Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1038/s44159-024-00298-w
Miika Kujanpää, Anja H. Olafsen
Two employee-level experiences — off-job recovery and optimal work motivation — are vital for reducing or avoiding work stress and promoting occupational health and work performance. However, the interplay between employee recovery and motivation has been theoretically underdeveloped in prior research. In this Perspective, we present a dual-pathway model of proactive recovery strategies that integrates key concepts from the fields of recovery from work and self-determination theory. This model delineates how individuals can self-manage their off-job time through proactive recovery strategies to optimize motivation across life domains, with potential positive effects for occupational health and work performance. The dual-pathway model of proactive recovery strategies broadens the existing literature on employee recovery and motivation by considering off-job motivation as a key motivational process that connects recovery experiences to motivation, health and performance in the work domain, and by highlighting the often proactive nature of recovery attainment. Off-job recovery and optimal work motivation are vital for reducing or avoiding work stress and promoting occupational health and work performance. In this Perspective, Kujanpää and Olafsen propose a dual-pathway model of proactive recovery strategies that delineates how individuals can self-manage their off-job time through proactive recovery strategies to optimize motivation across life domains.
{"title":"Optimizing work and off-job motivation through proactive recovery strategies","authors":"Miika Kujanpää, Anja H. Olafsen","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00298-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00298-w","url":null,"abstract":"Two employee-level experiences — off-job recovery and optimal work motivation — are vital for reducing or avoiding work stress and promoting occupational health and work performance. However, the interplay between employee recovery and motivation has been theoretically underdeveloped in prior research. In this Perspective, we present a dual-pathway model of proactive recovery strategies that integrates key concepts from the fields of recovery from work and self-determination theory. This model delineates how individuals can self-manage their off-job time through proactive recovery strategies to optimize motivation across life domains, with potential positive effects for occupational health and work performance. The dual-pathway model of proactive recovery strategies broadens the existing literature on employee recovery and motivation by considering off-job motivation as a key motivational process that connects recovery experiences to motivation, health and performance in the work domain, and by highlighting the often proactive nature of recovery attainment. Off-job recovery and optimal work motivation are vital for reducing or avoiding work stress and promoting occupational health and work performance. In this Perspective, Kujanpää and Olafsen propose a dual-pathway model of proactive recovery strategies that delineates how individuals can self-manage their off-job time through proactive recovery strategies to optimize motivation across life domains.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140590444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1038/s44159-024-00283-3
Jessica F. Cantlon, Steven T. Piantadosi
Most theories of how human cognition is unique propose specific representational capacities or biases, often thought to arise through evolutionary change. In this Perspective, we argue that the evidence that supports these domain-specific theories is confounded by general information-processing differences. We argue that human uniqueness arises through genetic quantitative increases in the global capacity to process information and share it among systems such as memory, attention and learning. This change explains regularities across numerous subdomains of cognition, behavioural comparisons between species and phenomena in child development. This strict evolutionary continuity theory of human intelligence is consistent with comparative evidence about neural evolution and computational constraints of memory on the ability to represent rules, patterns and abstract generalizations. We show how these differences in the degree of information processing capacity yield differences in kind for human cognition relative to other animals. Theories of how human cognition differs from that of non-human animals often posit domain-specific advantages. In this Perspective, Cantlon and Piantadosi posit that differences in domain-general information capacity underlie uniquely human capacities.
{"title":"Uniquely human intelligence arose from expanded information capacity","authors":"Jessica F. Cantlon, Steven T. Piantadosi","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00283-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00283-3","url":null,"abstract":"Most theories of how human cognition is unique propose specific representational capacities or biases, often thought to arise through evolutionary change. In this Perspective, we argue that the evidence that supports these domain-specific theories is confounded by general information-processing differences. We argue that human uniqueness arises through genetic quantitative increases in the global capacity to process information and share it among systems such as memory, attention and learning. This change explains regularities across numerous subdomains of cognition, behavioural comparisons between species and phenomena in child development. This strict evolutionary continuity theory of human intelligence is consistent with comparative evidence about neural evolution and computational constraints of memory on the ability to represent rules, patterns and abstract generalizations. We show how these differences in the degree of information processing capacity yield differences in kind for human cognition relative to other animals. Theories of how human cognition differs from that of non-human animals often posit domain-specific advantages. In this Perspective, Cantlon and Piantadosi posit that differences in domain-general information capacity underlie uniquely human capacities.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-024-00283-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1038/s44159-024-00303-2
Sigal Zilcha-Mano, Tal Krasovsky
Establishing causality is crucial to understanding the mechanisms that underlie effective treatments for mental health disorders. Virtual reality environments enable manipulation and control of participants’ attributes in a therapeutic session, which could potentially revolutionize research on mechanisms of change.
{"title":"Using virtual reality to understand mechanisms of therapeutic change","authors":"Sigal Zilcha-Mano, Tal Krasovsky","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00303-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00303-2","url":null,"abstract":"Establishing causality is crucial to understanding the mechanisms that underlie effective treatments for mental health disorders. Virtual reality environments enable manipulation and control of participants’ attributes in a therapeutic session, which could potentially revolutionize research on mechanisms of change.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140312146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1038/s44159-024-00294-0
Rachel N. Denison
Visual attention unfolds across space and time to prioritize a subset of incoming visual information. Distinct in key ways from spatial attention, temporal attention is a growing research area with its own conceptual and mechanistic territory. Here I review key conceptual issues, data and models in the field of visual temporal attention, with an emphasis on voluntary temporal attention. I first situate voluntary temporal attention in the broader domains of temporal attention and attentional dynamics, with the goal of organizing concepts and findings related to dynamic attention. Next, I review findings that voluntary temporal attention affects visual perception in a selective fashion — prioritizing certain time points at the expense of other time points. Selectivity is a hallmark of attention and implies a limitation in computational resources that prevents sustained maximal processing of all time points. I discuss a computational model of temporal attention that captures limited resources across time and review other models of attentional dynamics. Finally, I discuss productive future directions for the study of temporal attention. Visual temporal attention involves the prioritization of certain points in time at the expense of others. In this Review, Denison synthesizes experimental results and computational models of voluntary temporal attention and distinguishes it from related phenomena.
{"title":"Visual temporal attention from perception to computation","authors":"Rachel N. Denison","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00294-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00294-0","url":null,"abstract":"Visual attention unfolds across space and time to prioritize a subset of incoming visual information. Distinct in key ways from spatial attention, temporal attention is a growing research area with its own conceptual and mechanistic territory. Here I review key conceptual issues, data and models in the field of visual temporal attention, with an emphasis on voluntary temporal attention. I first situate voluntary temporal attention in the broader domains of temporal attention and attentional dynamics, with the goal of organizing concepts and findings related to dynamic attention. Next, I review findings that voluntary temporal attention affects visual perception in a selective fashion — prioritizing certain time points at the expense of other time points. Selectivity is a hallmark of attention and implies a limitation in computational resources that prevents sustained maximal processing of all time points. I discuss a computational model of temporal attention that captures limited resources across time and review other models of attentional dynamics. Finally, I discuss productive future directions for the study of temporal attention. Visual temporal attention involves the prioritization of certain points in time at the expense of others. In this Review, Denison synthesizes experimental results and computational models of voluntary temporal attention and distinguishes it from related phenomena.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140168251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.1038/s44159-024-00301-4
Aidan J. Flynn
{"title":"Constructive outcomes of repetitive thought","authors":"Aidan J. Flynn","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00301-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00301-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140168164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.1038/s44159-024-00299-9
Teresa Schubert
Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing individuals with doctoral degrees in psychology who pursued non-academic careers. We spoke with Helena García Mieres about her journey from a post-doctoral fellow to a human factors technician.
自然-心理学评论》正在采访拥有心理学博士学位但从事非学术职业的人士。我们采访了海伦娜-加西亚-米耶雷斯（Helena García Mieres），了解她从博士后研究员到人为因素技术员的心路历程。
{"title":"From the lab to a career in technological innovation","authors":"Teresa Schubert","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00299-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00299-9","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Psychology is interviewing individuals with doctoral degrees in psychology who pursued non-academic careers. We spoke with Helena García Mieres about her journey from a post-doctoral fellow to a human factors technician.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140153177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.1038/s44159-024-00295-z
Joshua J. Jackson, Amanda J. Wright
Although personality is relatively stable across the lifespan, there is also ample evidence that it is malleable. This potential for change is important because many individuals want to change aspects of their personality and because personality influences important life outcomes. In this Review, we examine the mechanisms responsible for intentional and naturally occurring changes in personality. We discuss four mechanisms — preconditions, triggers, reinforcers and integrators — that are theorized to produce effective change, as well as the forces that promote stability, thereby thwarting enduring changes. Although these mechanisms are common across theories of personality development, the empirical evidence is mixed and inconclusive. Personality change is most likely to occur gradually over long timescales but abrupt, transformative changes are possible when change is deliberately attempted or as a result of biologically mediated mechanisms. When change does occur, it is often modest in scale. Ultimately, it is difficult to cultivate a completely different personality, but small changes are possible. Personality is relatively stable over long timescales but remains malleable to some degree. In this Review, Jackson and Wright examine the mechanisms responsible for intentional and naturally occurring change as well as mechanisms that promote stability, thereby limiting potential change.
{"title":"The process and mechanisms of personality change","authors":"Joshua J. Jackson, Amanda J. Wright","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00295-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00295-z","url":null,"abstract":"Although personality is relatively stable across the lifespan, there is also ample evidence that it is malleable. This potential for change is important because many individuals want to change aspects of their personality and because personality influences important life outcomes. In this Review, we examine the mechanisms responsible for intentional and naturally occurring changes in personality. We discuss four mechanisms — preconditions, triggers, reinforcers and integrators — that are theorized to produce effective change, as well as the forces that promote stability, thereby thwarting enduring changes. Although these mechanisms are common across theories of personality development, the empirical evidence is mixed and inconclusive. Personality change is most likely to occur gradually over long timescales but abrupt, transformative changes are possible when change is deliberately attempted or as a result of biologically mediated mechanisms. When change does occur, it is often modest in scale. Ultimately, it is difficult to cultivate a completely different personality, but small changes are possible. Personality is relatively stable over long timescales but remains malleable to some degree. In this Review, Jackson and Wright examine the mechanisms responsible for intentional and naturally occurring change as well as mechanisms that promote stability, thereby limiting potential change.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140153420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1038/s44159-024-00291-3
Micaela Wiseman, Isabella J. Sewell, Sean M. Nestor, Peter Giacobbe, Clement Hamani, Nir Lipsman, Jennifer S. Rabin
Focal direct-to-brain neuromodulation approaches, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) and ablative techniques, hold tremendous therapeutic promise for challenging-to-treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. These interventions modulate brain circuits that contribute to clinical symptoms and overlap with the networks that support cognition. Depending on the reason for the intervention — whether it aims to improve clinical symptoms or cognitive symptoms — focal neuromodulation techniques might indirectly or directly affect cognitive processes. In this Review, we examine the effects of repetitive TMS, DBS and ablative techniques on post-intervention cognition in patients with psychiatric disorders (major depressive disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder and schizophrenia) and neurological conditions (Parkinson disease, essential tremor and Alzheimer disease). Our findings indicate that focal neuromodulation is generally safe from a cognitive standpoint and, in some cases, can improve aspects of cognition. We conclude with methodological recommendations aimed at advancing our knowledge of the cognitive effects associated with focal neuromodulation approaches. Focal neuromodulation approaches are promising therapeutic options for challenging-to-treat neurological and psychiatric symptoms, but might indirectly or directly affect cognition. In this Review, Rabin et al. describe the cognitive effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation and ablative techniques.
{"title":"Cognitive effects of focal neuromodulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders","authors":"Micaela Wiseman, Isabella J. Sewell, Sean M. Nestor, Peter Giacobbe, Clement Hamani, Nir Lipsman, Jennifer S. Rabin","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00291-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00291-3","url":null,"abstract":"Focal direct-to-brain neuromodulation approaches, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS) and ablative techniques, hold tremendous therapeutic promise for challenging-to-treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. These interventions modulate brain circuits that contribute to clinical symptoms and overlap with the networks that support cognition. Depending on the reason for the intervention — whether it aims to improve clinical symptoms or cognitive symptoms — focal neuromodulation techniques might indirectly or directly affect cognitive processes. In this Review, we examine the effects of repetitive TMS, DBS and ablative techniques on post-intervention cognition in patients with psychiatric disorders (major depressive disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder and schizophrenia) and neurological conditions (Parkinson disease, essential tremor and Alzheimer disease). Our findings indicate that focal neuromodulation is generally safe from a cognitive standpoint and, in some cases, can improve aspects of cognition. We conclude with methodological recommendations aimed at advancing our knowledge of the cognitive effects associated with focal neuromodulation approaches. Focal neuromodulation approaches are promising therapeutic options for challenging-to-treat neurological and psychiatric symptoms, but might indirectly or directly affect cognition. In this Review, Rabin et al. describe the cognitive effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation and ablative techniques.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140153407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.1038/s44159-024-00287-z
István Winkler, Susan L. Denham
Sounds are generated by interactions between objects in the world and carry information about the sound’s sources and the objects’ sound-generating actions. This dual nature of auditory information poses a problem for defining and investigating auditory object representations in staged theories of perception. In this Review, we describe a framework for separating auditory source and action representations. Auditory source and action representations differ from each other in how they are formed, their relation to prediction, the information they carry, how they are experienced and remembered, and the brain responses associated with them. We also suggest that auditory source and action representations are part of event segmentation: structuring information about the environment and what is happening in it. In real life, auditory scenes are resolved together with other modalities, producing an integrated episodic description of the environment. Thus, event segmentation can guide the integration of information from different modalities and mediate the effects of learned knowledge on auditory scene analysis. We end by discussing how these insights offer important advantages for the development of more comprehensive theories and computational models of sound perception in natural scenes. Sounds are generated by interactions between objects in the world. In this Review, Winkler and Denham describe how representations of sources and actions enable humans to segment complex auditory experience into meaningful units.
{"title":"The role of auditory source and action representations in segmenting experience into events","authors":"István Winkler, Susan L. Denham","doi":"10.1038/s44159-024-00287-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44159-024-00287-z","url":null,"abstract":"Sounds are generated by interactions between objects in the world and carry information about the sound’s sources and the objects’ sound-generating actions. This dual nature of auditory information poses a problem for defining and investigating auditory object representations in staged theories of perception. In this Review, we describe a framework for separating auditory source and action representations. Auditory source and action representations differ from each other in how they are formed, their relation to prediction, the information they carry, how they are experienced and remembered, and the brain responses associated with them. We also suggest that auditory source and action representations are part of event segmentation: structuring information about the environment and what is happening in it. In real life, auditory scenes are resolved together with other modalities, producing an integrated episodic description of the environment. Thus, event segmentation can guide the integration of information from different modalities and mediate the effects of learned knowledge on auditory scene analysis. We end by discussing how these insights offer important advantages for the development of more comprehensive theories and computational models of sound perception in natural scenes. Sounds are generated by interactions between objects in the world. In this Review, Winkler and Denham describe how representations of sources and actions enable humans to segment complex auditory experience into meaningful units.","PeriodicalId":74249,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140124594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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