Pub Date : 2021-05-07DOI: 10.3844/AJEASSP.2021.185.197
Yalew Dessalegn, Balkeshwar Singh, A. Vuure
This research aims to examine the properties of culm based on the factors of age and height for structural and industrial purposes. Aged from 1-3 years old of culm and the height was divided into 3 parts which bottom, middle and top. The properties of Giant Timber bamboo in Ethiopia were not investigated so far from the other research work using age and height factors. 3 Samples of the culm are harvested at each age in the Amhara region at Injibara town, Ethiopia and 6 specimens are prepared for each experimental work. New growth of the bamboo shoot has higher internodes length, internodes diameter, and culm thickness than the previous generates of bamboo shoot. Morphological characteristics of the culm are improved when the ages of culm younger. Moisture contents and shrinkage of culm decrease when the age of culm older, and along culm height goes from the bottom to top. However, oven-dry density, cellulose, and lignin contents increase when the age of culm older and along culm height goes from the bottom to top. Whereas hemicelluloses, extractive and ash contents decrease when the age of culm older and along culm height goes from the bottom to top. Higher moisture contents of culm used to easy extraction of fibers without damage, but it has higher shrinkage in the culm. Whereas higher basic density of culm used for structural and furniture making. Celluloses are used for the biofuel and pulp industry. The lignin used as a binder and improve the structural application of the culm. Whereas hemicelluloses are used in the paper industry.
{"title":"Analyze the Significance of Age and Height on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethiopian Giant Timber Bamboo","authors":"Yalew Dessalegn, Balkeshwar Singh, A. Vuure","doi":"10.3844/AJEASSP.2021.185.197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJEASSP.2021.185.197","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to examine the properties of culm based on the factors of age and height for structural and industrial purposes. Aged from 1-3 years old of culm and the height was divided into 3 parts which bottom, middle and top. The properties of Giant Timber bamboo in Ethiopia were not investigated so far from the other research work using age and height factors. 3 Samples of the culm are harvested at each age in the Amhara region at Injibara town, Ethiopia and 6 specimens are prepared for each experimental work. New growth of the bamboo shoot has higher internodes length, internodes diameter, and culm thickness than the previous generates of bamboo shoot. Morphological characteristics of the culm are improved when the ages of culm younger. Moisture contents and shrinkage of culm decrease when the age of culm older, and along culm height goes from the bottom to top. However, oven-dry density, cellulose, and lignin contents increase when the age of culm older and along culm height goes from the bottom to top. Whereas hemicelluloses, extractive and ash contents decrease when the age of culm older and along culm height goes from the bottom to top. Higher moisture contents of culm used to easy extraction of fibers without damage, but it has higher shrinkage in the culm. Whereas higher basic density of culm used for structural and furniture making. Celluloses are used for the biofuel and pulp industry. The lignin used as a binder and improve the structural application of the culm. Whereas hemicelluloses are used in the paper industry.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"185-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78706605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2021.455.460
K. Ostad‑Ali‑Askari, Maryam Marani-Barzani
Corresponding author: Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 8415683111 Isfahan, Iran Email: kaveh.oaa2000@gmail.com Abstract: Solar energy is as of energy that it is significant in human activities. Human activities can use in agricultures, factories, industrial and residential plan. In other hand, solar energy is as renewable energy can help to have safety environment. This study tries to say significant of identification of landforms and getting cheap and safe energy. In this study, classification of landform map was identified for Zayandeh Roud Basin (Z. R. B), Iran. The methodology presents elevation of landscapes that are useful to get additional information for geomorphological and landscape studies. Using a relative classification model, the object primitives were categorized as landform elements, made both on the objects’ altitudinal position and the surface shape. The c lassification has three classes: Low land, midland, high land. Solar energy advantage has been considered by measuring sunlight data in 10 climate stations. Elevation parameter and sunlight value are two parameters that used for this study. The methodology introduced in this study can be used almost for any application, where relationships between topographic features and climate parameters are to be assessed.
通讯作者:Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari伊斯法罕理工大学农业学院水工程系，8415683111，伊朗伊斯法罕Email: kaveh.oaa2000@gmail.com摘要:太阳能是人类活动中重要的能源之一。人类活动可用于农业、工厂、工业和住宅规划。另一方面，太阳能作为可再生能源可以帮助拥有安全的环境。这项研究试图说明识别地貌和获得廉价安全能源的重要性。本文对伊朗Zayandeh Roud盆地(Z. R. B)地貌图进行了分类。该方法提出了景观的高程，这对获得地貌和景观研究的额外信息很有用。利用相对分类模型，将地物原语分类为地形要素，根据地物的垂直位置和地表形状进行分类。分类有三种:低地、中部、高地。通过测量10个气候站的日照数据，考虑了太阳能的优势。海拔参数和日照值是本研究使用的两个参数。本研究中介绍的方法几乎可以用于任何需要评估地形特征和气候参数之间关系的应用。
{"title":"Investigation of Landform and Sunlight in Zayandeh Roud Basin","authors":"K. Ostad‑Ali‑Askari, Maryam Marani-Barzani","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2021.455.460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2021.455.460","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding author: Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 8415683111 Isfahan, Iran Email: kaveh.oaa2000@gmail.com Abstract: Solar energy is as of energy that it is significant in human activities. Human activities can use in agricultures, factories, industrial and residential plan. In other hand, solar energy is as renewable energy can help to have safety environment. This study tries to say significant of identification of landforms and getting cheap and safe energy. In this study, classification of landform map was identified for Zayandeh Roud Basin (Z. R. B), Iran. The methodology presents elevation of landscapes that are useful to get additional information for geomorphological and landscape studies. Using a relative classification model, the object primitives were categorized as landform elements, made both on the objects’ altitudinal position and the surface shape. The c lassification has three classes: Low land, midland, high land. Solar energy advantage has been considered by measuring sunlight data in 10 climate stations. Elevation parameter and sunlight value are two parameters that used for this study. The methodology introduced in this study can be used almost for any application, where relationships between topographic features and climate parameters are to be assessed.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91203825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2021.478.487
A. Fadiel, T. Abu-lebdeh
: Residual and end-life products are a major hazard on the environment. Many researchers have considered waste as partial replacement of some construction materials to reduce their environmental and ecological problems. This kind of practices can be an important option for the protection of the environment. Wood shavings and saw dust are byproduct of the lumber industry. They are made from timber that's been sawn into planks in saw mills in almost every major city worldwide. This is a daily activity that generates piles of wood residuals at the end of each day. This research investigates the effect of using wood shavings on the mechanical properties of concrete. Fine aggregate was replaced by volume at different levels of replacement by wood shavings. Five different levels of replacement were used, namely 5, 10, 15, 30 and 50% and the results were compared to conventional concrete. Tests were carried out on concrete in fresh and hardened phase to determine slump, wet unit weight, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, dry unit weight and absorption. The results showed that up to 10% level of substitution, the concrete maintained acceptable mechanical properties in comparison to conventional concrete.
{"title":"Mechanical Properties of Concrete Including Wood Shavings as Fine Aggregates","authors":"A. Fadiel, T. Abu-lebdeh","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2021.478.487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2021.478.487","url":null,"abstract":": Residual and end-life products are a major hazard on the environment. Many researchers have considered waste as partial replacement of some construction materials to reduce their environmental and ecological problems. This kind of practices can be an important option for the protection of the environment. Wood shavings and saw dust are byproduct of the lumber industry. They are made from timber that's been sawn into planks in saw mills in almost every major city worldwide. This is a daily activity that generates piles of wood residuals at the end of each day. This research investigates the effect of using wood shavings on the mechanical properties of concrete. Fine aggregate was replaced by volume at different levels of replacement by wood shavings. Five different levels of replacement were used, namely 5, 10, 15, 30 and 50% and the results were compared to conventional concrete. Tests were carried out on concrete in fresh and hardened phase to determine slump, wet unit weight, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, dry unit weight and absorption. The results showed that up to 10% level of substitution, the concrete maintained acceptable mechanical properties in comparison to conventional concrete.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79403306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2021.470.477
Krich Richel Mpemissi Kombo, Guoping Li, Smart Valentine Mudzingwa
Corresponding Author: Guoping Li Mechanical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China Email: me_ligp@ujn.edu.cn Abstract: As an integral part of the industrial automation system, a joint robot with artificial intelligence technology, virtual prototype technology and co-simulation technology has developed rapidly. In particular, the development of coordinated control technology makes the robot trajectory tracking control advance in the direction of higher precision and higher efficiency and makes the whole robot system has high fitting human nature, high universality, high scalability and so on. In this study, for the structural characteristics of the nickel anode plate handling robot, a three-dimensional model of the handling robot was drawn using SolidWorks 3D design software. The linkage coordinate system of the robot is established by the D-H method. The dynamics model of the nickel anode plate handling robot was established using the Lagrange method and dynamics analysis was carried out. The simulation model of the robot was constructed based on ADAMS simulation software and the dynamics simulation was carried out to obtain the force curves of the joints. It lays the foundation for further optimization of the structure design and control system design of the handling robot.
{"title":"Analysis and Simulation of the Dynamics of Nickel Anode Plate Handling Robot","authors":"Krich Richel Mpemissi Kombo, Guoping Li, Smart Valentine Mudzingwa","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2021.470.477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2021.470.477","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Guoping Li Mechanical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China Email: me_ligp@ujn.edu.cn Abstract: As an integral part of the industrial automation system, a joint robot with artificial intelligence technology, virtual prototype technology and co-simulation technology has developed rapidly. In particular, the development of coordinated control technology makes the robot trajectory tracking control advance in the direction of higher precision and higher efficiency and makes the whole robot system has high fitting human nature, high universality, high scalability and so on. In this study, for the structural characteristics of the nickel anode plate handling robot, a three-dimensional model of the handling robot was drawn using SolidWorks 3D design software. The linkage coordinate system of the robot is established by the D-H method. The dynamics model of the nickel anode plate handling robot was established using the Lagrange method and dynamics analysis was carried out. The simulation model of the robot was constructed based on ADAMS simulation software and the dynamics simulation was carried out to obtain the force curves of the joints. It lays the foundation for further optimization of the structure design and control system design of the handling robot.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73909702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corresponding Author: Samir Zahaf Department of Technology, University of Djilali Bounaama-Khamis Meliana, Ain Defla-Algeria Email: samir.zahaf@univ-dbkm.dz Abstract: The purpose of this study is to present a thermodynamic modeling of a marine chiller using ammonia as a refrigerant. The modeling is based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics and the fundamental laws of heat transfer. System performance in terms of coefficient of performance, total exergy losses and exegetic efficiency, have calculated the temperatures of sea water and air in puts, respectively, of the condenser and evaporator and their exchange surfaces. The thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant were calculated using simple and reliable state equations. The results showed that the exergy efficiency can, in some cases; do not follow the behavior of the coefficient of performance. In this study, a thermodynamic modeling of a marine refrigeration machine using ammonia as refrigerant was presented. The results showed that the performance of the machine increases as the temperature of the air entering the evaporator increases. On the other hand, an increase in the temperature of the sea water decreases this performance. In addition, the increased surfaces of the heat exchangers (condenser and evaporator) increase the performance of the machine because the formula for the quantity of heat exchanged with the external environment is Q = KXSXΔT (K: Is the heat exchange coefficient, ΔT: Is the temperature variation between the two media and S: Is the exchange surface), therefore the larger the surface, the better the exchange, which makes the performance better. In addition, we observe that the exegetical parameters may in some cases not match the COP.
{"title":"Thermodynamic Analysis of a Marine Refrigeration Machine with Ammonia","authors":"Mawhoub Soubih, Samir Zahaf, Dahmane Mouloud, Benkhettab Mohamed","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2021.448.454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2021.448.454","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Samir Zahaf Department of Technology, University of Djilali Bounaama-Khamis Meliana, Ain Defla-Algeria Email: samir.zahaf@univ-dbkm.dz Abstract: The purpose of this study is to present a thermodynamic modeling of a marine chiller using ammonia as a refrigerant. The modeling is based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics and the fundamental laws of heat transfer. System performance in terms of coefficient of performance, total exergy losses and exegetic efficiency, have calculated the temperatures of sea water and air in puts, respectively, of the condenser and evaporator and their exchange surfaces. The thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant were calculated using simple and reliable state equations. The results showed that the exergy efficiency can, in some cases; do not follow the behavior of the coefficient of performance. In this study, a thermodynamic modeling of a marine refrigeration machine using ammonia as refrigerant was presented. The results showed that the performance of the machine increases as the temperature of the air entering the evaporator increases. On the other hand, an increase in the temperature of the sea water decreases this performance. In addition, the increased surfaces of the heat exchangers (condenser and evaporator) increase the performance of the machine because the formula for the quantity of heat exchanged with the external environment is Q = KXSXΔT (K: Is the heat exchange coefficient, ΔT: Is the temperature variation between the two media and S: Is the exchange surface), therefore the larger the surface, the better the exchange, which makes the performance better. In addition, we observe that the exegetical parameters may in some cases not match the COP.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76904203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2021.436.447
Abbas Razavykia, C. Delprete, E. Brusa, Yaser Hosseini
Corresponding Author: Abbas Razavykia Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy Email: abbas.razavykia@polito.it Abstract: Mechanical power loss reduction at lubricated reciprocating and rotating components is recognized as an approach to improve the efficiency and to reduce the emissions of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). To achieve these goals, the instantaneous investigation of lubrication characteristics is required. Piston ring pack is of paramount importance as it is known as major contributor to frictional losses and energy dissipation. Applying Reynolds equation and lubrication theory to study piston ring tribology, requires specifying of boundary conditions. Oil film characteristics (shape and thickness) and generated hydrodynamic pressure are under influence of considered boundary conditions. Besides, the type of selected boundary conditions affects analysis robustness and sensitivity. During engine strokes, piston ring enjoys hydrodynamic and mixed lubrication regimes. The principle aim of the current study is to examine the effects of alternative boundary conditions: Half Sommerfeld, oil separation and Reynolds cavitation and reformation conditions on piston ring tribology under isothermal mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication regimes. This article demonstrates that different boundary conditions are suited to different operating conditions with respect to load, speed and temperature as well as crank angle, i.e., relative position of ring with respect to the liner. Thicker oil film thickness has been calculated applying half Sommerfeld boundary conditions under either hydrodynamic or mixed lubrication regimes followed by oil separation due to larger effective of the ring width. It was observed that considering oil separation boundary conditions results in lower deviation from experimental data, followed by Sommerfeld boundary conditions under mixed lubrication.
{"title":"The Effects of Oil Film Shape on Piston Ring and Liner Tribology Under Mixed Lubrication","authors":"Abbas Razavykia, C. Delprete, E. Brusa, Yaser Hosseini","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2021.436.447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2021.436.447","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Abbas Razavykia Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy Email: abbas.razavykia@polito.it Abstract: Mechanical power loss reduction at lubricated reciprocating and rotating components is recognized as an approach to improve the efficiency and to reduce the emissions of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). To achieve these goals, the instantaneous investigation of lubrication characteristics is required. Piston ring pack is of paramount importance as it is known as major contributor to frictional losses and energy dissipation. Applying Reynolds equation and lubrication theory to study piston ring tribology, requires specifying of boundary conditions. Oil film characteristics (shape and thickness) and generated hydrodynamic pressure are under influence of considered boundary conditions. Besides, the type of selected boundary conditions affects analysis robustness and sensitivity. During engine strokes, piston ring enjoys hydrodynamic and mixed lubrication regimes. The principle aim of the current study is to examine the effects of alternative boundary conditions: Half Sommerfeld, oil separation and Reynolds cavitation and reformation conditions on piston ring tribology under isothermal mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication regimes. This article demonstrates that different boundary conditions are suited to different operating conditions with respect to load, speed and temperature as well as crank angle, i.e., relative position of ring with respect to the liner. Thicker oil film thickness has been calculated applying half Sommerfeld boundary conditions under either hydrodynamic or mixed lubrication regimes followed by oil separation due to larger effective of the ring width. It was observed that considering oil separation boundary conditions results in lower deviation from experimental data, followed by Sommerfeld boundary conditions under mixed lubrication.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73060108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2021.461.469
B. Katz
: Studies investigating the response of a natural/synthetic blended material to variations of time, temperature and pressure with respect to induced deformations have been carried out. Such a material is interesting due to its complexity of responses which are dependent on the nature of each fiber. The study’s sample was a wool/polyester blend with a 45/55 composition respectively. This combination is a common material and is resistant to deformations. The application of a quantitative systematic approach provides substantial correlation between combinations of conditions that would not be evident in a more common qualitative approach. Strict adherence to a quantitative method makes this investigation more informative than existing research literature. Pressure and temperature ranges corresponded to values associated with clothing presses. The deformations were evaluated by examining the crease formed and associating a corresponding crease value. Analysis of the crease values and parameters established a clear correlation between the conditions and the resulting crease values. This case study shows that time and temperature are key factors in the creasing of materials, with pressure slight less influential in determining the maximum deformation possible. A regression model was determined to predict the resulting “crease angle” as a function of these parameters, representing 87% of the variance of the results. This experimental methodology can be generalized and applied to alternate fabrics to adapt the corresponding model.
{"title":"Influence of Time, Temperature and Pressure on the Creasing of Wool/Polyester Blended Fibers","authors":"B. Katz","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2021.461.469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2021.461.469","url":null,"abstract":": Studies investigating the response of a natural/synthetic blended material to variations of time, temperature and pressure with respect to induced deformations have been carried out. Such a material is interesting due to its complexity of responses which are dependent on the nature of each fiber. The study’s sample was a wool/polyester blend with a 45/55 composition respectively. This combination is a common material and is resistant to deformations. The application of a quantitative systematic approach provides substantial correlation between combinations of conditions that would not be evident in a more common qualitative approach. Strict adherence to a quantitative method makes this investigation more informative than existing research literature. Pressure and temperature ranges corresponded to values associated with clothing presses. The deformations were evaluated by examining the crease formed and associating a corresponding crease value. Analysis of the crease values and parameters established a clear correlation between the conditions and the resulting crease values. This case study shows that time and temperature are key factors in the creasing of materials, with pressure slight less influential in determining the maximum deformation possible. A regression model was determined to predict the resulting “crease angle” as a function of these parameters, representing 87% of the variance of the results. This experimental methodology can be generalized and applied to alternate fabrics to adapt the corresponding model.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85901125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2021.409.429
K. Ostad‑Ali‑Askari, Iman Niknejadi, P. Ashrafi, Amir Ashrafi, H. Gholami, M. Soltani, H. Norouzi, S. Pazdar
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Communication, Arts and Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, P. O. Box 117781, United Arab Emirates and Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, American University in Dubai, Dubai, P. O. Box 28282 United Arab Emirates and Department of Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran Department of Civil Engineering, Khomenishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomenishahr, Iran Department of Architecture and Art, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Department of Architectural Engineering, Shahinshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahinshahr, Iran Department of Civil Engineering, Aghigh University, Shahinshahr, Isfahan, Iran Department of Geography, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
{"title":"Improve the Consumption of Cement and Sand in Massive Concrete","authors":"K. Ostad‑Ali‑Askari, Iman Niknejadi, P. Ashrafi, Amir Ashrafi, H. Gholami, M. Soltani, H. Norouzi, S. Pazdar","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2021.409.429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2021.409.429","url":null,"abstract":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Communication, Arts and Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, P. O. Box 117781, United Arab Emirates and Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, American University in Dubai, Dubai, P. O. Box 28282 United Arab Emirates and Department of Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran Department of Civil Engineering, Khomenishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khomenishahr, Iran Department of Architecture and Art, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Department of Architectural Engineering, Shahinshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahinshahr, Iran Department of Civil Engineering, Aghigh University, Shahinshahr, Isfahan, Iran Department of Geography, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78753406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2021.383.397
R. Petrescu, F. Petrescu
Corresponding Author R.V.V. Petrescu ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Bucharest, (CE), Romania Email: rvvpetrescu@gmail.com Abstract: The idea circulated among physicists that in the upper area of the physical elements the fission reaction can be obtained and in the lower one the fusion reaction occurs. In the presented paper we want to impose another rule, namely the obtaining in the lower part of the physical elements of the fission and fusion nuclear reactions, with the obvious purpose of obtaining free nuclear energy on an industrial scale. The advantages of using the low area of the physical and chemical elements are multiple. For example, in this area there are no spontaneous reactions, nor disintegrations, so the nuclear fuel used will be without radioactivity and usually, the result of the reaction will also be without radioactive components, so there will be no nuclear residues in the reaction radioactive. In this way, no such nuclear residues remain after such reactions that need to be processed or buried somewhere. Basically, this is a huge advantage of the nuclear exploitation of the low-element area. Another immediate advantage is the use of renewable and sustainable fuel, because, in the high area of heavy physical elements, those used as nuclear fuel are already beginning to run out. Here in the low area of the physicochemical elements the elements are found quite frequently naturally, or can be obtained by various methods, so the nuclear fuels in this area are sustainable, which is a second great advantage in the production of nuclear energy on the industrial route. The third great advantage of using nuclear fuels in the area of low elements (light, low mass) is that nuclear fission or fusion reactions are easily controllable in this area and they have virtually no way to get out of control and produce unwanted (accidental) events. The paper briefly presents an original theoretical method that aims to obtain nuclear energy by forcing a good efficiency of the reaction between lithium and hydrogen by accelerating hydrogen nuclei to energies high enough to cover the kinetic energy of an accelerated proton so that it to overcome the potential nuclear energy barrier of rejection between the charges of the same kind of lithium nucleus and proton, considering the most unfavorable situation possible when the proton approaches the lithium nucleus to its positively charged part through its three protons. It is hoped that in this way a general laboratory reaction, lithium-proton, can be performed continuously. Basically, the paper proposes to replace the classic nuclear fission reactions that use as enriched uranium fuel and lithium catalyst, with the industrial nuclear fission reaction of lithium (lithium changes from the position of catalyst to that of nuclear fuel), so that its new fission reaction be better controlled, less dangerous and almost free of radioactive waste as is the case with uranium fission.
{"title":"One can Achieve the Nuclear Fission Reaction of Lithium by Accelerated Hydrogen Nuclei or Neutrons","authors":"R. Petrescu, F. Petrescu","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2021.383.397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2021.383.397","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author R.V.V. Petrescu ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Bucharest, (CE), Romania Email: rvvpetrescu@gmail.com Abstract: The idea circulated among physicists that in the upper area of the physical elements the fission reaction can be obtained and in the lower one the fusion reaction occurs. In the presented paper we want to impose another rule, namely the obtaining in the lower part of the physical elements of the fission and fusion nuclear reactions, with the obvious purpose of obtaining free nuclear energy on an industrial scale. The advantages of using the low area of the physical and chemical elements are multiple. For example, in this area there are no spontaneous reactions, nor disintegrations, so the nuclear fuel used will be without radioactivity and usually, the result of the reaction will also be without radioactive components, so there will be no nuclear residues in the reaction radioactive. In this way, no such nuclear residues remain after such reactions that need to be processed or buried somewhere. Basically, this is a huge advantage of the nuclear exploitation of the low-element area. Another immediate advantage is the use of renewable and sustainable fuel, because, in the high area of heavy physical elements, those used as nuclear fuel are already beginning to run out. Here in the low area of the physicochemical elements the elements are found quite frequently naturally, or can be obtained by various methods, so the nuclear fuels in this area are sustainable, which is a second great advantage in the production of nuclear energy on the industrial route. The third great advantage of using nuclear fuels in the area of low elements (light, low mass) is that nuclear fission or fusion reactions are easily controllable in this area and they have virtually no way to get out of control and produce unwanted (accidental) events. The paper briefly presents an original theoretical method that aims to obtain nuclear energy by forcing a good efficiency of the reaction between lithium and hydrogen by accelerating hydrogen nuclei to energies high enough to cover the kinetic energy of an accelerated proton so that it to overcome the potential nuclear energy barrier of rejection between the charges of the same kind of lithium nucleus and proton, considering the most unfavorable situation possible when the proton approaches the lithium nucleus to its positively charged part through its three protons. It is hoped that in this way a general laboratory reaction, lithium-proton, can be performed continuously. Basically, the paper proposes to replace the classic nuclear fission reactions that use as enriched uranium fuel and lithium catalyst, with the industrial nuclear fission reaction of lithium (lithium changes from the position of catalyst to that of nuclear fuel), so that its new fission reaction be better controlled, less dangerous and almost free of radioactive waste as is the case with uranium fission.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85298439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2021.430.435
K. Ostad‑Ali‑Askari, P. Ashrafi, Amir Ashrafi, H. Gholami, M. Soltani, S. Pazdar
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Communication, Arts and Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, P. O. Box 117781, United Arab Emirates and Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, American University in Dubai, Dubai, P. O. Box 28282 United Arab Emirates and Department of Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran Department of Architecture and Art, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Department of Architectural Engineering, Shahinshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahinshahr, Iran Department of Civil Engineering, Aghigh University, Shahinshahr, Isfahan, Iran Department of Geography, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
{"title":"Investigating the Effect of Intangible Factors (Human, Communication, Organizational, Information) on Brand Equity Case Study: Hotels in Isfahan","authors":"K. Ostad‑Ali‑Askari, P. Ashrafi, Amir Ashrafi, H. Gholami, M. Soltani, S. Pazdar","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2021.430.435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2021.430.435","url":null,"abstract":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Communication, Arts and Sciences, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, P. O. Box 117781, United Arab Emirates and Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, American University in Dubai, Dubai, P. O. Box 28282 United Arab Emirates and Department of Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran Department of Architecture and Art, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Department of Architectural Engineering, Shahinshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahinshahr, Iran Department of Civil Engineering, Aghigh University, Shahinshahr, Isfahan, Iran Department of Geography, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82098968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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