Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2024.23.32
A. Ravasco, R. Lameirinhas, Catarina P. Correia V. Bernardo, J. Torres
{"title":"Optoelectronic Characterisation of Silicon and CIGS Photovoltaic Solar Cells","authors":"A. Ravasco, R. Lameirinhas, Catarina P. Correia V. Bernardo, J. Torres","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2024.23.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2024.23.32","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140524711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2024.1.22
Antreas Kantaros, Theodore Ganetsos
: Thе dynamic fiеld of advancеd manufacturing has sееn a significant transformation with thе convеrgеncе of Cybеr-Physical Systеms (CPS), Digital Twins (DT) and 3D Printing tеchnologiеs. A comprеhеnsivе analysis of thе intеgration of thеsе cutting-еdgе tеchnologiеs is presented, highlighting thеir synеrgistic potеntial and thе impact on thе еcosystеm of industry 4.0. Thе intricatе intеrplay bеtwееn CPS, which amalgamatеs computing еlеmеnts with physical procеssеs, DT, which offеrs a virtual rеprеsеntation of physical assеts and 3D printing, which еnablеs on-dеmand fabrication of complеx structurеs is еxaminеd. Thus, thе crucial rolе of this intеgratеd approach in еnhancing production еfficiеncy, product customization and ovеrall systеm rеsiliеncе is inderscored. Thе discussion rеvolvеs around thе sеamlеss data еxchangе facilitatеd by CPS, еnabling rеal-timе monitoring, control and optimization, couplеd with thе prеdictivе insights dеrivеd from thе virtual rеprеsеntation of DT. Morеovеr, thе transformativе impact of 3D printing is еlucidatеd, in achiеving unprеcеdеntеd dеsign flеxibility, rapid prototyping and cost-еffеctivе small-batch production. Furthеrmorе, this study еxaminеs thе challеngеs and opportunitiеs associatеd with thе convеrgеncе of thеsе tеchnologiеs, еmphasizing thе critical nееd for robust cybеrsеcurity mеasurеs, standardizеd communication protocols and scalablе infrastructural support. This manuscript contributеs to thе ongoing discoursе on thе futurе of advancеd manufacturing, undеrscoring thе transformativе potеntial of a synеrgistic approach in driving innovation and compеtitivеnеss in thе global industrial landscapе.
:随着网络物理系统 (CPS)、数字双胞胎 (DT) 和 3D 打印技术的发展，先进制造领域发生了重大变革。报告分析了这些尖端技术的整合情况，强调了它们的协同潜力以及对工业 4.0 的影响。其中包括将计算与物理采购相结合的 CPS、虚拟物理设备的 DT 以及按需制造复杂结构的 3D 打印。因此，这种集成化方法在提高生产效率、产品定制化和整体系统化方面发挥着至关重要的作用。会议围绕 CPS 提供的实时数据进行了广泛的讨论，CPS 使实时监测、控制和优化成为可能，并结合了 DT 虚拟系统提供的洞察力。此外，三维打印技术在实现无纸化设计、快速原型设计和小批量生产方面的变革性影响也得到了阐释。此外，本研究还探讨了嫦娥三号的挑战和与嫦娥三号相关的机遇，并强调了嫦娥三号的关键基础设施，包括稳健的嫦娥三号、标准化的通信协议和可扩展的基础设施支持。这篇手稿为正在进行的关于先进制造业未来的讨论做出了贡献，并指出了协同方法在推动全球工业创新和整合方面的变革潜力。
{"title":"Integration of Cyber-Physical Systems, Digital Twins and 3D Printing in Advanced Manufacturing: A Synergistic Approach","authors":"Antreas Kantaros, Theodore Ganetsos","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2024.1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2024.1.22","url":null,"abstract":": Thе dynamic fiеld of advancеd manufacturing has sееn a significant transformation with thе convеrgеncе of Cybеr-Physical Systеms (CPS), Digital Twins (DT) and 3D Printing tеchnologiеs. A comprеhеnsivе analysis of thе intеgration of thеsе cutting-еdgе tеchnologiеs is presented, highlighting thеir synеrgistic potеntial and thе impact on thе еcosystеm of industry 4.0. Thе intricatе intеrplay bеtwееn CPS, which amalgamatеs computing еlеmеnts with physical procеssеs, DT, which offеrs a virtual rеprеsеntation of physical assеts and 3D printing, which еnablеs on-dеmand fabrication of complеx structurеs is еxaminеd. Thus, thе crucial rolе of this intеgratеd approach in еnhancing production еfficiеncy, product customization and ovеrall systеm rеsiliеncе is inderscored. Thе discussion rеvolvеs around thе sеamlеss data еxchangе facilitatеd by CPS, еnabling rеal-timе monitoring, control and optimization, couplеd with thе prеdictivе insights dеrivеd from thе virtual rеprеsеntation of DT. Morеovеr, thе transformativе impact of 3D printing is еlucidatеd, in achiеving unprеcеdеntеd dеsign flеxibility, rapid prototyping and cost-еffеctivе small-batch production. Furthеrmorе, this study еxaminеs thе challеngеs and opportunitiеs associatеd with thе convеrgеncе of thеsе tеchnologiеs, еmphasizing thе critical nееd for robust cybеrsеcurity mеasurеs, standardizеd communication protocols and scalablе infrastructural support. This manuscript contributеs to thе ongoing discoursе on thе futurе of advancеd manufacturing, undеrscoring thе transformativе potеntial of a synеrgistic approach in driving innovation and compеtitivеnеss in thе global industrial landscapе.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"22 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140524207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2023.92.105
Uko Victor Sorochi, Kamalu Ugochukwu Anamelechi, Nwokocha Doris Adaugo, Uko Ebenezer Ugochukwu
A traction elevator is a control system that can be driven by Direct Current (DC) motors. Premised on the reviewed literature, operations of control systems incorporated with DC motors are restrained by nonlinearities that deviate the controlled variables (position, speed, and torque) from the reference input. Controllers designed with appropriate gains annul the nonlinearities inhibiting the operation of a traction elevator. However, the literature did not account for detailed mathematical designs for the controller gains. Also, the modeled elevators had complex architectures. Hence, this research is aimed at modeling a simplified traction elevator and using the dynamics of its subsumes to mathematically design the gains of three controllers arranged in a cascaded topology to mitigate errors in the three control loops of the elevator. The Position of the elevator's car was controlled using a Proportional (P) controller while the Proportional-Integral (PI) controller controlled individually the speed and torque of the elevator’s cabin. A novel objective function which was based on Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) was incorporated into the elevator’s model to measure the deviation of the control variables from the input reference. The MATLAB Simulink environment was used in the modeling and simulation of the elevator system. The result obtained for the gain of the P controller for the elevator position, speed, and torque were 0.3652, 25.8, and 2.19, respectively. The gains of the integral controllers for the elevator speed and torque were 1372.3 and 219 respectively. A position reference of 100 m was used to verify the utilization of the controller gains. The result of the study improved existing literature because of the clarified elevator model and the output responses of the three controlled loops which were intuitive with lesser errors at steady state. For instance, steady-state errors of 3.54, 10.45, and 5% were obtained respectively in the position, speed, and current responses of the modeled elevator.
{"title":"A Classical Design Approach of Cascaded Controllers for a Traction Elevator","authors":"Uko Victor Sorochi, Kamalu Ugochukwu Anamelechi, Nwokocha Doris Adaugo, Uko Ebenezer Ugochukwu","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2023.92.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2023.92.105","url":null,"abstract":"A traction elevator is a control system that can be driven by Direct Current (DC) motors. Premised on the reviewed literature, operations of control systems incorporated with DC motors are restrained by nonlinearities that deviate the controlled variables (position, speed, and torque) from the reference input. Controllers designed with appropriate gains annul the nonlinearities inhibiting the operation of a traction elevator. However, the literature did not account for detailed mathematical designs for the controller gains. Also, the modeled elevators had complex architectures. Hence, this research is aimed at modeling a simplified traction elevator and using the dynamics of its subsumes to mathematically design the gains of three controllers arranged in a cascaded topology to mitigate errors in the three control loops of the elevator. The Position of the elevator's car was controlled using a Proportional (P) controller while the Proportional-Integral (PI) controller controlled individually the speed and torque of the elevator’s cabin. A novel objective function which was based on Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) was incorporated into the elevator’s model to measure the deviation of the control variables from the input reference. The MATLAB Simulink environment was used in the modeling and simulation of the elevator system. The result obtained for the gain of the P controller for the elevator position, speed, and torque were 0.3652, 25.8, and 2.19, respectively. The gains of the integral controllers for the elevator speed and torque were 1372.3 and 219 respectively. A position reference of 100 m was used to verify the utilization of the controller gains. The result of the study improved existing literature because of the clarified elevator model and the output responses of the three controlled loops which were intuitive with lesser errors at steady state. For instance, steady-state errors of 3.54, 10.45, and 5% were obtained respectively in the position, speed, and current responses of the modeled elevator.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135533379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The detection of Swollen Shoot disease and its control is one of the major objectives of research related to sustainable cocoa farming in Côte d'Ivoire. To contain the epidemic, the Cocoa Coffee Council (CCC) in collaboration with the National Agency for Support to Rural Development (ANADER) is responsible for prospecting and delimiting the infected areas as well as for uprooting suspect cocoa plants. since there is currently no cure for this virus. However, this monitoring is done with the naked eye and mobilizes many human resources (planters and plant pathologists). This process is delicate and time-consuming, resulting in significant economic losses for both planters and Côte d’Ivoire. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) emerged from the study of the visual cortex of the brain. CNNs are particularly used in image processing and offer many applications related to precision agriculture. Over the past few years, thanks to the increase in computing power, and the amount of training data available, CNNs have been capable of superhuman performance on complex visual tasks. They are at the heart of automatic image and video classification systems. The objective of the work presented in this article is to establish a collaborative solution between CNN-based image processing and plant pathology. The solution will reduce the human labor time required by using algorithms to facilitate the identification of swollen shoot disease in a cocoa plantation. The use of images collected from a drone on cocoa plantations as input information, allowed our learning model, based on CNNs, to guide a new approach for automating Swollen diagnosis. Shoot with our model, we have achieved a level of accuracy of 98% based on the known symptoms.
{"title":"Identification of the Presence of the \"Swollen Shoot\" Disease in Endemic Areas in Côte d'Ivoire Via Convolutional Neural Networks","authors":"Coulibaly Mamadou, Silue Kolo, Konan Hyacinthe Kouassi, Olivier Asseu, Olivier Asseu","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2023.106.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2023.106.117","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of Swollen Shoot disease and its control is one of the major objectives of research related to sustainable cocoa farming in Côte d'Ivoire. To contain the epidemic, the Cocoa Coffee Council (CCC) in collaboration with the National Agency for Support to Rural Development (ANADER) is responsible for prospecting and delimiting the infected areas as well as for uprooting suspect cocoa plants. since there is currently no cure for this virus. However, this monitoring is done with the naked eye and mobilizes many human resources (planters and plant pathologists). This process is delicate and time-consuming, resulting in significant economic losses for both planters and Côte d’Ivoire. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) emerged from the study of the visual cortex of the brain. CNNs are particularly used in image processing and offer many applications related to precision agriculture. Over the past few years, thanks to the increase in computing power, and the amount of training data available, CNNs have been capable of superhuman performance on complex visual tasks. They are at the heart of automatic image and video classification systems. The objective of the work presented in this article is to establish a collaborative solution between CNN-based image processing and plant pathology. The solution will reduce the human labor time required by using algorithms to facilitate the identification of swollen shoot disease in a cocoa plantation. The use of images collected from a drone on cocoa plantations as input information, allowed our learning model, based on CNNs, to guide a new approach for automating Swollen diagnosis. Shoot with our model, we have achieved a level of accuracy of 98% based on the known symptoms.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135533152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2023.76.91
Wei Zhao, Yoshiro Fujiwara, Jingchao Guan, Apollo B. Fukuchi, Xilu Zhao
Research on vibration energy harvesting using stochastic resonance has become an important research topic. A vibration energy harvesting system was developed using electromagnetic motors based on an obliquely supported bistable motion model consisting of a spring mass. After formulating the motion-governing equations of the proposed vibrating system and analyzing its potential energy performance, it was demonstrated that the system exhibits bi-stable vibration characteristics throughout its entire range of motion. To expand the vibration amplitude using the stochastic resonance phenomenon, a prediction formula for the periodic excitation frequency that causes stochastic resonance was derived using Kramer's rate. An experiment was conducted; the obtained results and predicted values of the excitation frequency agreed well and the validity of the prediction formula for the periodic excitation frequency of stochastic resonance was verified. It was confirmed that the proposed bistable vibration energy harvesting system reliably generated stochastic resonance by exciting random and periodic signals at the same time. The results of the experiment indicate that there was a significant vibration amplification effect, which significantly improved the vibration power generation performance.
{"title":"Bi-Stable Vibration Power Generation System Using Electromagnetic Motor and Efficiency Improvement by Stochastic Resonance<sup />","authors":"Wei Zhao, Yoshiro Fujiwara, Jingchao Guan, Apollo B. Fukuchi, Xilu Zhao","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2023.76.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2023.76.91","url":null,"abstract":"Research on vibration energy harvesting using stochastic resonance has become an important research topic. A vibration energy harvesting system was developed using electromagnetic motors based on an obliquely supported bistable motion model consisting of a spring mass. After formulating the motion-governing equations of the proposed vibrating system and analyzing its potential energy performance, it was demonstrated that the system exhibits bi-stable vibration characteristics throughout its entire range of motion. To expand the vibration amplitude using the stochastic resonance phenomenon, a prediction formula for the periodic excitation frequency that causes stochastic resonance was derived using Kramer's rate. An experiment was conducted; the obtained results and predicted values of the excitation frequency agreed well and the validity of the prediction formula for the periodic excitation frequency of stochastic resonance was verified. It was confirmed that the proposed bistable vibration energy harvesting system reliably generated stochastic resonance by exciting random and periodic signals at the same time. The results of the experiment indicate that there was a significant vibration amplification effect, which significantly improved the vibration power generation performance.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135533153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2023.44.55
T. Makarios
: In order to calculate the equivalent torsional-warping stiffness of the Reinforced Concrete (RC) cores that have thin-walled open cross-section, a new analytical methodology, which combines the Vlasov torsion theory with the Bernoulli bending theory, is presented herein. As the basis of the calculations, we use the principal elastic reference system of the core from this we consider that is known. Furthermore, we consider that the principal start point of the open cross-section, the core's exact sectorial coordinates, as well as, the warping moment of inertia of the core are all known, also. Moreover, the two above-mentioned theories (Vlasov and Bernoulli) are together combining and in the end, the equivalent torsional-warping stiffness of the core has resulted. This torsional-warping stiffness of the core is very useful in the right simulation of a building that consists of frames, walls, and cores. The present methodology is presented via two special numerical cases of RC cores for illustrative purposes. The present article gives a documented solution in the simulation of the cores and proposes to use an ideal-equivalent column that has to be located on the elastic center of the core. This equivalent column must be provided with a diagonal, lateral-stiffness matrix that represents the properties of the real core and thus this lateral-stiffness matrix of the core is proposed. Finally, in order to check the reliability of the results of various analysis software, the proposed procedure can be used as a benchmark analysis method of cores.
{"title":"Equivalent Torsional-Warping Stiffness of Cores with Thin-Walled Open Cross-Section Using the Vlasov Torsion Theory","authors":"T. Makarios","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2023.44.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2023.44.55","url":null,"abstract":": In order to calculate the equivalent torsional-warping stiffness of the Reinforced Concrete (RC) cores that have thin-walled open cross-section, a new analytical methodology, which combines the Vlasov torsion theory with the Bernoulli bending theory, is presented herein. As the basis of the calculations, we use the principal elastic reference system of the core from this we consider that is known. Furthermore, we consider that the principal start point of the open cross-section, the core's exact sectorial coordinates, as well as, the warping moment of inertia of the core are all known, also. Moreover, the two above-mentioned theories (Vlasov and Bernoulli) are together combining and in the end, the equivalent torsional-warping stiffness of the core has resulted. This torsional-warping stiffness of the core is very useful in the right simulation of a building that consists of frames, walls, and cores. The present methodology is presented via two special numerical cases of RC cores for illustrative purposes. The present article gives a documented solution in the simulation of the cores and proposes to use an ideal-equivalent column that has to be located on the elastic center of the core. This equivalent column must be provided with a diagonal, lateral-stiffness matrix that represents the properties of the real core and thus this lateral-stiffness matrix of the core is proposed. Finally, in order to check the reliability of the results of various analysis software, the proposed procedure can be used as a benchmark analysis method of cores.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84194402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2023.56.75
Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu
The paper presents two dynamic methods applied to a basic articulated robot, 2 DoF, the first being an original adaptation of the type II Lagrange equations and the second being a dynamic method based on the influence of the forces in the robot mechanism. Both methods are original, as they were designed and applied by the author to a 2 DoF basic robot. In the presentation, the results obtained by the two different dynamic methods are compared. It is interesting that although the differential equations obtained by the two methods presented in the paper are totally different, the results obtained with both models are very close in values. All simulations were processed with the help of Mathcad professional software.
{"title":"Lagrange II Dynamics and that of Forces Exemplified on a Basic Robot, 2 DoF","authors":"Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2023.56.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2023.56.75","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents two dynamic methods applied to a basic articulated robot, 2 DoF, the first being an original adaptation of the type II Lagrange equations and the second being a dynamic method based on the influence of the forces in the robot mechanism. Both methods are original, as they were designed and applied by the author to a 2 DoF basic robot. In the presentation, the results obtained by the two different dynamic methods are compared. It is interesting that although the differential equations obtained by the two methods presented in the paper are totally different, the results obtained with both models are very close in values. All simulations were processed with the help of Mathcad professional software.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135200941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2023.29.43
Júllia Koury Abreu, Loraynne Coelho Pereira, José Izaquiel Santos da Silva
: The discovery of the environmental impacts caused by petroleum-based polymers has led to the use of natural polymers gaining more and more space. Naturally occurring polymers, also known as biopolymers, are chemical compounds produced by living things or raw materials from renewable energy sources. Their main advantage is decomposition, while polymers from fossil and non-renewable energies can take hundreds of years to decompose, biopolymers have significantly shorter life cycles. In this study, a study of the application of the biomass of the microalgae Spirulina platensis in biodegradable films with corn starch was conducted, aiming for the development of a functional film with rapid degradability. Approximately 48 biofilms were produced in varying concentrations (w/v), where the visual characteristics of each were observed and the ones that presented the greatest resemblance to conventional plastics were selected, being Trial 4 (T4) and Trial 46 (T46), composed of 2 and 70% v/v of microalgae, respectively. The other tries were discarded due to cracking, high fragility, and very gelatinous or very rigid appearance. The morphological characteristics of T4 and T46 biofilms were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and compared to those of a conventional plastic bag and a commercially available biodegradable plastic bag, where it was possible to prove that the biofilms produced presented good morphological structure. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis provided structural information, proving the presence of polyhydroxyalkanoate in the biofilms produced. Two degradability tests were performed with satisfactory results obtained, proving the rapid degradation of the biopolymers produced. It was possible to prove that the biofilms under study present great potential for replacing conventional polymers.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Properties of Biopolymers from Corn Starch with Addition of Microalgae Spirulina platensis","authors":"Júllia Koury Abreu, Loraynne Coelho Pereira, José Izaquiel Santos da Silva","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2023.29.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2023.29.43","url":null,"abstract":": The discovery of the environmental impacts caused by petroleum-based polymers has led to the use of natural polymers gaining more and more space. Naturally occurring polymers, also known as biopolymers, are chemical compounds produced by living things or raw materials from renewable energy sources. Their main advantage is decomposition, while polymers from fossil and non-renewable energies can take hundreds of years to decompose, biopolymers have significantly shorter life cycles. In this study, a study of the application of the biomass of the microalgae Spirulina platensis in biodegradable films with corn starch was conducted, aiming for the development of a functional film with rapid degradability. Approximately 48 biofilms were produced in varying concentrations (w/v), where the visual characteristics of each were observed and the ones that presented the greatest resemblance to conventional plastics were selected, being Trial 4 (T4) and Trial 46 (T46), composed of 2 and 70% v/v of microalgae, respectively. The other tries were discarded due to cracking, high fragility, and very gelatinous or very rigid appearance. The morphological characteristics of T4 and T46 biofilms were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and compared to those of a conventional plastic bag and a commercially available biodegradable plastic bag, where it was possible to prove that the biofilms produced presented good morphological structure. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis provided structural information, proving the presence of polyhydroxyalkanoate in the biofilms produced. Two degradability tests were performed with satisfactory results obtained, proving the rapid degradation of the biopolymers produced. It was possible to prove that the biofilms under study present great potential for replacing conventional polymers.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84294928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2023.23.28
Walid Ahmida, Abdullatif Mohamed, A. Fadiel, T. Abu-lebdeh
: Intersections are one of the most crucial parts of urban transportation systems since they actively contribute to developing strategies to reduce traffic congestion. Congestion is one of the major issues that intersections face as a result of the growth in traffic, which cause lower service levels and longer waiting time. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the current traffic flow and Level of Service (LoS) at four signalized intersections at peak hours in the city of Al-Bayda utilizing sidra software. In addition, comparing the performance of traffic flow during the morning and evening peak hours at the selected intersections. The results revealed that the level of service of the four intersections was very low and ranged between F and D, which indicated that the delay time was very high, therefore, an improvement to these intersections was necessary. After exploring various alternatives, the level of service increased to B and D levels, which make the delay time acceptable in these intersections. In the morning period, the average delay time decreased by 43.6, 44.3, 32.3, and 42% for intersections no.1-4 respectively. In the evening period, the average delay time decreased by 45.8, 69.5, 57.5, and 52% for intersections no.1-4 respectively.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation and Improvement of Main Road Intersections in Al-Bayda City Using Sidra Software","authors":"Walid Ahmida, Abdullatif Mohamed, A. Fadiel, T. Abu-lebdeh","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2023.23.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2023.23.28","url":null,"abstract":": Intersections are one of the most crucial parts of urban transportation systems since they actively contribute to developing strategies to reduce traffic congestion. Congestion is one of the major issues that intersections face as a result of the growth in traffic, which cause lower service levels and longer waiting time. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the current traffic flow and Level of Service (LoS) at four signalized intersections at peak hours in the city of Al-Bayda utilizing sidra software. In addition, comparing the performance of traffic flow during the morning and evening peak hours at the selected intersections. The results revealed that the level of service of the four intersections was very low and ranged between F and D, which indicated that the delay time was very high, therefore, an improvement to these intersections was necessary. After exploring various alternatives, the level of service increased to B and D levels, which make the delay time acceptable in these intersections. In the morning period, the average delay time decreased by 43.6, 44.3, 32.3, and 42% for intersections no.1-4 respectively. In the evening period, the average delay time decreased by 45.8, 69.5, 57.5, and 52% for intersections no.1-4 respectively.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77236665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2023.12.22
Antreas Kantaros, T. Ganetsos, D. Piromalis
: 3D printing, also known under the term additive manufacturing, is a technology that allows the creation of complex and highly detailed objects using a digital model and a number of materials, such as plastics, metals, and ceramics. 4D printing is an expansion of 3D printing that incorporates time, meaning that the material used in 3D printing can change shape or properties over time. This technology is becoming increasingly important in the context of Industry 4.0, characterized by the Integration of cutting-edge technologies, including artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and advanced robotics into manufacturing processes. In Industry 4.0, 3D and 4D printing is being used to create customized products, improve supply chain efficiency and reduce costs and lead times. Additionally, 3D and 4D printing is also being utilized in sectors like aerospace, regenerative medicine and dental, and automotive to create complex geometries and parts that would be challenging or impossible to create using conventional production techniques. Furthermore, 4D printing opens up new opportunities in emerging, novel, sectors where the ability to create materials that adapt and change over time can be highly beneficial.
{"title":"3D and 4D Printing as Integrated Manufacturing Methods of Industry 4.0","authors":"Antreas Kantaros, T. Ganetsos, D. Piromalis","doi":"10.3844/ajeassp.2023.12.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2023.12.22","url":null,"abstract":": 3D printing, also known under the term additive manufacturing, is a technology that allows the creation of complex and highly detailed objects using a digital model and a number of materials, such as plastics, metals, and ceramics. 4D printing is an expansion of 3D printing that incorporates time, meaning that the material used in 3D printing can change shape or properties over time. This technology is becoming increasingly important in the context of Industry 4.0, characterized by the Integration of cutting-edge technologies, including artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and advanced robotics into manufacturing processes. In Industry 4.0, 3D and 4D printing is being used to create customized products, improve supply chain efficiency and reduce costs and lead times. Additionally, 3D and 4D printing is also being utilized in sectors like aerospace, regenerative medicine and dental, and automotive to create complex geometries and parts that would be challenging or impossible to create using conventional production techniques. Furthermore, 4D printing opens up new opportunities in emerging, novel, sectors where the ability to create materials that adapt and change over time can be highly beneficial.","PeriodicalId":7425,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences","volume":"01 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86459859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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