Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2022.220.229
M. Tahmasebi, N. Nassif
: The building sector accounts for more than 70% of the total electricity use. Chillers consume more than 50% of electrical energy during seasonal periods of building use. With the growth of the building sector and climate change, it's essential to develop energy-efficient HVAC systems that optimize the ever-increasing energy demand. This study aims to develop an energy consumption prediction model for air-cooled chillers using machine learning algorithms. This is done by developing different static and dynamic data-driven regressive and neural network models and comparing the accuracy of their prediction to identify the most accurate modeling algorithm using 3 main inputs chilled water return temperature, outside drybulb temperature, and cooling load. The proposed model structure was then optimized in terms of the number of neurons, epochs, time delays as well as the number of input variables using a genetic algorithm. Training and testing were done using real data obtained from a fully instrumented 4-ton air-cooled chiller. Results of the study show that the optimized artificial neural network model can predict energy consumption with a high level of accuracy compared to conventional modeling techniques. The development of highly accurate self-tuning models can be a powerful tool to use for other applications such as fault detection and diagnosis, assessment, and system optimization. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of using deep learning algorithms with more hidden layers and cross-validation techniques.
{"title":"An Intelligent Approach to Develop, Assess and Optimize Energy Consumption Models for Air-Cooled Chillers using Machine Learning Algorithms","authors":"M. Tahmasebi, N. Nassif","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2022.220.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2022.220.229","url":null,"abstract":": The building sector accounts for more than 70% of the total electricity use. Chillers consume more than 50% of electrical energy during seasonal periods of building use. With the growth of the building sector and climate change, it's essential to develop energy-efficient HVAC systems that optimize the ever-increasing energy demand. This study aims to develop an energy consumption prediction model for air-cooled chillers using machine learning algorithms. This is done by developing different static and dynamic data-driven regressive and neural network models and comparing the accuracy of their prediction to identify the most accurate modeling algorithm using 3 main inputs chilled water return temperature, outside drybulb temperature, and cooling load. The proposed model structure was then optimized in terms of the number of neurons, epochs, time delays as well as the number of input variables using a genetic algorithm. Training and testing were done using real data obtained from a fully instrumented 4-ton air-cooled chiller. Results of the study show that the optimized artificial neural network model can predict energy consumption with a high level of accuracy compared to conventional modeling techniques. The development of highly accurate self-tuning models can be a powerful tool to use for other applications such as fault detection and diagnosis, assessment, and system optimization. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of using deep learning algorithms with more hidden layers and cross-validation techniques.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"210 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88669058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2022.189.196
G. Zepeda, R. Kelly, Carmen Monroy
: Position-servo actuators are by themselves feedback mechatronics systems modeled by Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE). From a technological point of view, position-servos are based upon an electrical motor, a shaft angular position sensor, and a dominant Proportional controller. These position servo actuators are at the core of several real-life practical and didactic mechatronics and robotics systems. The contribution of this study is the introduction of a novel position regulator in Cartesian space and the stability analysis of a real-world mechatronic system involving the following mechatronics ingredients: A position servo actuated pendulum endowed with position sensing for feedback and a novel nonlinear integral controller for direct position regulation in Cartesian space avoiding the inverse kinematics computational burden. Because of the nonlinear nature of the control system, the standard analysis tools from classic linear control cannot be utilized, thus this study invokes Lyapunov stability arguments to prove asymptotic stability and to provide an estimate of the domain of attraction.
{"title":"A Cartesian Regulator for an Ideal Position-Servo Actuated Didactic Mechatronic Device: Asymptotic Stability Analysis","authors":"G. Zepeda, R. Kelly, Carmen Monroy","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2022.189.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2022.189.196","url":null,"abstract":": Position-servo actuators are by themselves feedback mechatronics systems modeled by Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE). From a technological point of view, position-servos are based upon an electrical motor, a shaft angular position sensor, and a dominant Proportional controller. These position servo actuators are at the core of several real-life practical and didactic mechatronics and robotics systems. The contribution of this study is the introduction of a novel position regulator in Cartesian space and the stability analysis of a real-world mechatronic system involving the following mechatronics ingredients: A position servo actuated pendulum endowed with position sensing for feedback and a novel nonlinear integral controller for direct position regulation in Cartesian space avoiding the inverse kinematics computational burden. Because of the nonlinear nature of the control system, the standard analysis tools from classic linear control cannot be utilized, thus this study invokes Lyapunov stability arguments to prove asymptotic stability and to provide an estimate of the domain of attraction.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89655706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2022.178.188
Peng Wang, Natalie Zimmermann
: The use of composites within the aeronautical field is not limited to airframe applications and includes powerplant components in reciprocating engines. To add to the research body in this area, the presented work aimed to evaluate the performance of novel carbon fiber valve covers installed on an aircraft reciprocating engine. Specifically, the comparative performance between novel composite-based valve covers and original steel valve covers was of interest, with a focus on the thermal and cooling behavior. The experimental procedure simulated certification testing required for parts manufacturer approval provided by the Federal Aviation Administration and followed the cooling test protocol outlined by ASTM International. The test engine was run once with each valve cover type and at multiple power settings, throughout which the surface temperature of the valve covers was recorded. In addition, the carbon fiber valve cover was subjected to a post-run visual inspection to identify the overall condition thereof and any potential damage introduced under engine operating conditions. The experimental study revealed lower temperatures with accompanying higher cooling and heating rates for the carbon fiber valve cover when compared to the original steel valve cover. Moreover, sealing issues on the carbon fiber valve cover were observed. The high heating rates coupled with the sealing issues can have a detrimental impact on the engine operation and lifetime, thus, equivalency requirements were not met. While the novel carbon fiber valve cover did not perform at directly equivalent levels to the original steel valve cover, the potential for future improved performance is demonstrated. Especially the lower temperatures sustained, the rapid cooling rate, and the weight savings associated with the use of composite materials are promising. Moreover, the results obtained can be used to further refine the design of composite-based valve covers, with the ultimate goal of meeting certification and applicational requirements.
{"title":"Testing Composite Valve Covers for Reciprocating Engine Applications","authors":"Peng Wang, Natalie Zimmermann","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2022.178.188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2022.178.188","url":null,"abstract":": The use of composites within the aeronautical field is not limited to airframe applications and includes powerplant components in reciprocating engines. To add to the research body in this area, the presented work aimed to evaluate the performance of novel carbon fiber valve covers installed on an aircraft reciprocating engine. Specifically, the comparative performance between novel composite-based valve covers and original steel valve covers was of interest, with a focus on the thermal and cooling behavior. The experimental procedure simulated certification testing required for parts manufacturer approval provided by the Federal Aviation Administration and followed the cooling test protocol outlined by ASTM International. The test engine was run once with each valve cover type and at multiple power settings, throughout which the surface temperature of the valve covers was recorded. In addition, the carbon fiber valve cover was subjected to a post-run visual inspection to identify the overall condition thereof and any potential damage introduced under engine operating conditions. The experimental study revealed lower temperatures with accompanying higher cooling and heating rates for the carbon fiber valve cover when compared to the original steel valve cover. Moreover, sealing issues on the carbon fiber valve cover were observed. The high heating rates coupled with the sealing issues can have a detrimental impact on the engine operation and lifetime, thus, equivalency requirements were not met. While the novel carbon fiber valve cover did not perform at directly equivalent levels to the original steel valve cover, the potential for future improved performance is demonstrated. Especially the lower temperatures sustained, the rapid cooling rate, and the weight savings associated with the use of composite materials are promising. Moreover, the results obtained can be used to further refine the design of composite-based valve covers, with the ultimate goal of meeting certification and applicational requirements.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85590500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2022.209.219
G. K. Fernand, Akpata Edouard, Assamoi Claude Daniel, Gnamele N’tcho Assoukpou Jean, Youan Bi Tra Jean Claude, Ouattara Yelakan Berenger, Konan Kouassi Fransisco
: In the context of high-density passive UHF (Ultra High Frequency) RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tag technology, the problem of mutual coupling has to be taken into account as one of the performance criteria of UHF RFID systems. In practical applications, mutual coupling changes the intrinsic parameters of the antennas attached to these tags, i.e., the impedance matching of the antenna and the chip and the radiation pattern. The objective of this study is to study the performance of some commercial tag prototypes by their level of sensitivity to mutual coupling. The 3D initialization model of the Printed Dipole, Printed T-Match, and Printed Meander tags were used to directly extract the mutual impedance values in various scenarios by the ANSYS HFSS software and compare them with the MATLAB software. The simulated results show the effectiveness of this study in obtaining a clear understanding of the performance of the tags. These results open new perspectives on the study of mutual tag-to-tag coupling for research and will help users to make better decisions in the choice of UHF RFID tags for the radio frequency identification of products.
在高密度无源超高频(UHF) RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)标签技术的背景下，互耦问题必须作为超高频RFID系统的性能标准之一加以考虑。在实际应用中，互耦改变了这些标签所附着的天线的固有参数，即天线与芯片的阻抗匹配以及辐射方向图。本研究的目的是通过对相互耦合的敏感程度来研究一些商业标签原型的性能。利用print Dipole、print T-Match和print Meander标签的三维初始化模型，通过ANSYS HFSS软件直接提取各种场景下的互阻抗值，并与MATLAB软件进行对比。仿真结果表明，本研究在获得对标签性能的清晰理解方面是有效的。这些结果为标签对标签相互耦合的研究开辟了新的视角，并将帮助用户在选择超高频RFID标签进行产品射频识别时做出更好的决策。
{"title":"Study of Mutual Coupling of Typical Commercial UHF RFID Tags in a High-Density Environment","authors":"G. K. Fernand, Akpata Edouard, Assamoi Claude Daniel, Gnamele N’tcho Assoukpou Jean, Youan Bi Tra Jean Claude, Ouattara Yelakan Berenger, Konan Kouassi Fransisco","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2022.209.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2022.209.219","url":null,"abstract":": In the context of high-density passive UHF (Ultra High Frequency) RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tag technology, the problem of mutual coupling has to be taken into account as one of the performance criteria of UHF RFID systems. In practical applications, mutual coupling changes the intrinsic parameters of the antennas attached to these tags, i.e., the impedance matching of the antenna and the chip and the radiation pattern. The objective of this study is to study the performance of some commercial tag prototypes by their level of sensitivity to mutual coupling. The 3D initialization model of the Printed Dipole, Printed T-Match, and Printed Meander tags were used to directly extract the mutual impedance values in various scenarios by the ANSYS HFSS software and compare them with the MATLAB software. The simulated results show the effectiveness of this study in obtaining a clear understanding of the performance of the tags. These results open new perspectives on the study of mutual tag-to-tag coupling for research and will help users to make better decisions in the choice of UHF RFID tags for the radio frequency identification of products.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87254499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2022.160.177
L. Silva, José Izaquiel Santos da Silva, Rogério Alexandre Alves de Melo, Edilailsa Januário de Melo
Corresponding Author: José Izaquiel Santos da Silva Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Brazil Email: izaquiel@ict.ufvjm.edu.br Abstract: Perfume is a non-ideal complex mixture of chemicals originating from the extraction of essential oils and these oils are volatile components extracted from plants, some animals, or even synthesized. For this reason, to compose a fragrance, there are countless possibilities to combine one element and another, which makes the process slow and expensive. Therefore, in this study, we will combine three components of the most known and accepted in the cosmetic industry that make up most essential oils, they are Limonene, linalool, and geraniol. The effect of these combinations generates an influence on the diffusive behavior, on the volatility of the mixture and on the odor intensity of its constituents, due to molecular interactions, its physicochemical properties and the presence of liquid and vapor phases. Therefore, some thermodynamic models and calculations involving vapor-liquid balance, EVL, are the most used tools to predict perfume performance and quality. In general, these models start from the activity coefficient, which measures the nonideality of the mixture, by the modified Raoult's law, which associates this coefficient to the vapor pressure and to the compositions in each phase. However, being of industrial interest, the use of modeling and process simulations capable of optimizing the time and cost of a product, the research seeks to investigate the application of thermodynamic models of the COSMO and UNIFAC type to estimate the VLE of real mixtures of fragrances, through literature review and computational analysis. The use of the COSMO-SAC thermodynamic model will help to obtain the activity coefficient and the sigma profiles of a combination among the components studied, through the JCOSMO computational package. The UNIFAC model and Raoult's Law for ideal gas/solution will contribute to the estimation of the VLE curves of binary mixtures, the diffusive behavior of fragrances and the fugacity and activity coefficients of binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures, through the process simulator DWSIM. The results obtained showed agreement with the expected behavior, according to the literature. Regarding the efficiency in the use of thermodynamic models, which facilitate the VLE studies of different fragrances and the interactive behavior of these components when mixed, in order to reduce the number of experiments and optimize the process. The biggest challenge of the research was to find programs that could facilitate the analysis of VLE curves, such as the complete JCOSMO, which is not available for free access.
{"title":"Study of the Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Fragrance Mixtures, Limonene, Linalool and Geraniol, using the Unifac and Cosmo-Sac Models and the Estimation of their Combined Properties in Binary, Ternary and Quaternary Mixtures","authors":"L. Silva, José Izaquiel Santos da Silva, Rogério Alexandre Alves de Melo, Edilailsa Januário de Melo","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2022.160.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2022.160.177","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: José Izaquiel Santos da Silva Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Brazil Email: izaquiel@ict.ufvjm.edu.br Abstract: Perfume is a non-ideal complex mixture of chemicals originating from the extraction of essential oils and these oils are volatile components extracted from plants, some animals, or even synthesized. For this reason, to compose a fragrance, there are countless possibilities to combine one element and another, which makes the process slow and expensive. Therefore, in this study, we will combine three components of the most known and accepted in the cosmetic industry that make up most essential oils, they are Limonene, linalool, and geraniol. The effect of these combinations generates an influence on the diffusive behavior, on the volatility of the mixture and on the odor intensity of its constituents, due to molecular interactions, its physicochemical properties and the presence of liquid and vapor phases. Therefore, some thermodynamic models and calculations involving vapor-liquid balance, EVL, are the most used tools to predict perfume performance and quality. In general, these models start from the activity coefficient, which measures the nonideality of the mixture, by the modified Raoult's law, which associates this coefficient to the vapor pressure and to the compositions in each phase. However, being of industrial interest, the use of modeling and process simulations capable of optimizing the time and cost of a product, the research seeks to investigate the application of thermodynamic models of the COSMO and UNIFAC type to estimate the VLE of real mixtures of fragrances, through literature review and computational analysis. The use of the COSMO-SAC thermodynamic model will help to obtain the activity coefficient and the sigma profiles of a combination among the components studied, through the JCOSMO computational package. The UNIFAC model and Raoult's Law for ideal gas/solution will contribute to the estimation of the VLE curves of binary mixtures, the diffusive behavior of fragrances and the fugacity and activity coefficients of binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures, through the process simulator DWSIM. The results obtained showed agreement with the expected behavior, according to the literature. Regarding the efficiency in the use of thermodynamic models, which facilitate the VLE studies of different fragrances and the interactive behavior of these components when mixed, in order to reduce the number of experiments and optimize the process. The biggest challenge of the research was to find programs that could facilitate the analysis of VLE curves, such as the complete JCOSMO, which is not available for free access.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85171388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2022.140.159
F. Petrescu
Corresponding Author: Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu Theory of Mechanisms and Robots, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Romania Email: tiberiuflorianion@gmail.com Abstract: The paper briefly presents some basic ideas on how matter is constituted and structured, based on permanent light as intrinsic energy. The fact that photons cannot be stored directly inside matter has not prevented it from having multiple hearts of energy springing from light, in the form of positive and negative electrical charges, which form the energy base of matter as it is structured and as we already know it (in its most important dimensions) molecules and molecular chains. The atoms of the various elements bind to each other and make up the molecules and then the molecular chains. Inorganic matter is practically structured in atoms, molecules, and molecular chains, while organic matter, which represents life, is structured in basic cells, which in turn are also composed of molecular chains. Here is the difference between living and inorganic matter, the elementary cell which is building the various organs and then will bind in the body. The author's ideas do not contradict those already known in the literature, even if they bring a new light on the way matter is constituted. The author wants to emphasize in this mini paper that the basis of the entire structure of matter is the energy from light. Now we can better understand the matter at its base, wherein the atom we have a nucleus and electrons. Heavy but concentrated nuclei play the basic role of matter while lighter electrons orbiting nuclei play the essential role of linking atoms together to form molecules and molecular chains. The nuclei of atoms are the massive and stable part of basic matter and electrons are its easiest part in constant permanent motion, which has the role of making and breaking the bonds between atoms and molecules. It follows that the base of nuclei, whether protons or neutrons, is made of portions of three coupled quarks, each of which is a heavy scaffold charged with photon energy in the form of one or two negative or positive yolks. Electrons or positrons are light scaffolds each charged with three similar charges. So logically, all matter is charged at its base with energetic hearts, which constantly guard it and interact with each other. Instead of using huge amounts of energy in the manufacture of antimatter as is currently the case when antimatter is obtained by colliding super accelerated particles at huge energies, we will be able to make antiprotons from neutrons with the help of accelerated electrons. A massive energy supplement will result from these processes anyway.
通讯作者:Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu机械与机器人理论，布加勒斯特理工大学，罗马尼亚电子邮件:tiberiuflorianion@gmail.com摘要:本文简要介绍了基于永久光作为内在能量的物质如何构成和结构的一些基本思想。光子不能直接储存在物质内部的事实，并没有阻止它以正电荷和负电荷的形式从光中产生多个能量中心，这些能量中心形成了物质的能量基础，因为它是结构化的，正如我们已经知道的那样(在其最重要的维度上)分子和分子链。各种元素的原子相互结合，组成分子，然后是分子链。无机物实际上是由原子、分子和分子链构成的，而代表生命的有机物质是由基本细胞构成的，而基本细胞又由分子链组成。这就是生物和无机物之间的区别，基本细胞构建各种器官，然后在体内结合。作者的观点与文献中已知的观点并不矛盾，即使它们为物质构成的方式带来了新的曙光。作者想在这篇短文中强调，整个物质结构的基础是来自光的能量。现在我们可以更好地理解物质的基础，其中的原子，我们有一个原子核和电子。重而集中的原子核起着物质的基本作用，而绕原子核运行的较轻的电子则起着将原子连接在一起形成分子和分子链的重要作用。原子核是基本物质中质量最大、最稳定的部分，而电子是原子核中最容易进行恒常运动的部分，它具有建立和破坏原子与分子之间化学键的作用。由此可见，无论是质子还是中子，原子核的基础都是由三个耦合的夸克组成的，每个夸克都是一个沉重的支架，带有一个或两个负或正蛋黄形式的光子能量。电子或正电子是带有三个相似电荷的轻型支架。所以从逻辑上讲，所有的物质在其基础上都是带电的，这些带电的心不断地保护着它，并相互作用。我们将能够在加速电子的帮助下，用中子制造反质子，而不是像目前那样，用大量的能量来制造反物质，因为反物质是通过巨大能量的超加速粒子碰撞获得的。无论如何，这些过程都会产生大量的能量补充。
{"title":"An Assumption Regarding the way Matter is Constituted and Structured from Light","authors":"F. Petrescu","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2022.140.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2022.140.159","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu Theory of Mechanisms and Robots, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Romania Email: tiberiuflorianion@gmail.com Abstract: The paper briefly presents some basic ideas on how matter is constituted and structured, based on permanent light as intrinsic energy. The fact that photons cannot be stored directly inside matter has not prevented it from having multiple hearts of energy springing from light, in the form of positive and negative electrical charges, which form the energy base of matter as it is structured and as we already know it (in its most important dimensions) molecules and molecular chains. The atoms of the various elements bind to each other and make up the molecules and then the molecular chains. Inorganic matter is practically structured in atoms, molecules, and molecular chains, while organic matter, which represents life, is structured in basic cells, which in turn are also composed of molecular chains. Here is the difference between living and inorganic matter, the elementary cell which is building the various organs and then will bind in the body. The author's ideas do not contradict those already known in the literature, even if they bring a new light on the way matter is constituted. The author wants to emphasize in this mini paper that the basis of the entire structure of matter is the energy from light. Now we can better understand the matter at its base, wherein the atom we have a nucleus and electrons. Heavy but concentrated nuclei play the basic role of matter while lighter electrons orbiting nuclei play the essential role of linking atoms together to form molecules and molecular chains. The nuclei of atoms are the massive and stable part of basic matter and electrons are its easiest part in constant permanent motion, which has the role of making and breaking the bonds between atoms and molecules. It follows that the base of nuclei, whether protons or neutrons, is made of portions of three coupled quarks, each of which is a heavy scaffold charged with photon energy in the form of one or two negative or positive yolks. Electrons or positrons are light scaffolds each charged with three similar charges. So logically, all matter is charged at its base with energetic hearts, which constantly guard it and interact with each other. Instead of using huge amounts of energy in the manufacture of antimatter as is currently the case when antimatter is obtained by colliding super accelerated particles at huge energies, we will be able to make antiprotons from neutrons with the help of accelerated electrons. A massive energy supplement will result from these processes anyway.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86966594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2022.101.117
S. S. Howard
Email: dr.ssami@transpacenergy.com Abstract: The performance of “magnetized nanofluids in a Parabolic Trough Concentrating Solar Collector (CSP)-integrated Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems are studied. The characteristics of magnetized nanofluids AI2O3, CuO, Fe3O4 and SiO2 as heat transport fluid circulating in integrated Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) with ORC and TES under different solar radiations, angles of incidence and different nanofluid concentrations have been presented. An environmentally refrigerant quaternary was used in the ORC loop to enhance the ORC efficiency composed of R1234ze, R245fa, R125, R236fa was used. The results showed that the power absorbed and collected by the CSP collector and thermal energy stored is enhanced with the increase of solar radiation. It was also observed that the CSP hybrid system efficiency has been enhanced mainly by the increase of solar radiations, higher magnetized nanofluid concentrations and the magnetic fields over the thermal oil as base fluid. Also, the study concluded that the nanofluid CuO outperformed the other nanofluids-Al2O3, Fe3O4 and SiO2-at similar conditions. Finally, it was found that the model’s prediction compared fairly with data reported in the literature; however, some discrepancies existed between the model’s prediction and the experimental data”.
{"title":"Study of Concentrated Solar Power Collectors with Organic Rankine Cycle and Magnetized Nanofluids ","authors":"S. S. Howard","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2022.101.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2022.101.117","url":null,"abstract":"Email: dr.ssami@transpacenergy.com Abstract: The performance of “magnetized nanofluids in a Parabolic Trough Concentrating Solar Collector (CSP)-integrated Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems are studied. The characteristics of magnetized nanofluids AI2O3, CuO, Fe3O4 and SiO2 as heat transport fluid circulating in integrated Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) with ORC and TES under different solar radiations, angles of incidence and different nanofluid concentrations have been presented. An environmentally refrigerant quaternary was used in the ORC loop to enhance the ORC efficiency composed of R1234ze, R245fa, R125, R236fa was used. The results showed that the power absorbed and collected by the CSP collector and thermal energy stored is enhanced with the increase of solar radiation. It was also observed that the CSP hybrid system efficiency has been enhanced mainly by the increase of solar radiations, higher magnetized nanofluid concentrations and the magnetic fields over the thermal oil as base fluid. Also, the study concluded that the nanofluid CuO outperformed the other nanofluids-Al2O3, Fe3O4 and SiO2-at similar conditions. Finally, it was found that the model’s prediction compared fairly with data reported in the literature; however, some discrepancies existed between the model’s prediction and the experimental data”.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79944616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2022.59.80
F. Petrescu, A. Comanescu
Corresponding Author: Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Bucharest, (CE) Romania Email: tiberiuflorianion@gmail.com Abstract: The paper presents in detail a method of calculating the forces acting on a 2T9R type robot. In order to determine the reactions (forces in the kinematic couples), one must first determine the inertial forces in the mechanism to which one or more useful loads of the robot can be added. The torsor of the inertia forces is calculated with the help of the masses of the machine elements and the accelerations from the centers of mass of the mechanism elements, so the positions, velocities and accelerations acting on it will be determined, i.e., its complete kinematics. The calculation method applied by a Math Cad program intelligently uses data entry through the If Log logic function so that the calculations can be automated. So, the effective automation of the calculation program is done exclusively through the If Log functions originally used in the paper.
通讯作者:Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu ARoTMM-IFToMM，布加勒斯特理工大学，布加勒斯特，(CE)罗马尼亚电子邮件:tiberiuflorianion@gmail.com摘要:本文详细介绍了一种计算作用在2T9R型机器人上的力的方法。为了确定反作用力(运动偶中的力)，必须首先确定机构中的惯性力，机器人的一个或多个有用载荷可以添加到该机构中。惯性力的惯性力量是借助于机械元件的质量和各机械元件质心的加速度来计算的，这样就可以确定作用在机械元件上的位置、速度和加速度，即机械元件的完全运动学。数学Cad程序采用的计算方法通过If Log逻辑功能智能地使用数据输入，从而实现计算的自动化。因此，仅通过本文中使用的If Log函数即可实现计算程序的有效自动化。
{"title":"Kinetostatics of a 2T9R Robot Mechanism","authors":"F. Petrescu, A. Comanescu","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2022.59.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2022.59.80","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Bucharest, (CE) Romania Email: tiberiuflorianion@gmail.com Abstract: The paper presents in detail a method of calculating the forces acting on a 2T9R type robot. In order to determine the reactions (forces in the kinematic couples), one must first determine the inertial forces in the mechanism to which one or more useful loads of the robot can be added. The torsor of the inertia forces is calculated with the help of the masses of the machine elements and the accelerations from the centers of mass of the mechanism elements, so the positions, velocities and accelerations acting on it will be determined, i.e., its complete kinematics. The calculation method applied by a Math Cad program intelligently uses data entry through the If Log logic function so that the calculations can be automated. So, the effective automation of the calculation program is done exclusively through the If Log functions originally used in the paper.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"169 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76179745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2022.9.22
Pankaj Kar, Md. Ariful Islam, Amit Paul, Joydip Chakraborti, S. Sutradhar
Department of Information and Communication Technology, Comilla University, Cumilla, Bangladesh Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Department of Physics, Comilla University, Cumilla, Bangladesh Department of Mathematics, Comilla Victoria Government College, Cumilla, Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
{"title":"Experimental Antenna and Circuit Model for Charging an Electronic Device from the Ambient Electromagnetic Waves","authors":"Pankaj Kar, Md. Ariful Islam, Amit Paul, Joydip Chakraborti, S. Sutradhar","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2022.9.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2022.9.22","url":null,"abstract":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, Comilla University, Cumilla, Bangladesh Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Department of Physics, Comilla University, Cumilla, Bangladesh Department of Mathematics, Comilla Victoria Government College, Cumilla, Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72738862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2022.23.31
Kathirvel Ayyaswamy, D. Sudha, S. Naveneethan, M. Subramaniam, Debashreet Das, S. Kirubakaran
Corresponding Author: Ayyaswamy Kathirvel Department of CSE, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India Email: kathirvel@karunya.edu Abstract: Billions of payment transactions occur in our day-to-day life, but every payment method depends on a material to carry. It is common for users to possess various materials like cash, credit cards and even mobiles to make payment. Meanwhile, it is easy for these materials to be robbed or lost. These instances result in a terrible trauma for the people. This study gives a detailed portrayal of a biometric payment application developed to introduce a concept of material-less payment. It enables the user to make a payment at any location by enrolling their fingertip without possessing any material. It involves a one-time registration of the User details upon all further transactions are validated and processed based on the user's fingerprint where the App takes care of the whole process. This implementation results in a novel payment method and avoids the risk of carrying valuable materials outdoors. This App creates an efficient and safe payment for society.
{"title":"AI Based Mobile Bill Payment System using Biometric Fingerprint","authors":"Kathirvel Ayyaswamy, D. Sudha, S. Naveneethan, M. Subramaniam, Debashreet Das, S. Kirubakaran","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2022.23.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2022.23.31","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Ayyaswamy Kathirvel Department of CSE, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India Email: kathirvel@karunya.edu Abstract: Billions of payment transactions occur in our day-to-day life, but every payment method depends on a material to carry. It is common for users to possess various materials like cash, credit cards and even mobiles to make payment. Meanwhile, it is easy for these materials to be robbed or lost. These instances result in a terrible trauma for the people. This study gives a detailed portrayal of a biometric payment application developed to introduce a concept of material-less payment. It enables the user to make a payment at any location by enrolling their fingertip without possessing any material. It involves a one-time registration of the User details upon all further transactions are validated and processed based on the user's fingerprint where the App takes care of the whole process. This implementation results in a novel payment method and avoids the risk of carrying valuable materials outdoors. This App creates an efficient and safe payment for society.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88736787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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