accounts of addiction suggest that drug consumption arises from overvaluation of small, immediate rewards and drug-specific reinforcement. In this Perspective, Acuff et al. propose an extension to this reinforcer pathology model that highlights the critical role of alternative reinforcers in addiction motivation.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 5","pages":"309-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10028332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9840554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00165-0
Ryan F. Lei, Emily Foster-Hanson, Jin X. Goh
Every person belongs to multiple social categories, such as those based on gender, race, or ethnicity, yet researchers have traditionally studied beliefs about each of these groups in isolation. Theoretical perspectives have emerged that aim to outline how people’s mental representations of gender and race or ethnicity are systematically intertwined. These intersectional perspectives have been generative, but there remain areas of ostensible disagreement that create conceptual confusion. In this Perspective, we suggest that a sociohistorical approach can help to reconcile these differences by highlighting how previous theories offer complementary, rather than conflicting, insights into the structure of social concepts. Specifically, we propose that a sociohistorical model integrating research across social science fields (history, anthropology, sociology and psychology) could illuminate how people construct mental representations that align with their surrounding social and cultural systems, which reflect the goals of the dominant gender and ethnic or racial group. By encoding these cultural ideals in mental representations of what members of social categories are like, people’s prototypes reinforce social hierarchies. People belong to multiple social categories (such as those based on race, ethnicity, or gender) simultaneously. In this Perspective, Lei et al. propose a sociohistorical model of intersectional social prototypes that reconciles existing theories and generates testable hypotheses about the development and structure of social prototypes.
{"title":"A sociohistorical model of intersectional social category prototypes","authors":"Ryan F. Lei, Emily Foster-Hanson, Jin X. Goh","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00165-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00165-0","url":null,"abstract":"Every person belongs to multiple social categories, such as those based on gender, race, or ethnicity, yet researchers have traditionally studied beliefs about each of these groups in isolation. Theoretical perspectives have emerged that aim to outline how people’s mental representations of gender and race or ethnicity are systematically intertwined. These intersectional perspectives have been generative, but there remain areas of ostensible disagreement that create conceptual confusion. In this Perspective, we suggest that a sociohistorical approach can help to reconcile these differences by highlighting how previous theories offer complementary, rather than conflicting, insights into the structure of social concepts. Specifically, we propose that a sociohistorical model integrating research across social science fields (history, anthropology, sociology and psychology) could illuminate how people construct mental representations that align with their surrounding social and cultural systems, which reflect the goals of the dominant gender and ethnic or racial group. By encoding these cultural ideals in mental representations of what members of social categories are like, people’s prototypes reinforce social hierarchies. People belong to multiple social categories (such as those based on race, ethnicity, or gender) simultaneously. In this Perspective, Lei et al. propose a sociohistorical model of intersectional social prototypes that reconciles existing theories and generates testable hypotheses about the development and structure of social prototypes.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 5","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41768919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00161-4
Danny Osborne, Thomas H. Costello, John Duckitt, Chris G. Sibley
Over the past two decades, citizens’ political rights and civil liberties have declined globally. Psychological science can play an instrumental role in both explaining and combating the authoritarian impulses that underlie these attacks on personal autonomy. In this Review, we describe the psychological processes and situational factors that foster authoritarianism, as well as the societal consequences of its apparent resurgence within the general population. First, we summarize the dual process motivational model of ideology and prejudice, which suggests that viewing the world as a dangerous, but not necessarily competitive, place plants the psychological seeds of authoritarianism. Next, we discuss the evolutionary, genetic, personality and developmental antecedents to authoritarianism and explain how contextual threats to safety and security activate authoritarian predispositions. After examining the harmful consequences of authoritarianism for intergroup relations and broader societal attitudes, we discuss the need to expand the ideological boundaries of authoritarianism and encourage future research to investigate both right-wing and left-wing variants of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism weakens democratic institutions and fosters societal divisions. In this Review, Osborne et al. describe the psychological processes and situational factors that give rise to authoritarianism, as well as the societal consequences of its apparent resurgence within the general population.
{"title":"The psychological causes and societal consequences of authoritarianism","authors":"Danny Osborne, Thomas H. Costello, John Duckitt, Chris G. Sibley","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00161-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00161-4","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, citizens’ political rights and civil liberties have declined globally. Psychological science can play an instrumental role in both explaining and combating the authoritarian impulses that underlie these attacks on personal autonomy. In this Review, we describe the psychological processes and situational factors that foster authoritarianism, as well as the societal consequences of its apparent resurgence within the general population. First, we summarize the dual process motivational model of ideology and prejudice, which suggests that viewing the world as a dangerous, but not necessarily competitive, place plants the psychological seeds of authoritarianism. Next, we discuss the evolutionary, genetic, personality and developmental antecedents to authoritarianism and explain how contextual threats to safety and security activate authoritarian predispositions. After examining the harmful consequences of authoritarianism for intergroup relations and broader societal attitudes, we discuss the need to expand the ideological boundaries of authoritarianism and encourage future research to investigate both right-wing and left-wing variants of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism weakens democratic institutions and fosters societal divisions. In this Review, Osborne et al. describe the psychological processes and situational factors that give rise to authoritarianism, as well as the societal consequences of its apparent resurgence within the general population.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 4","pages":"220-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9983523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9305632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00169-w
Asifa Majid
Universals of thought and behaviour across variable cultural experiences can reveal uniquely human cognition. However, culturally informed and theoretically motivated sampling is needed to reveal true universals.
{"title":"Establishing psychological universals","authors":"Asifa Majid","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00169-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00169-w","url":null,"abstract":"Universals of thought and behaviour across variable cultural experiences can reveal uniquely human cognition. However, culturally informed and theoretically motivated sampling is needed to reveal true universals.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 4","pages":"199-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44901173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00157-0
Tess Allegra Forest, Margaret L. Schlichting, Katherine D. Duncan, Amy S. Finn
Statistical learning enables learners to extract the environmental regularities necessary to piece together the structure of their worlds. The capacity for statistical learning and its properties are likely to change across development from infancy to adulthood. Acknowledging this developmental change has broad implications for understanding the cognitive architecture of statistical learning and why children excel in certain learning situations relative to adults. In this Review, we first synthesize empirical work on the development of statistical learning, which indicates that it improves with development only for certain forms of input. Taking inspiration from related cognitive and neural findings, we then consider developmental changes in the properties of statistical learning. Infants and young children might have a broader and less-directed curriculum for learning and represent the outcomes of learning differently from older children and adults. This synthesis offers insight into how developmental changes in statistical learning from infancy through adulthood might fundamentally alter how children interact with, learn about, and remember their experiences. From infancy, humans learn the regularities of their world using statistical learning. In this Review, Forest et al. consider how statistical learning changes quantitatively and qualitatively across development, considering influences on the input to learning and the resulting memory representations.
{"title":"Changes in statistical learning across development","authors":"Tess Allegra Forest, Margaret L. Schlichting, Katherine D. Duncan, Amy S. Finn","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00157-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00157-0","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical learning enables learners to extract the environmental regularities necessary to piece together the structure of their worlds. The capacity for statistical learning and its properties are likely to change across development from infancy to adulthood. Acknowledging this developmental change has broad implications for understanding the cognitive architecture of statistical learning and why children excel in certain learning situations relative to adults. In this Review, we first synthesize empirical work on the development of statistical learning, which indicates that it improves with development only for certain forms of input. Taking inspiration from related cognitive and neural findings, we then consider developmental changes in the properties of statistical learning. Infants and young children might have a broader and less-directed curriculum for learning and represent the outcomes of learning differently from older children and adults. This synthesis offers insight into how developmental changes in statistical learning from infancy through adulthood might fundamentally alter how children interact with, learn about, and remember their experiences. From infancy, humans learn the regularities of their world using statistical learning. In this Review, Forest et al. consider how statistical learning changes quantitatively and qualitatively across development, considering influences on the input to learning and the resulting memory representations.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 4","pages":"205-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49316089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00158-z
Mathias Benedek, Roger E. Beaty, Daniel L. Schacter, Yoed N. Kenett
Creativity reflects the remarkable human capacity to produce novel and effective ideas. Empirical work suggests that creative ideas do not just emerge out of nowhere but typically result from goal-directed memory processes. Specifically, creative ideation is supported by controlled retrieval, involves semantic and episodic memory, builds on processes used in memory construction and differentially recruits memory at different stages in the creative process. In this Perspective, we propose a memory in creative ideation (MemiC) framework that describes how creative ideas arise across four distinguishable stages of memory search, candidate idea construction, novelty evaluation and effectiveness evaluation. We discuss evidence supporting the contribution of semantic and episodic memory to each stage of creative ideation. The MemiC framework overcomes the shortcomings of previous creativity theories by accounting for the controlled, dynamic involvement of different memory systems across separable ideation stages and offers a clear agenda for future creativity research. Neurocognitive evidence indicates that episodic memory and semantic memory have a more extensive role in creative ideation. In this Perspective, Benedek et al. integrate this memory research within existing creativity theorizing to present a framework whereby creative ideas arise across four distinguishable stages.
{"title":"The role of memory in creative ideation","authors":"Mathias Benedek, Roger E. Beaty, Daniel L. Schacter, Yoed N. Kenett","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00158-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00158-z","url":null,"abstract":"Creativity reflects the remarkable human capacity to produce novel and effective ideas. Empirical work suggests that creative ideas do not just emerge out of nowhere but typically result from goal-directed memory processes. Specifically, creative ideation is supported by controlled retrieval, involves semantic and episodic memory, builds on processes used in memory construction and differentially recruits memory at different stages in the creative process. In this Perspective, we propose a memory in creative ideation (MemiC) framework that describes how creative ideas arise across four distinguishable stages of memory search, candidate idea construction, novelty evaluation and effectiveness evaluation. We discuss evidence supporting the contribution of semantic and episodic memory to each stage of creative ideation. The MemiC framework overcomes the shortcomings of previous creativity theories by accounting for the controlled, dynamic involvement of different memory systems across separable ideation stages and offers a clear agenda for future creativity research. Neurocognitive evidence indicates that episodic memory and semantic memory have a more extensive role in creative ideation. In this Perspective, Benedek et al. integrate this memory research within existing creativity theorizing to present a framework whereby creative ideas arise across four distinguishable stages.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 4","pages":"246-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44095840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00168-x
The majority of content at Nature Reviews Psychology is invited by the editors. But we are open to (and welcome!) unsolicited proposals. Here are some tips for writing a great pitch.
{"title":"How to pitch","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44159-023-00168-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-023-00168-x","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of content at Nature Reviews Psychology is invited by the editors. But we are open to (and welcome!) unsolicited proposals. Here are some tips for writing a great pitch.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":"2 3","pages":"129-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-023-00168-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57566641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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